azathioprine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Risk of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Lymphoid Malignancies With Dupilumab: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study Across Atopic Dermatitis and other Type-2 Inflammatory Diseases (EADV 2026) - "Patients with AD (n=7,840) or other T2IDs (n=16,926) treated with dupilumab were propensity-score matched to patients receiving alternative systemic therapies, including systemic corticosteroids, cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil. Conclusions Dupilumab therapy was not associated with an increased risk of lymphoma, including CTCL, in patients with AD or other T2IDs. These findings suggest that previously reported cases of CTCL arising during dupilumab treatment are more likely attributable to underlying disease-related risk or misclassification of early CTCL rather than a causal drug effect."

Atopic Dermatitis • Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Hematological Malignancies • Immunology • Lymphoma • Multiple Myeloma • Myeloproliferative Neoplasm • Natural Killer/T-cell Lymphoma • Oncology • Sezary Syndrome • T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Treating the Symptom or the Clone? High-Priority Paraneoplastic Vasculitis in Binet B Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Unmutated IGHV (EADV 2026) - "Previous treatment with azathioprine was ineffective. Rituximab was recommended as first-line therapy, but due to administrative barriers within a financially strained healthcare system, cyclophosphamide combined with a short course of prednisolone was initiated given their greater accessibility...Therefore, the therapeutic priority should shift toward aggressive immunosuppression to prevent irreversible organ damage, even when criteria for onco-specific treatment are not yet met. A multidisciplinary 'Watch & Treat' strategy is essential to balance paraneoplastic control with hematological surveillance"

ANCA Vasculitis • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia • Hematological Malignancies • Leukemia • Lymphoma • Neuralgia • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Pruritus • Sjogren's Syndrome • Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma • Vasculitis • IGH

Adult Henoch–Schönlein Purpura mimicking urticarial vasculitis: diagnostic challenges in a chronic relapsing case (EADV 2026) - "She received multiple systemic treatments with insufficient response or poor tolerance, including corticosteroids, azathioprine, dapsone, methotrexate, mycophenolate, cyclosporine, rituximab, intravenous immunoglobulins, omalizumab, and tofacitinib. In 2025, after a new biopsy consistent with IgA vasculitis, treatment with anakinra plus mycophenolate was started, achieving progressive cutaneous control and partial gastrointestinal improvement...Conclusion Adult HSP may follow a chronic and refractory course, representing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, especially when variable histological patterns coexist. Long-term follow-up and clinical and histological reassessment are essential."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • Dermatology • Dyslipidemia • Endometriosis • Genetic Disorders • Gynecology • Hypertension • Immunology • Metabolic Disorders • Musculoskeletal Pain • Obesity • Urticaria • Vasculitis • Women's Health

The aggressive nature of cutaneous squamous cell cancer in solid organ transplant patients; optomising skin surveillance and management (EADV 2026) - "Topical prevention of pre-cancerous lesions was commonly used 11/12 patients were given a course of topical 5-Flurouracil (Efudix) and 8/12 had cryotherapy...There was no modification of immunosuppression with all patients remaining on their normal medications (mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) + tacrolimus 7/12; tacrolimus and prednisolone 2/12; azathioprine 1/12; and MMF 2/12)...Azathioprine is well-known for its association with UV-A photosensitivity, which has been shown to reverse after switching to MMF. Optimal management should include starting systemic agents such as acitretin and multidisciplinary co-ordination with transplant physicians to consider modification of immunosuppressive therapy."

Clinical • Basal Cell Carcinoma • Congestive Heart Failure • Genetic Disorders • Heart Failure • Infectious Disease • Melanoma • Non-melanoma Skin Cancer • Oncology • Septic Shock • Solid Organ Transplantation • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Squamous Cell Skin Cancer • Transplantation

One Stone, Two Birds: Successful Treatment of Generalized Granuloma Annulare and Urticarial Vasculitis with Dupilumab (EADV 2026) - "Her medical history included goiter and cardiac arrhythmia, treated with levothyroxine, bisoprolol, propafenone, and aspirin...She had received systemic corticosteroids, methotrexate, hydroxicholoroquin and azathioprine; each for at least 3 months at different time points...Multiple treatments, including intralesional and systemic corticosteroids, narrowband UVB phototherapy with acitretin, omalizumab, and cyclosporine, were ineffective...(D) Conclusion Dupilumab demonstrated efficacy and safety in the management of generalized GA and urticarial vasculitis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of dupilumab successfully used in both conditions."

