chymotrypsin / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Pharmacologic activators of immunoproteasomes unmask actionable public and private neoantigens in multiple myeloma patients (ASH 2025) - "This difference is due to thesubstitution of the 3 constitutive catalytic subunits: β1 (peptidylglutamyl-like), β2 (trypsin-like), and β5(chymotrypsin-like) compared with 3 immune-specific subunits β1i (chymotrypsin-like), β2i (trypsin-like),and β5i (chymotrypsin-like)...Moreover, treatment with Compound Aincreased the relative frequency of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids detected at the C-terminus,consistent with a dominant role of immunoproteasomes in the generating MHC class I Ags. We demonstrate that MGs that promote PA28α/ß association with immunoproteasomes andnot only enhance the degradation of proteins with hydrophobic C-termini but also generateimmunopeptides with a similar enhanced frequency of hydrophobic C-termini. The results support thedevelopment of a platform to pharmacologically modulate the presentation of commonly shared andprivate NeoAgs and expand the scope of TCR-engineered T-cells, T-cell engagers and cancer vaccines."

Clinical • Tumor-specific neoantigens • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Melanoma • Multiple Myeloma • Targeted Protein Degradation • PSME1 • SDC1

Chymotrypsin digestion analysis of glycyl radical and B12-dependent radical enzymes indicates common substrate-induced structural shifts. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Importantly, non-substrate analogs such as 1,3-propanediol and β-methylcholine failed to induce protection, underscoring the specificity of ligand-induced stabilization. These findings reveal a broadly conserved mechanism of substrate-induced conformational stabilization in GREs and B12-dependent radical enzymes and offer a scalable strategy for ligand identification with potential applications in enzyme engineering."

Journal

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic modification: An approach to enhance the quality and functionality of camel milk hydrolysates. (PubMed, Ultrason Sonochem) - "This study evaluated the effects of ultrasound, enzymatic hydrolysis (using Alcalase, Papain, and α-Chymotrypsin), and their combination on camel milk casein hydrolysates (CMCH)...FTIR analysis indicated enzyme-specific structural modifications, with alcalase producing the most pronounced secondary structure changes. Overall, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis effectively enhanced peptide release, antioxidant capacity, and structural modification of camel milk proteins, supporting its potential in functional food and nutraceutical applications."

Journal • CTRC

New functions of enzymatic cottonseed protein: Improvement of intestinal digestion and absorption, structure and microbial composition of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). (PubMed, Anim Nutr) - "A 3% decrease in dietary CP levels and supplementation with 2% ECP restored growth performance, intestinal structural indices, and digestive and absorptive capacity to levels equivalent to or better than those of the NP. Furthermore, chymotrypsin and percentage weight gain broken-line regression analysis revealed that the optimal ECP additions for juvenile catfish were 2.08% and 2.2%, respectively."

Journal • CDX2 • JAK2 • PDZK1 • RHOA

Unravelling the antibacterial performances of a homochiral d-configured tetraphenylalanine appended 16-HPA derivative based mechanoresponsive and proteolytically stable hydrogel. (PubMed, RSC Med Chem) - "Furthermore, the β-sheet structured compound III, stabilized by weak non-covalent interactions, depicted optimum mechanical strength as well as proteolytic stability for 72 h when exposed to the proteolytic enzyme, proteinase K and chymotrypsin. Overall, our analysis highlights the potential of compound III as a promising candidate for future antimicrobial therapy. However, further experiments are necessary to validate these findings, and current claims are reflective of an early proof-of-concept until further preclinical data are available."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Cyclosporine-induced paronychia in a case of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (ISDS 2025) - "Case Report: A 32-year-old female received Leflunomide for arthralgias, after which she developed Stevens-Johnson Syndrome with severe mucous membrane affection...After which she received a single etanercept 150 mg injection together with increasing the dose of cyclosporine to 300 mg according to her weight, with gradual improvement of the condition and tapering of steroids over the next week...The condition continued to exacerbate over the next two weeks, even after decreasing the dose of cyclosporine, and only improved after nail detachment despite receiving antibiotics and chymotrypsin... Acute severe painful paronychia could be encountered in cases of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome receiving cyclosporine and can be explained by the disease insult on the periungual tissue or the inflammatory proliferative status of cyclosporine."

