Spikevax (elasomeran) - Moderna
Comirnaty (tozinameran) - Pfizer, BioNTech
Vaxzevria (ChAdOx1-S recombinant) - University of Oxford, Emergent Biosolutions, Jenner Institute, Barinthus Bio, AstraZeneca
A multi-objective sequence engineering framework for rational genetic vaccine design. (PubMed, J R Soc Interface) - Oct 21, 2026 - "We present a multi-parameter computational framework for analysing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine coding sequences, including BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), AZD1222 (AstraZeneca) and several academic vaccine candidates. By enabling systematic comparison across multiple parameters, the framework supports the rational generation and prioritization of candidate sequences with defined biological trade-offs. This work bridges computational sequence analysis, vaccine biology and engineering design, providing a foundation for context-aware optimization of genetic vaccine sequences across delivery platforms, target tissues and emerging pathogens." 
Journal • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Respiratory Diseases
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42901509
 
Dong-Yup Lee; Je Hun Moon; Kok Siong Ang; Seo-Young Park; Yoon Ki Kim
 
Oct 21, 2026
 
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