Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Ophthalmological Safety Considerations of Emerging and Conventional Therapeutic Agents. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - Dec 11, 2025 - "With the advent of targeted immunomodulatory agents, the therapeutic landscape of SLE has expanded beyond conventional drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids toward biologics and small molecules designed to interfere with specific immunological pathways...In contrast, recently approved or investigational therapies-such as belimumab, anifrolumab, voclosporin, dual BAFF/APRIL inhibitors, rituximab, JAK inhibitors, CD40/CD40L blockade, CD38 inhibition, and mesenchymal stromal cell-based strategies-have limited but evolving safety data, with potential ocular adverse events spanning inflammatory, vascular, neuro-ophthalmic, and structural domains...These findings highlight the need for systematic ophthalmological surveillance in patients receiving immunomodulatory therapies for SLE. Early recognition and timely management of ocular toxicity are crucial to safeguarding visual function and optimizing long-term therapeutic outcomes in this vulnerable..."
Journal • Review • Cataract • Glaucoma • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Ophthalmology • Retinal Disorders • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • CD40LG
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