Clinical • Dermatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Mood Disorders • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pemphigus Vulgaris • Steven-Johnson Syndrome • CD20 • CXCL8 • EGFR • IL6

Potential Mechanisms of Dietary Potassium Diformate and Sodium Propionate Driving Intestinal Microbiota and Lipid Metabolites to Modulate Intestinal Health of Trachinotus ovatus. (PubMed, Aquac Nutr) - "Results showed that KDF and NaP supplementation significantly increased the activities of chymotrypsin (Chy), lipase (Lip), α-amylase (α-amy), creatine kinase (CK), Na+K+-ATPase (Na+K+-ATP), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the expression level of Nrf2 (p < 0.05), while decreased the pH value, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the mRNA level of Keap1 (p < 0.05)...The assessment of associations revealed inverse relationships of digestive and antioxidative indices with Photobacterium, but positive correlations with Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium, Ruegeria, Synechococcus, Nautella, Turicibacter, and Roseovarius. This study advances our understanding of KDF and NaP on intestinal health."

Journal • KEAP1

HBV Infection Drives PSMB5-Dependent Proteasomal Activation in Humanized Mice and HBV-Associated HCC. (PubMed, Viruses) - "Our findings revealed that the chymotrypsin-like activity (β5) subunit of the proteasome (PSMB5) is consistently overexpressed following HBV infection...These findings underscore the critical role of proteasomal dysregulation in HBV-associated liver pathology and provide new insights into its involvement in HCC development. Understanding the interplay between HBV infection and proteasome dynamics offers a valuable avenue for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers in HCC."

Journal • Preclinical • Hepatitis B • Hepatocellular Cancer • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Targeted Protein Degradation • PSMB5

Effects of Bile on Pathogenic Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Clostridioides spp. Toxin Effector Domains. (PubMed, Biomolecules) - "Bile and bile acids promoted exposure of hydrophobic residues and the unfolding of most, but not all, of the tested effectors, facilitating their precipitation and cleavage by chymotrypsin. Bile also inhibited specific activities of the tested effector enzymes, partially due to imposed oxidation of their catalytic residues. To summarize, this work validated bile as a non-proteinaceous factor of innate immunity, capable of compromising the structural integrity and function of the effector domains of various bacterial toxins."

Journal • Cholera

Cleaving Expectations: A Review of Proteasome Functional and Catalytic Diversity. (PubMed, Biomolecules) - "Proteolysis is mediated by the catalytic β1, β2, and β5 subunits, traditionally defined by caspase-like, trypsin-like, and chymotrypsin-like activities...In addition, we examine how regulatory particles, post-translational modifications, and physiological conditions, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging, modulate proteolytic activity. Finally, we discuss the development of selective inhibitors targeting individual catalytic sites, emphasizing their therapeutic potential in cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious disease, and outline future directions for the field."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Targeted Protein Degradation

Identification of Novel β-Lactam Derivatives as Proteasome Inhibitors for Antitumor Therapy. (PubMed, Arch Pharm (Weinheim)) - "Biochemical evaluations of their effects on chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) activity revealed that some of them had inhibitory activity against the proteasome, with IC50 values in the micromolar range...Additionally, cellular mechanistic studies indicated that these effects were linked to their ability to inhibit proteasome signal pathways and to induce apoptosis in RS4;11 cells, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Collectively, these results illustrate that compound 66 is a potent proteasome inhibitor with significant potential as an antitumor agent."

Journal • Oncology

Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Multiple Myeloma (MM) Cell Lines Identifies Mitochondrial Dysfunction As a Marker of Resistance to Proteasome Inhibitors (PIs) with Potential Therapeutic Implications for BH3-Mimetics (ASH 2024) - "In this study, to achieve better insight into the process of acquiring resistance to bortezomib (BTZ) and carfilzomib (CFZ), we conducted comparative proteomic profiling of sensitive MM cell lines and their resistant counterparts at different stages of acquiring the resistant phenotype...Both drugs were able to similarly suppress chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity in both sensitive and resistant RPMI8226 and U266B1 cells...Synergy between bortezomib and different BH3-mimetics was confirmed (5.1 for 1 µM of venetoclax, 2.1 for 1 µM of navitoclax, 2.7 for 0.1 µM of BCL-XL inhibitor, 1.5 for 0.01 µM of MCL1 inhibitor); the combination treatment was capable of partially restoring sensitivity to BTZ...Combining BH3-mimetics with BTZ restored sensitivityin the resistant RPMI8226 cells. Further studies are needed to confirm the clinical significance of these results, explore the potential of targeting mitochondrial metabolism and identify patients who may..."