Cardiovascular • Dermatology • Endocrine Disorders • Immunology • Rare Diseases • Urticaria • Vasculitis • CD68

Refractory chronic actinic dermatitis successfully treated with dupilumab (EADV 2026) - "Over the following years, the patient was treated sequentially with azathioprine, ciclosporin, mycophenolate mofetil and methotrexate, all with therapeutic failure. Hydroxychloroquine was maintained throughout follow-up as background therapy, well tolerated but insufficient as monotherapy...Published case reports and small series have demonstrated rapid clinical improvement, sustained efficacy and a favourable safety profile, often allowing discontinuation of conventional immunosuppressants and systemic corticosteroids.³,⁴ This case reinforces the emerging role of dupilumab as a valuable option in recalcitrant CAD, particularly in patients with long-standing disease, multiple prior treatment failures and corticosteroid-related morbidity. Further prospective studies are needed to define optimal patient selection and durability of response in this rare and disabling photodermatosis."

Atopic Dermatitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Pruritus • IL13 • IL4

Amicrobial Pustulosis of the Folds Transitioning to Metastatic Crohn's Disease A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge (EADV 2026) - "She proved refractory to multiple therapies (corticosteroids, colchicine, cyclosporine). Despite a partial response to dapsone, severe relapses led to the initiation of infliximab in March 2025...The patient received IV methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) and metronidazole, followed by an induction with adalimumab (160 mg) combined with azathioprine in February 2026...The striking mucocutaneous severity justified an aggressive "top-down" therapeutic approach with anti-TNF alpha and immunosuppressant combotherapy, despite the absence of luminal disease. Close clinical follow-up is imperative, as this patient remains at a very high risk for future gastrointestinal involvement."

Metastases • Cachexia • Crohn's disease • Dry Eye Disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ophthalmology • Otorhinolaryngology • Pruritus

Infliximab Treatment of Resistant Anogenital Ulcers in Behçet's Disease (EADV 2026) - "Due to a lack of improvement in treatment and the presence of diarrhea, colchicine treatment had also discontinued, and azathioprine treatment had been initiated. Finally, the patient had applied to the dermatology outpatient clinic and had been diagnosed with Behçet's disease and started treatment. In this case, we tried to emphasize the importance of appropriate treatment in improving the patient's symptoms and quality of life in a patient who presented with ulcers in the anal canal and around the anus and was resistant to treatment."

Cardiovascular • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Rare Diseases • Uveitis

A Rare Case of Pemphigus Herpetiformis Highlighting Clinicopathological and Immunological Features (EADV 2026) - "The patient was treated with oral prednisone (0.5 mg/kg/day, tapered) in combination with dapsone (50 mg/day), resulting in initial clinical improvement...It can be used in monotherapy, but should ideally be combined with steroids and/or systemic immunosuppressants which includes azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. Prognosis is generally favourable, although progression to classic pemphigus may occur. Conclusion This case emphasizes the importance of recognizing PH as a differential diagnosis in pruritic bullous disorders with features suggestive of dermatitis herpetiformis, ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate management."

Clinical • Dermatitis • Eosinophilia • Immunology • Pruritus

INFLIXIMAB-INDUCED PSORIASIFORM DERMATITIS WITH OOZY PSORIATIC SCALP LESION IN AN IBD PATIENT: A DIFFICULT-TO-TREAT CASE SCENARIO (EADV 2026) - "He was administered infliximab intravenously on a monthly basis, along with Azathioprine 25 mg...Although the skin lesions initially improved with oral steroids, a switch to steroid-sparing agents such as methotrexate (MTX) led to exacerbation. Similarly, while the scalp lesions improved with ciprofloxacin, they did not subside when the treatment was changed to a long-term anti-inflammatory agent like doxycycline. The patient is currently being treated with oral cyclosporine and remains under evaluation. Erythematous oozy scalp lesions with matting of hair over the occipital region of the scalp Conclusion There is currently no standardized treatment protocol for infliximab-induced psoriasiform dermatitis or associated scalp lesions. This case highlights the paradoxical reaction linked with infliximab and underscores the complexities involved in managing such conditions, emphasizing the need for future treatment guidelines."

