chloroquine phosphate / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Silibinin enhances daunorubicin chemosensitivity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by suppressing PDIA3-mediated autophagy (ASH 2025) - "We measured autophagy flux using chloroquine (HCQ) and ATG5 siRNA. Silibinin,identified as an inhibitor of PDIA3, has been shown to restore autophagy and enhance chemosensitivityin both in vitro and in vivo models. This research highlights PDIA3 as a promising therapeutic target andpositions silibinin as a potentially effective chemosensitizer for the treatment of AML."

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia • Hematological Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Leukemia • ATG5 • CASP3 • GLI2 • PDIA3 • TINCR

Functional inactivation of duodenal ferroportin by hepcidin drives iron-dependent degradation of DMT1 in lysosomes (ASH 2025) - "Notably, DMT1 (but not ferroportin) degradationwas partially rescued by the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine. These findings demonstrate that hepcidincan degrade duodenal ferroportin under physiological expression, but higher doses are needed when itis overexpressed. Even when hepcidin fails to degrade ferroportin, it can still occlude its iron exportchannel, leading to intracellular iron accumulation and iron-dependent lysosomal degradation of DMT1.Thus, hepcidin controls iron absorption through dual targeting of duodenal iron transporters via distinctmechanisms: direct functional inactivation of ferroportin that indirectly triggers DMT1 degradation."

Genetic Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Hepatology • DMRT1

Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance and vaccine targets in high-transmission settings in Africa. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "We identified high frequencies of dhfr-IRNI (90%) and dhps-SGKAA (45%) haplotypes, consistent with molecular markers of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance...The chloroquine-resistant Pfcrt-76T allele persisted at ~ 25% frequency, suggesting both sustained resistant lineages and a potential re-expansion of chloroquine-susceptible parasites...In parallel, polymorphisms within immunogenic domains of csp, the target of recently approved R21/Matrix-M vaccines were predicted to affect protein stability, though their functional consequences require experimental validation. Geographic analyses revealed localized clustering of resistance haplotypes, particularly in Kano and Yobe, reflecting heterogeneous selection pressures across transmission settings. Together, these findings establish a genomic surveillance framework for real-time monitoring of antimalarial resistance and vaccine-target polymorphisms in high-burden regions, with direct implications for evidence-based..."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Malaria • ABCB1 • DHFR

Effect of fasting-mimicking diet on markers of autophagy and metabolic health in human subjects. (PubMed, Geroscience) - P=N/A | "Effects on autophagic flux were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using the ratio of LC3B-II/LC3B-I protein in samples treated with chloroquine (CQ) ex vivo...FMD may serve as a non-pharmaceutical intervention to modulate autophagy; however, further investigation with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm and extend these findings. This clinical trial was sponsored by L-Nutra Inc. and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06115551)."

Clinical • Journal

Valproic acid boosts hair follicle stem cell resilience to oxygen-glucose deprivation through autophagy induction and AKT/mTOR suppression. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Rapamycin (RAPA), a known autophagy inducer, served as a positive control...Importantly, the cytoprotective and pro-migratory effects of VPA were abolished by chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, highlighting the essential role of autophagy in mediating these benefits. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that VPA preconditioning enhances the survival and migration of HFSCs through autophagy activation and inhibition of the AKT/mTOR pathway. These results suggest that autophagy-based preconditioning strategies may improve the efficacy of stem cell therapies for ischemic stroke and warrant further translational research."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Ischemic stroke • Transplantation • BECN1

Chloroquine Overcomes Chemotherapy Resistance and Suppresses Cancer Metastasis by Eradicating Dormant Cancer Cells. (PubMed, Cell Death Dis) - "In an orthotopic in vivo model of colorectal cancer, the combination of chloroquine and oxaliplatin not only impaired tumor growth but also prevented metastatic dissemination and inhibited the formation of metastasis. This suggests a dual therapeutic advantage, wherein cytostatic agents primarily eliminate proliferating cells, while chloroquine specifically eradicates dormant cancer cells, which are often implicated in tumor recurrence. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of autophagy inhibition to enhance the chemotherapy efficacy and suggest chloroquine-based combination therapy as a promising strategy for suppressing tumor growth and metastasis, ultimately improving treatment outcomes in cancer patients."

