Auryxia (ferric citrate) / Japan Tobacco, Akebia Therap, Averoa - LARVOL DELTA

Ferric Citrate in Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=680 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Dhaka Medical College

New P3 trial • Anemia • Hematological Disorders

Ferric citrate for iron deficiency anemia in non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease: a randomized phase III study. (PubMed, Kidney Res Clin Pract) - "The most common treatment-related adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhea, discolored feces, abdominal discomfort, constipation, and abdominal pain. PBF-1681 was effective for treating IDA in Taiwanese NDD-CKD patients and had a favorable safety profile."

Journal • P3 data • Anemia • Chronic Kidney Disease • Constipation • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hematological Disorders • Nephrology • Pain • Renal Disease • FGF23

BIOMARKER CANDIDATES FERRITIN AND FABP3 UNCOVER AN IRON-LIPID AXIS IN MICROGLIA (ADPD 2026) - "Following treatment with iron (iron/ferric citrate) or lipids (cholesterol-rich lipids), microglial phenotypes and secretome profiles were characterized using western blot, qPCR, immunocytochemistry, ELISA, and our novel mass spectrometry-based microglia panel... Our findings highlight the relevance of lipid and iron homeostasis in microglial biology and biomarker interpretation. Furthermore, our data reveal an iron-lipid axis in microglia as lipid treatment induces the release of ironbinding proteins, while iron treatment stimulates the release of FABP3. Increased expression of GPX4 suggests heightened cellular stress and a potential shift toward ferroptotic vulnerability."

Biomarker • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • FABP3 • FTH1 • GPX4

Cellulose-derived magnetic carbon nano-composites and their remediation role in dye wastewater. (PubMed, Int J Biol Macromol) - "Cellulose-derived magnetic carbon nano-composites were successfully prepared by a calcination method using cellulose modified with dopamine and ammonium ferric citrate as raw material...In summary, this study offers a novel approach for the efficient utilization of cellulose-based materials. And the prepared composite material can play an important role in the remediation of water bodies contaminated by dyes."

Journal

Ferric iron accessibility influenced the quality deterioration process of chill-stored grass carp flesh: A combined microbiota and metabolomic study. (PubMed, Food Chem) - "Besides, ferric iron accessibility largely influenced bacterial metabolic pathways, such as the stimulation of arginine decarboxylase pathway in samples added with ferric citrate and the upregulation of gluconeogenesis due to EDTA-2Na treatment. These discoveries revealed the effects and mechanisms of ferric iron on fish spoilage and thus provided useful guides for developing new fish preservation strategies."

Journal • Targeted Protein Degradation

Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of KRX-0502 (Ferric Citrate) in Children With Iron Deficiency Anemia Associated With Non-Dialysis Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=0 | Withdrawn | Sponsor: Keryx Biopharmaceuticals | N=36 ➔ 0 | Not yet recruiting ➔ Withdrawn

Enrollment change • Trial withdrawal • Anemia • Chronic Kidney Disease • Hematological Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

Effect of food on iron absorption in patients with iron deficiency anemia treated with ferric citrate hydrate. (PubMed, Int J Hematol) - "No adverse events were reported. In conclusion, food had no notable effect on iron absorption following ferric citrate hydrate administration in patients with iron deficiency anemia."

Journal • Anemia • Hematological Disorders

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Tenapanor in Japanese Patients with Hyperphosphatemia on Hemodialysis (KIDNEY WEEK 2025) - "Group A included patients who were controlled with phosphate binders (PBs) and in whom Tenapanor was compared with ferric citrate. Table 1. Base-case analysis ICER: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, JPY: Japanese yen, PBs: Phosphate binders, QALY: Quality-adjusted life year."

Clinical • Cost effectiveness • HEOR • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

Oxylanthanum Carbonate Achieves Serum Phosphate Control with Significantly Lower Pill Burden in Patients with Hyperphosphatemia on Dialysis (KIDNEY WEEK 2025) - "Pretrial PB included sevelamer carbonate, calcium acetate, ferric citrate, and sucroferric oxyhydroxide. Combined with previously presented safety data, these findings suggest that OLC is safe, effective, and well-tolerated. Its small, easy-to-swallow formulation may be a welcome choice for pts with HP."

Clinical • Chronic Kidney Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

Comparative Phosphate-Lowering Effects of Tenapanor in Combination with Different Phosphate Binders in Patients on Hemodialysis: A Prospective Pilot Study (KIDNEY WEEK 2025) - "Methods In this prospective study, 55 HD patients were stratified into five groups based on their baseline phosphate binder (PB) use: PB-naïve, calcium-based binders, iron-based binders (ferric citrate), lanthanum carbonate, and polymer-based binders. Although the exact mechanism remains unclear, it is hypothesized that iron-based binders such as ferric citrate may alter intestinal pH—potentially affecting the local action of tenapanor. These preliminary results highlight the importance of binder selection in maximizing tenapanor efficacy and warrant further mechanistic and clinical studies."