Clinical • Atopic Dermatitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Psoriasis • Psoriatic Arthritis • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies

Refractory Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis with DIF-confirmed Intercellular IgG Deposition and Serum Antibodies to Dsg3 and Dsc1–3 (EADV 2026) - "Dapsone initially improved the skin lesions but was discontinued due to methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia. Subsequent treatments, including steroid pulse therapy, two cycles of intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, colchicine, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine, failed to maintain remission during PSL tapering. The introduction of mycophenolate mofetil in combination with PSL and sulfasalazine has led to gradual improvement, although complete disease control has not yet been achieved...The in vivo deposition of these antibodies in intercellular spaces suggests their potential role in disease pathogenesis, beyond their mere presence in serum. This rare case highlights the complexity of overlapping blistering diseases and the associated therapeutic challenges."

Dermatology • Gastroenterology • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis • DSC1 • LAD1

Bullous Pemphigoid Associated with Thymoma: An Atypical Case Report (EADV 2026) - "He had been receiving prednisone 60 mg/day combined with azathioprine 100 mg/day for approximately 15 days, with continued progression of cutaneous lesions...A course of intravenous methylprednisolone was administered for three consecutive days; however, clinical deterioration ensued. The use of rituximab was considered but subsequently contraindicated due to the presence of hypogammaglobulinemia...This report contributes to expanding the recognition of this rare association and emphasizes the importance of investigating underlying malignancies in cases of BP with atypical presentation, refractory course, or unfavorable evolution. It also highlights the relevance of a multidisciplinary approach, given the potential impact of thymoma diagnosis on therapeutic decision-making and patient prognosis."

Case report • Clinical • Bullous Pemphigoid • CNS Disorders • Dermatology • Dermatopathology • Diabetes • Dyslipidemia • Eosinophilia • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Myasthenia Gravis • Pruritus • Septic Shock • Solid Tumor • Thymoma • Thymus Cancer • Urticaria

Optimising Management in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Current Evidence, Emerging Therapeutic Targets, and Proposal of a Randomised Controlled Trial (EADV 2026) - "Refractory disease often requires escalation to systemic immunosuppressive agents including methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine...To address current therapeutic uncertainties, a multicentre pragmatic parallel-group RCT framework is proposed comparing hydroxychloroquine with methotrexate in CLE without systemic involvement refractory to topical therapy...However, the evidence base remains limited by heterogeneous study designs, inconsistent outcome measures, and a lack of high-quality head-to-head comparative trials. Standardised multicentre RCTs are required to optimise evidence-based management strategies and support development of unified international CLE management guidelines."

Clinical • Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Tobacco Cessation

Breast sarcoidosis: When should it be considered? (EADV 2026) - "The patient was treated with colchicine followed by systemic corticosteroids combined with azathioprine, leading to progressive improvement without new fistulization. Diagnosis relies on clinical and histological findings after exclusion of other granulomatous causes, particularly tuberculosis and neoplasia. Our case highlights the importance of considering this entity in chronic granulomatous mastitis associated with erythema nodosum, even without systemic involvement."

Breast Cancer • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Inflammatory Breast Cancer • Ophthalmology • Respiratory Diseases • Sarcoidosis • Solid Tumor • Tuberculosis

Pemphigus Foliaceus in a Patient with Long-Standing Psoriasis Treated with Biological Therapy: A Rare Clinical Association (EADV 2026) - "Case Presentation We report a 54-year-old woman with long-standing plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, previously treated with methotrexate, followed by secukinumab and later guselkumab...Biologic treatment was discontinued and systemic corticosteroids with azathioprine were initiated, leading to sustained clinical and immunological remission...The temporal association with secukinumab and guselkumab raises the possibility of drug-triggered pemphigus foliaceus, although coexistence related to chronic psoriatic inflammation cannot be excluded. Early biopsy, direct immunofluorescence and desmoglein antibody testing are essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate management."