Journal • Colorectal Cancer • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Osteosarcoma • Sarcoma • Solid Tumor

In vitro antiplasmodial activity, acute toxicity and phytochemical quantification of selected medicinal plants used for the management of uncomplicated malaria in eastern Uganda. (PubMed, J Ethnopharmacol) - "Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Albizia coriaria and Entada abyssinica demonstrated promising antiplasmodial activity that supports their traditional use in management of malaria. However, more efficacy studies using in vivo model, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies particularly on A. coriaria and advanced phytochemical profiling are needed to delineate their therapeutic potential before being prioritized for development of standardized herbal remedies and novel antimalarial drugs."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • Malaria

Antiplasmodial Screening of Phikud Navakot Formulation and In Vivo Evaluation, Toxicity, and Phytochemical Profiling of the Potent Terminalia chebula Gall Aqueous Extract. (PubMed, Scientifica (Cairo)) - "In vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated against a chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain, and in vivo efficacy was assessed using the standard 4-day suppressive test in P. berghei ANKA-infected mice...This provides scientific evidence supporting its potential as a plant-based candidate for antimalarial drug development. Further studies are warranted to isolate the active constituents, elucidate their mechanisms of action, and conduct subacute toxicity studies to extend the safety evaluation beyond the current findings."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Autophagy and mitophagy in dermatological disease: a comprehensive review from molecular pathways to therapeutic frontiers. (PubMed, Biol Direct) - "mTOR or caloric-restriction mimetics jump-start a protective flux; chloroquine derivatives and ULK1 blockers clip tumour survival circuits; cannabinoids, photodynamic therapy and immune-checkpoint combinations exploit context-specific toggling between induction and brake. Emerging biomarkers (LC3B-II, p62, AMBRA1) promise patient-stratified interventions. By weaving together molecular detail, pre-clinical insight and clinical translation, we show why autophagy is no longer a backstage process but a star player in dermatology - and how targeting its switches could reshape future treatment algorithms."

Journal • Review • Atopic Dermatitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Non-melanoma Skin Cancer • Oral Cancer • Psoriasis • Solid Tumor • Vitiligo • AMBRA1 • BECN1

Enhancing radiation sensitivity in malignant brain tumors with chloroquine: a systematic review. (PubMed, J Neurooncol) - "For HGG, CQ combined with radiotherapy shows promise but modest, inconsistent survival benefits. For brain metastases, evidence is limited and less favorable, with no consistent benefit across tumor types or study designs. Adverse events are generally mild, though most studies used low CQ doses and long‑term safety remains uncertain."

Journal • Review • Brain Cancer • Glioma • High Grade Glioma • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Cycloastragenol Regulates Mitochondrial Homeostasis-Mediated Renal Tubular Injury to Ameliorate Diabetic Kidney Disease by Directly Targeting ERK to Modulate TFEB. (PubMed, Phytother Res) - "CAG ameliorated renal tubule damage in DKD by regulating mitochondrial quality though targeting ERK to regulate TFEB. This research advances drug development and proposes lifestyle interventions (e.g., dietary supplements)."

Journal • Diabetic Nephropathy • Nephrology • Renal Disease • TFEB

Adaptive evolution of Plasmodium vivax in Duffy-negative hosts: insights from East African genomes. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "In Duffy-positive Pv , adaptive signatures were observed in genes related to drug resistance (chloroquine resistance-associated protein CG 1 and 26S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN 2) and erythrocyte binding ( MAEBL ); whereas in Duffy negative Pv , positive selection was observed in genes linked to organellar maintenance and vesicle trafficking (plastid replication repair enzyme and the AP-5 complex subunit beta 1), implicating alternative metabolic or trafficking adaptations...Phylogenetic comparison revealed that Ethiopian Pv clustered closely with other East African isolates, whereas Southeast Asian and South American Pv represented more distant lineages. These findings indicate that Pv circulating in Duffy-negative populations maintains a genetically conserved background, potentially reflecting stringent evolutionary bottlenecks and/or specialized host-parasite interactions required for invasion of Duffy-negative erythrocytes."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Malaria