Preclinical • Hematological Malignancies • Metabolic Disorders • Multiple Myeloma • Oncology • BCL2L1 • TFAM

Carbonic Anhydrase Targeting Polymer with Enhanced Intracellular Protein Delivery and Tumor Penetration for Cancer Therapy. (PubMed, Nano Lett) - "In B16 melanoma-bearing mice, the engineered polymer facilitated efficient delivery of α-chymotrypsin to tumor sites, resulting in a significant inhibition of tumor growth. This work presents a versatile protein delivery strategy that combines TME modulation with organelle-specific trafficking for enhanced tumor targeting."

Journal • Melanoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CA9

PSMC2 Overexpression Enhances Proteasome Activity, Mitigates ER Stress, and Correleates with Reduced Overall Survival in Multiple Myeloma (ASH 2023) - "PSMC2 overexpression increases chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity at baseline in U266 and ARH77 cells with a similar effect of residual proteasome activity after challenge with bortezomib or carfilzomib. Taken together, our results suggest PSMC2 overexpression correlates with reduced OS in MM patients treated with bortezomib and that PSMC2 may represent an actionable therapeutic target to prevent or overcome PI resistance. PSMC2 overexpression increases proteasome activity in MM cells, mitigates ER stress on PI challenge and promotes PI resistance. mitigates ER stress upon PI challenge, and portending poorer clinical prognosis and more drug resistance, suggesting that 19S targeted agents may help overcome drug resistance in MM."

Clinical • Hematological Malignancies • Multiple Myeloma • Oncology • Targeted Protein Degradation • ATF4 • PSMB5 • PSMC2 • PSMC6

Studies of Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) Binding to Platelets and Production of a Murine Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) to Integrin αIIbβ3 That Inhibits PDI Binding and Platelet Aggregation (ASH 2023) - "With chymotrypsin digested platelets, both 21D10 and the mAb 7H2, which binds to the PSI domain of β3, bound to bands extending down to 66 kDa, but 21D10 also bound to the bands below 66 kDa, whereas 7H2 did not... We have shown that in addition to thrombin, T6, a PAR4 activating peptide, collagen-related peptide, and DTT can induce PDI binding to platelets. We produced a mAb to human platelets (21D10) that can inhibit T6-induced PDI binding to platelets. Immunoblotting and cryo-EM analysis shows that 21D10 binds to the PSI, I-EGF1, and I-EGF2 regions of β3."

Preclinical • Cardiovascular • Hematological Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Multiple Myeloma • Oncology • Thrombosis

Taurine Supplementation in Low-Fishmeal of Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) Diets: Improving Intestinal Health and Alleviation of Inflammatory Response. (PubMed, Animals (Basel)) - "The chymotrypsin of fish fed the A25T10 diet was significantly higher than those in other groups (p < 0.05)...In this study, taurine supplementation can down-regulate the expression of intestinal pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8)) and up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10 (IL-10), enhance intestinal immunity, and improve intestinal digestion and absorption. Therefore, the addition of 1-1.5% taurine to low-fishmeal feeds can improve the growth performance of golden pompano."

Journal • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Oncology • CAT • CTSB • CXCL8 • IL10 • IL1B • KEAP1 • TNFA

Repurposing HIV-Protease Inhibitor Precursors as Anticancer Agents: The Synthetic Molecule RDD-142 Delays Cell Cycle Progression and Induces Autophagy in HepG2 Cells with Enhanced Efficacy via Liposomal Formulation. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative activity of RDD-142, a synthetic precursor of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor (HIV-PI) Darunavir analog, on the human hepatocellular carcinoma line (HepG2) and healthy hepatocyte line (IHH), both as a free molecule and in liposomal formulation...These effects were linked to RDD-142 inhibitory activity on the chymotrypsin-like subunit of the proteasome, triggering a UPR-mediated stress response...RDD-142 demonstrated promising potential as a therapeutic agent for HCC. Its antitumor activity may be further amplified through liposomal nanoformulation, offering a successful strategy to reduce effective dosage and minimize adverse effects."