Clinical • Dermatology • Immune Modulation • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Arthritis • Pemphigus Vulgaris • Plaque Psoriasis • Psoriasis • Psoriatic Arthritis • Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies

Paraneoplastic Pemphigus Occurring 16 Years After Remission of Pemphigus Vulgaris Recurrence or New (EADV 2026) - "She is in complete clinical remission since 2016 by treatment with systemic corticosteroids and azathioprine...Treatment must target both autoimmune eruption and underlying neoplasm, as PNP carries high mortality. The immune system's evolution over 16 years reminds us that autoimmune history is never truly closed."

Clinical • Breast Cancer • Dermatology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Pemphigus Vulgaris • Solid Tumor

Chronic actinic dermatitis in dark phototypes : diagnostic pitfalls and the added value of phototesting – a 10-case series (EADV 2026) - "Severe or refractory cases were treated with azathioprine or extracorporeal photopheresis, leading to partial or marked clinical improvement in most patients during follow-up...Conclusions CAD in dark phototypes remains underrecognized and may closely mimic inflammatory or lymphoproliferative dermatoses, resulting in prolonged diagnostic delay. Our series highlights the major diagnostic value of phototesting, even in patients with high phototypes, and underlines the importance of multidisciplinary clinicopathological correlation for early diagnosis and appropriate management."

Clinical • Atopic Dermatitis • Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus • Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Genetic Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Lymphoma • Metabolic Disorders • Pruritus • Rare Diseases • T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Targeting type 2 inflammation: Dupilumab in refractory bullous pemphigoid and chronic spontaneous urticaria. (EADV 2026) - "Case Presentation Case 1: A 68-year-old male with BP and comorbid COPD, hypertension, and positive IGRA, previously treated with prednisone, dapsone, azathioprine, methotrexate, and omalizumab, achieved complete remission within 3 months of dupilumab, without adverse events. Case 2: A 56-year-old female with BP and comorbid diabetes and hypertension, previously treated with doxycycline, prednisone, and methotrexate, achieved a favorable clinical response after dupilumab initiation...Case 4: A 51-year-old female with CSU and severe asthma, refractory to antihistamines, prednisone, omalizumab, methotrexate, and cyclosporine, achieved complete disease control within 2 months...A relapse at 7 months required treatment intensification. Conclusion In our real-world experience, dupilumab appears to be an effective therapeutic option for BP and CSU refractory to multiple systemic treatments, providing rapid clinical improvement with a favorable safety profile, including in..."

Asthma • Atopic Dermatitis • Bullous Pemphigoid • Cardiovascular • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria • CNS Disorders • Dermatology • Dermatopathology • Diabetes • Hypertension • Immunology • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Pruritus • Respiratory Diseases • Urticaria • IL13

Refractory mucous membrane pemphigoid successfully treated with rituximab (EADV 2026) - "Prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) with azathioprine was initiated without improvement after six months...Conclusion Refractory MMP is difficult to manage, as conventional agents such as azathioprine and methotrexate may fail...Rituximab is effective in refractory cases. Early biologic therapy may improve outcomes"

Cardiovascular • Hypertension • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Pemphigus Vulgaris • Rheumatoid Arthritis

Refractory Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis Successfully Managed with Tofacitinib: A Challenging Therapeutic Course (EADV 2026) - "First-line therapy consists of dapsone, which usually provides rapid disease control; however, a subset of patients develops refractory disease requiring systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or biologic therapies...Over subsequent years, the patient required repeated therapeutic escalation, including colchicine, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, and doxycycline, all yielding incomplete or transient responses...Rituximab and IVIG led to partial improvement but failed to achieve sustained remission...More recently, anti-TNF therapy with adalimumab resulted in initial clinical improvement followed by loss of efficacy and gastrointestinal intolerance...In this patient, tofacitinib achieved clinical improvement after failure or intolerance to multiple therapies, supporting its potential role as a strategy in highly refractory LABD. Further studies are needed to better define its efficacy and safety in this setting."