Rational design of novel Plasmodium falciparum glutamyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors for the development of next-generation antimalarial drugs. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "For comparative analysis, Chloroquine was used as a control to validate the screening results...The MSID000152 illustrated favorable MMPB/GBSA binding free energy. Taken together, the study highlights MSID000152 and MSID000974 as promising antimalarial lead compounds for additional in vitro and in vivo investigations."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Malaria

A Global Survey of Quinacrine Use in Systemic and Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. (PubMed, J Rheumatol) - "Surveyed dermatologists and rheumatologists differed in their experience with quinacrine for CLE and SLE, respectively. Availability remains a key barrier to prescribing, underscoring the need to address supply issues and conduct further research to optimize quinacrine use in SLE and CLE."

Journal • Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus • Dermatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Rheumatology • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Comparative effects of antimalarial drugs on oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. (PubMed, Toxicol Rep) - "Thirty-five Swiss-mice (18 ± 3 g) were infected intraperitoneally with chloroquine resistant (ANKA) strain of Plasmodium berghei and treated orally and once daily with (10 mg/kg) dose of Amodiaquine artesunate (AA), Artemether-Lemefantrine (AL), Sulfadoxine- pyrimethamine (SP) and Artesunate (ART), On day 6, animals were sacrificed and livers were removed. Significant down-regulation in the expressions of PINK 1 by SP, FUNDC1 by AA and AL, DNM1L by ART, PGC-1α by AA, AL, and ART, and prohibitins 1 and 2 by AA and AL similar to the infected control were observed. This study showed that host mitochondria respond differently to antimalarial drugs."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • MFN2

First documented case of imported human babesiosis in Honduras: Diagnostic challenges with malaria falciparum. (PubMed, IJID Reg) - "Thick smears suggested P. falciparum; he was treated with chloroquine-primaquine followed by artemether-lumefantrine, but hyperparasitemia persisted and he developed multiorgan failure, dying on day 33. This fatal case illustrates the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing babesiosis from malaria and underscores the need to consider babesiosis in febrile travelers unresponsive to antimalarials. Strengthening molecular diagnostic capacity is essential in malaria-endemic regions."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Infectious Disease • Ischemic stroke • Malaria

Germacrone Ameliorates Diabetic Kidney Disease by Activating TFEB to Promote Autophagy and Inhibit Inflammation. (PubMed, ACS Omega) - "Mechanistically, GER activated TFEB to promote autophagy and clear NLRP3 inflammasomes, and the GER-mediated degradation of NLRP3 was reversed by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ)...Docking results indicated a stable binding between GER and PP2A. These findings highlighted GER as a potential intervention for treating DKD and clarified the underlying mechanism through which it functions by regulating the PP2A-TFEB pathway."

Journal • Chronic Kidney Disease • Diabetic Nephropathy • Inflammation • Nephrology • Renal Disease • NLRP3 • TFEB

Synthesis and In Vitro Activity of Hypofuran B and Analogs Against Plasmodium Falciparum and Trypanosoma Cruzi. (PubMed, ChemMedChem) - "The most promising compound displayed a CC50 value above 400 µg mL-1, indicating lower cytotoxicity than chloroquine. In silico predictions also supported favorable drug-like profiles. Overall, the moderate antiparasitic activity, low cytotoxicity, and consistent structure-activity trends highlight hypofuran B and related drynaran derivatives as promising antimalarial leads."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • Malaria

The Combination of Recombinant Methioninase and Low-dose Chloroquine Selectively Eradicates Colon-Cancer Cells Without Apparent Toxicity on Co-cultured Normal Fibroblasts. (PubMed, Anticancer Res) - "rMETase has selective efficacy against cancer cells in the presence of normal cells, and its efficacy is significantly enhanced selectively on the cancer cells by CQ. The results of the present study suggest the potential for future clinical application of the combination of rMETase and CQ for cancer treatment."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Colon Cancer • Colorectal Cancer • Oncology • Psychiatry • Solid Tumor