Clinical • Combination therapy • Cardiovascular • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

Monocytic Leukemia Cell Resistance to Ferroptosis Is Overcome By Iron Chelation (ASH 2024) - "Erastin is known to be largely ineffective as a ferroptosis-inducer in THP-1 cells and other leukemic cell lines.Methods : THP-1 cells were cultured in various concentrations of ferric citrate or deferoxamine (DFO) for 96 hours to simulate chronic states of iron excess and deficiency, respectively. It also provides novel evidence of ferric citrate attenuating THP-1 cell resistance to erastin and, most notably, a synergistic lethality between an iron chelator and ferroptosis-inducer (DFO and erastin). This result suggests a novel avenue of antileukemic combination therapy that has potential to combat the poor prognoses of AMoL and acute leukemias, more broadly."

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia • Hematological Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Leukemia • Oncology • GPX4

Hematochezia: A Rare Presentation of Sevelamer Toxicity (ACG 2025) - "The patient was transitioned to Phoslo with resolution of hematochezia...Although the mechanism for Sevelamer-induced gastrointestinal injury is not entirely understood, GI tract dysmotility and altered enzymatic secretion and absorption are thought to play contributing roles. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the possible severe side effects of medications, especially in patients who are critically ill, so that they may transition to another line of therapy.Figure: Figure 1: Fish-scales, 2 toned with a pink center and yellow edges Sevelamer crystals (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification x400).Figure: Figure 2: Ulcerations identified during diagnostic colonoscopy."

Chronic Kidney Disease • Dyspepsia • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

Acorus tatarinowii Schott Attenuates Alzheimer's Disease via Neuronal Ferroptosis Inhibition:A Synergistic Network Pharmacology and Multi-Omics Profiling Study. (PubMed, J Ethnopharmacol) - "ATR ameliorated AD by improving iron metabolism and inhibiting neuronal ferroptosis through activation of Nrf2/GPX4 axis, which provided modern medical evidence for the use of ATR to improve AD."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Metabolic Disorders • GPX4 • TFRC

Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Ferric Citrate in Children With Hyperphosphatemia Related to Chronic Kidney Disease (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=45 | Suspended | Sponsor: Keryx Biopharmaceuticals | Recruiting ➔ Suspended

Trial suspension • Chronic Kidney Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

A Zn(II)-based metal-organic framework as a turn-off/on fluorescent sensor for selective detection of ammonium ferric citrate and aspirin. (PubMed, Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc) - "After IFE correction, the results highlighted genuine molecular interactions between AF and Zn-MOF-1. This establishes Zn-MOF-1 as a sensitive and selective fluorescent sensor for environmental and bioanalytical applications."

Journal

Opposing roles for iron transport systems in gallium tolerance in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. (PubMed, J Bacteriol) - "Our findings suggest that enterobactin can complex with gallium for cellular uptake, but that the ferric citrate receptor FecA can discriminate between gallium citrate and iron citrate...Our results are significant as they show that the enterobactin siderophore and the ferric dicitrate iron transport systems expressed by these bacteria have opposing roles in E. coli gallium sensitivity. These findings could be leveraged to enhance the efficacy of gallium therapeutics."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Inhibition of ferroptosis rescues BMP osteogenic differentiation impaired by iron overload in the osteoporotic microenvironment. (PubMed, Cell Signal) - "We then induced iron-overload conditions using ammonium ferric citrate (FAC)...Our findings suggest ferroptosis is a key factor limiting BMP treatment efficacy in osteoporosis. Melatonin holds promise as an effective adjunct therapy to overcome this limitation."

Journal • Hematological Disorders • Orthopedics • Osteoporosis • Rheumatology

Mechanistic studies on the regulation of ferroptosis by ferritin 1 through the FTH1 signaling pathway affecting oocyte maturation. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "A ferroptosis-induced injury model was established using ammonium ferric citrate (FAC), and a rescue model was established by adding FER-1...Additionally, SLC7A11, FTH1, and GPX4 mRNA levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and ACSL4 expression was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05). In summary, FER-1 may reduce ferroptosis in iron-overloaded mature oocytes through the FTH1 signaling pathway."