Cushing’s Disease • Dermatology • Endocrine Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease

Prurigo-like pemphigoid : A diagnostic pitfall (EADV 2026) - "The patient was treated with topical clobetasol propionate associated with oral doxycycline 200 mg/day, with excellent evolution...Published treatment data are limited; therapeutic options include systemic corticosteroids, azathioprine, dapsone, intravenous immunoglobulins, and minocycline... This case illustrates a rare and atypical form of prurigo-like bullous pemphigoid, posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the elderly. Skin biopsy with direct immunofluorescence should be systematic in any chronic resistant pruritus or papulo-nodular eruption in the elderly, even in the absence of bullous lesions."

Atopic Dermatitis • Bullous Pemphigoid • Dermatopathology • Eosinophilia • Immunology • Prurigo Nodularis • Pruritus • Urticaria

Dupilumab for bullous pemphigoid: a real-world case series from a tertiary hospital (EADV 2026) - "One case was probably associated with vildagliptin exposure. All patients had previously received systemic corticosteroids; two had received azathioprine and one methotrexate, which was discontinued because of infections and elevated transaminases...Our findings support the growing evidence that IL-4/IL-13 blockade may represent an effective and safe steroid-sparing alternative, particularly in patients in whom conventional immunosuppressive therapy is contraindicated, poorly tolerated or insufficiently effective. Larger prospective studies and standardized response criteria are needed to better define its optimal timing, duration of treatment and role within therapeutic algorithms for bullous pemphigoid."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Bullous Pemphigoid • Cardiovascular • Dermatology • Dermatopathology • Diabetes • Dyslipidemia • Hypertension • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Pruritus • Renal Disease • Solid Tumor • Urticaria • IL13 • IL4 • IL4R

Successful treatment of Actinic reticuloid with Azathioprine. How to avoid diagnostic mistakes. Case report. (EADV 2026) - "We should consider AR in the differential diagnosis in case of unsuccessful treatment of chronic eczema, which was mistakenly considered in this patient during previous visits. #2 before and after treatment"

Case report • Clinical • Atopic Dermatitis • Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma • Dermatitis • Hematological Malignancies • Immunology • Lymphoma • T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Psoriasis-Like Disorders: Two Challenging Mimics (EADV 2026) - "Multiple steroid-sparing agents were used over time, including cyclosporine, methotrexate (MTX), doxycycline, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine and ustekinumab, with limited response. Dapsone was contraindicated due to allergy. Upadacitinib (15 mg/day) was initiated, leading to significant disease control and successful prednisone withdrawal...Multiple prior treatments, including topical ciclopirox, fusidic acid, corticosteroids, and oral terbinafine, were ineffective...Magnetic resonance imaging showed no joint or tendon involvement, leading to MTX discontinuation and initiation of topical calcipotriol/betamethasone under occlusion, with marked improvement within the first month...The combination was subsequently reduced to alternate nights for one additional month, and itraconazole pulse therapy was initiated, resulting in complete clinical resolution after five cycles...Active inquiry about gel nail use is essential in patients with suspected nail psoriasis, as..."

Contact Dermatitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Arthritis • Musculoskeletal Pain • Psoriasis • Psoriatic Arthritis • Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies

Isolated Paradoxical Nail Psoriasis Induced by Anti–TNF-α Therapy : First Reported Case (EADV 2026) - "She was treated with corticosteroids, Cyclophosphamide, and Azathioprine without satisfactory response.She was started on Infliximab and 6 months later, she developed painful paronychia and onychodystrophy affecting both fingernails and toenails...We treated the nail psoriasis with topical Calcipotriol/Betamethasone with mild improvement...However, it may result in major flare of the underlying disease, which in many cases is more debilitating than psoriasis. Switching to another anti-TNF agent may be associated with persistence or recurrence of the rash."

Clinical • Dermatology • Immunology • Musculoskeletal Diseases • Musculoskeletal Pain • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Orthopedics • Psoriasis • Uveitis