Discovery of the late autophagy inhibitor FZU‑0045‑053 and its anti‑breast cancer and immunomodulatory effects. (PubMed, Int J Oncol) - "The findings indicated that 053 regulated autophagy in the breast cancer cell lines MDA‑MB‑231 and MCF‑7, similar to the late autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. In vivo xenograft models demonstrated that 053 had notable antitumor effects and high biosafety, with improved antitumor efficacy when combined with the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. In summary, 053 can block autophagy and promote antitumor immune responses, showing promise as a new generation of adjuvant drugs for tumor chemotherapy and immunotherapy."

IO biomarker • Journal • Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Triple Negative Breast Cancer • MAP1LC3B • PD-1 • SQSTM1

The impact of Iso-mukaadial acetate on Plasmodium falciparum transcriptional gene regulation. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "These effects differ from chloroquine, which primarily targeted DNA replication and repair processes, yet both drugs upregulated adhesion-associated gene families. Changes in the expression of metabolic and replication genes induced by IMA suggest the compounds potential as an anti-plasmodial candidate, warranting further biochemical validation of its mechanism of effect."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Malaria • GAPDH • MCM3

Repurposing Antimalarials for Oral Cancer: Selective Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine on Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown potential owing to their roles in autophagy modulation and immune regulation. Gene expression profiling and flow-cytometry analyses revealed cell-type-specific differences in apoptosis, mitochondrial potential, and DNA damage, suggesting HCQ's selective anti-tumor potential in gingival carcinoma. These findings highlight HCQ as a repurposed adjuvant therapy that modulates autophagy and apoptosis to enhance chemosensitivity in oral cancer."

Journal • Head and Neck Cancer • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Oral Cancer • Solid Tumor • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • CA9 • TFEB

Naringenin alleviates endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury in chicken by inhibiting pyroptosis through PINK1-dependent mitophagy. (PubMed, Phytomedicine) - "This study demonstrated that Nar targeted PINK1-dependent mitophagy to alleviate ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3-driven pyroptosis, thereby mitigating AKI in chickens. The study provided a theoretical and experimental basis for LPS-induced AKI and demonstrated that Nar could reduce LPS-induced nephrotoxicity, thereby offering a reference for comparative medicine."

Journal • Acute Kidney Injury • Infectious Disease • Nephrology • Renal Disease • NLRP3 • TXNIP

Travel-Related Malaria Diagnosis on Karius Test Despite Negative Blood Smear. (PubMed, Trop Med Infect Dis) - "The patient needed several treatment regimens for the recurrent attacks, including chloroquine and primaquine, artemether-lumefantrine, and eventually a combination of quinine and doxycycline together with a prolonged course of primaquine. This case demonstrates the limitations of smear microscopy diagnosis in P. vivax infections, highlights the role of molecular diagnostics like the Karius test, and stresses the importance of preventing relapses with adequate hypnozoite clearance. It further highlights the importance of clinician awareness and diligent follow-up in cases of travel-related Malaria, especially those with unusual presentations or recurrent symptoms."

Journal • Hematological Disorders • Infectious Disease • Leukopenia • Malaria • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain • Thrombocytopenia

Genome-wide SNP genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates across Mali reveals major impacts of Pfsa1 and PfCRT K76T selections on parasite populations. (PubMed, medRxiv) - "The strongest selection signal was detected around the chloroquine-resistance transporter ( pfcrt ) gene...Our nationwide genomic profiling of malaria parasites in Mali reveals clear selective sweeps linked to drug pressure and host genetics highly contributing to shaping the genetic make-up of parasite populations, and confirms the association of Pfsa1 with sickle haemoglobin. The Pfsa1 -PfCRT 76T linkage highlights a critical axis of parasite adaptation that warrants close surveillance."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Malaria