Journal • Hepatocellular Cancer • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Efficacy and Safety of Carfilzomib-Based Regimens in a Real-World Clinical Practice: Insights from China (ASH 2024) - "Background : Carfilzomib, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor, demonstrates superior inhibition of the proteasome's chymotrypsin-like site compared to bortezomib [1]. Notably, combining daratumumab with carfilzomib-based therapy shows higher efficacy than carfilzomib alone in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) multiple myeloma. Additionally, carfilzomib has a manageable cardiotoxicity profile, enhancing its suitability for clinical use."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Anemia • Hematological Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Multiple Myeloma • Neutropenia • Oncology • Thrombocytopenia • NPPB

Interaction between Collagen IV and Heparin-Binding Sites in the Activity, Distribution and Clearance of Factor IX(a) (ASH 2024) - "Legacy (linear) numbering was used in the Gla domain and chymotrypsinogen numbering in the protease domain. The collagen site had a dominant effect on protease distribution, while the heparin site had similar effects on both zymogen and protease. Disruption of the heparin site modulated the impact of the K5A variant in the protease, and along with the contradictory effects of K5R, suggest potential interaction between these binding sites in the protease."

Hematological Disorders • Hemophilia • Hemophilia B • Rare Diseases

Do Rhodium(III) Complexes Behave as Biocompatible Materials for α-Chymotrypsin Structural Stability and Activity? (PubMed, ACS Appl Bio Mater) - "Interestingly, the metal complexes enhanced the thermal stability of α-CT, as indicated by an increase in the transition temperature (Tm) of α-CT. This study unveils the promising role of Rh(III) metal complexes in the stabilization and activation of the biological macromolecule, which further holds potential in industrial and biomedical applications."

Journal

Dynamic in vivo imaging of microplastic-induced hepatic injury via enzyme-activated far-red fluorescent probe. (PubMed, Talanta) - "These results show that chymotrypsin activation is a downstream event of PS bioaccumulation, establishing DDAO-CT as an effective tool for visualizing pollutant-induced hepatic dysfunction. This study presents a novel chemical biology platform for noninvasive assessment of environmental hepatotoxins and offers mechanistic insights into microplastic-induced liver injury at the enzymatic level."

Journal • Preclinical • Hepatology • Liver Failure

Catalytically active hCELA3B is a natively-folded monomer and is N-glycosylated. (PubMed, Protein Expr Purif) - "Chymotrypsin-like elastases CELA3A and CELA3B constitute a sub-family of serine proteases that hydrolyze proteins such as elastin...Only pro-hCELA3B forms homogeneous monomers making it suitable for further structural studies. Pro-hCELA3B is N-glycosylated."

Journal • Pancreatitis

Chymotrypsin Deficiency Accelerates Precancerous Remodeling of the Pancreas in KC Mice. (PubMed, Pancreas) - No abstract available

Journal • Preclinical • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer

Limb-saving integrative Chinese-western therapy for necrotizing fasciitis: A case report and literature review. (PubMed, Explore (NY)) - "This integrative approach effectively addressed infection control, systemic inflammation, and tissue regeneration, demonstrating its potential as a limb-preserving alternative for NF patients when standard surgery is contraindicated or declined. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Inflammation

Identification and exploration of sleep-enhancing peptides from goat milk casein by peptidomics and virtual screening. (PubMed, Food Res Int) - "In silico computational simulation predicted that papain, chymotrypsin, alcalase, and bromelain generate peptides with the highest activity. Notably, FAWPQY was particularly effective in extending sleep duration (37.08 ± 3.88 min) and decreasing sleep latency (5.06 ± 1.03 min) in mice. These results indicated that combining peptidomics, molecular docking, and animal testing is an effective strategy for screening sleep-enhancing peptides."

Journal • Sleep Disorder