Sequential antibody induction for immune tolerance in clinical organ transplantation: a feasibility review of immunosuppressant withdrawal protocols. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - Sep 11, 2026 - "Sequential antibody induction protocols - using peri-transplant antibodies (e.g., alemtuzumab, anti-thymocyte globulin, belatacept, anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies) combined with phased reduction or withdrawal of maintenance drugs - aim to establish "operational tolerance" or complete tolerance. Our multidimensional feasibility assessment - covering cost, complexity, risk-benefit, patient selection, and regulatory barriers - indicates that costimulation-blockade protocols currently offer the best balance for near-term clinical use, whereas chimerism approaches are the most effective but remain restricted to specialised centres. Future work should integrate precise immune stratification, advanced antibody engineering, and cell-based therapies to facilitate individualized sequential protocols, ultimately moving the field from lifelong immunosuppression to controlled immune tolerance."
Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Solid Organ Transplantation • Transplant Rejection • Transplantation
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Anzhu Bao; Fuxia Chen; Lian Yan; Xia He; Yachao Li
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