Journal • Hematological Disorders • ACSL4 • GPX4 • SLC7A11

The metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe) and ferric citrate as potential counteracting biomaterials against osteoarthritis-induced articular inflammation and fibrosis. (PubMed, Biomed Pharmacother) - "Our data demonstrated that ferric citrate reduced inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6-induced cell injury and promoted their cell proliferation; on the other hand, MIL-100(Fe) effectively mitigated IL6- and TGFβ1-induced fibrosis marker proteins, such as transforming growth factor beta 1, alpha smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, small mother against decapentaplegic 2/3 expressions, but did not enhance the regeneration or proliferation of the synovial-like lining cells, indicating the distinct therapeutic potential of ferric citrate and MIL-100(Fe). Although neither ferric citrate nor ML100(Fe) restored the mitochondrial function, the combination of ferric citrate with ML100(Fe) may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of OA-induced articular inflammation at early stages to prevent further progression toward articular fibrosis and provide better therapeutic outcomes for canine OA patients."

Journal • Fibrosis • Immunology • Inflammation • Osteoarthritis • Pain • Rheumatology • IL6 • TGFB1

Enhanced photo-Fenton degradation of iron-doped carbon dots with boosted Fe (III)/Fe (II) circulation and extended pH range (ACS-Fall 2025) - "Iron-doped carbon dots (Fe-CDs) were synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction with chitin as the carbon source and ammonium ferric citrate (AFC) as the iron source...The iron-doped form with anchoring Fe provides forming ferric precipitation, and enables continuous degradation of MB in a wide pH range (3.0-10.0), overcoming the pH limitations typically associated with conventional Fenton reactions. Our findings demonstrate the potential of Fe-CDs for efficient treatment of organic pollutants, while expand our understanding for environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment."

Dietary Iron Supplementation Protects Against Growth Restriction and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Perinatal Cadmium-Exposed Mice. (PubMed, FASEB Bioadv) - "Fe fortification was supplied in the form of dietary ferric citrate, which amounted to two (2×) or five times (5×) the normal dietary Fe in standard chow. Our study provides evidence that perinatal Cd exposure does not prevent absorption of supplemental Fe, and that the chosen Fe supplementation dosages are sufficient to prevent Cd-induced growth restriction, ID, IDA, and MASLD in offspring at postnatal day 21 (PND21). Our findings suggest that Fe supplementation may be a viable therapy to prevent these developmental effects of maternal Cd exposure."

Journal • Preclinical • Fibrosis • Hematological Disorders • Hepatology • Immunology • Metabolic Disorders • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

Modeling and optimization of bioproduct formation with purple phototrophic bacteria using machine learning. (PubMed, Bioresour Technol) - "The models were trained on a dataset compiled from previous studies, using input variables such as reaction time, concentration of organic matter, ethanol, bicarbonate, levulinic acid, ferric citrate, mineral medium, and N, C/N ratio, illumination conditions (continuous or intermittent), operation mode (batch or semicontinuous), and volume exchange percentage...Optimization suggests that operating as a sequencing batch reactor and employing discontinuous illumination for most targets, along with a reduced mineral medium concentration, is beneficial. Results highlight that each bioproduct requires distinct operational settings, supporting the idea of clustering target compounds."

Journal

Enhancing Catalytic Removal of N-Nitrosodimethylamine from Drinking Water Matrices with One-Step-Carbonized Ferric Ammonium Citrate. (PubMed, Nanomaterials (Basel)) - "Mechanistic insights revealed that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals dominate NDMA degradation, facilitated by the presence of dissolved oxygen and PS. This study underscores the potential of the FAC-600/PS AOP system as a robust and efficient solution for NDMA removal, promising safer drinking water through practical application."

Journal

Isolation and characterization of a bacterium affiliated with the hitherto uncultured candidate phylum WOR-3 from a deep-sea hydrothermal fluid. (PubMed, Appl Environ Microbiol) - "The strain could not use thiosulfate, sulfate, sulfite, fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, selenate, selenite, arsenate, ferric citrate, or ferrihydrite as an electron acceptor...In recent years, the metagenome-assembled genomes have been determined from the environments. In this study, we report on the successful isolation of a thermophilic microaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, strain sy37, which is phylogenetically belonging to the WOR-3 lineage, from a deep-sea hydrothermal environment for the first time."

Journal

Tenapanor administration combined with phosphate binders provides synergistic phosphate lowering effect (ERA 2025) - "Six types of P binders had been used in Group Ad (sevelamer hydrochloride, bixalomer, calcium carbonate, ferric citrate, sucroferric oxyhydroxide hydrate and lanthanum carbonate hydrate). Oral administration of tenapanor significantly reduced P adsorption and improved serum P level in patients undergoing HD either when it was administrated alone or adding on P binders. This P absorption reduction effect of tenapanor was greatly enhanced when it was added on P binders. The mechanism of this synergistic effect would be an important research question."

Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease