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Cannabinoids as Context-Dependent Modulators of the Adenosine A3 Receptors: Potential Orthosteric and Allosteric Mechanisms. (PubMed, Pharmacol Res) - "These results identify CBG as an effective enhancer of adenosine potency at human A3R, suggesting it stabilizes an occupancy-dependent secondary pose that fine-tunes the orthosteric agonist-receptor interaction network. Further work, encompassing direct binding studies, proximal signalling assays, receptor-subtype profiling, and structural analyses, is needed to validate this mechanism."

Journal • Inflammation • ADORA2A

Phytocannabinoids Regulate Lipid Metabolism in UVA-Irradiated Melanocytes. (PubMed, Eur J Pharmacol) - "This study evaluated the effects of phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), and their combination (CBD+CBG) in control cells and following UVA irradiation. In conclusion, phytocannabinoids partially restored redox balance and reduced inflammatory signaling, thereby normalizing membrane composition and cellular signaling in UVA-exposed melanocytes. These findings suggest a regulatory role for phytocannabinoids in melanocyte responses to UVA exposure, with potential implications for metabolic processes involved in neoplastic transformation."

Journal • Melanoma • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Solid Tumor • PPARG • TRPV1

A Comparative Analysis of the Action Mechanisms of Cannabidiol, Cannabigerol, and Cannabinol in Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines. (PubMed, Molecules) - "Proteomics profiling was performed to compare the effect of these cannabinoids with those of gefitinib and cisplatin... CBD, CBG, and CBN exhibit potential anticancer activity in CCA by suppressing proliferation, reducing Ki67 expression, and inducing apoptosis through MMP disruption. The identification of shared molecular targets, including LARP1 and TFEB, provides new mechanistic insight and supports the potential development of cannabinoid-based therapeutic strategies for cholangiocarcinoma."

Journal • Preclinical • Biliary Cancer • Cholangiocarcinoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CDK4 • PCGEM1 • TFEB

Application of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection for the determination of twelve cannabinoids in a feasibility study to produce a pharmacologically active ingredient from seized Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana). (PubMed, J Pharm Biomed Anal) - "The method achieved successful baseline separation of critical pairs, such as CBD/CBG and D9-THC/D8-THC, in under eight minutes. The validated LC-MS/MS method provides the necessary sensitivity and specificity for both quality control in API production and forensic standardization. By establishing a technical foundation for characterizing medicinal extracts and ensuring compliance with the 0.3% THC statutory threshold, this research supports public health safety and the potential for a sustainable pharmaceutical supply chain from seized materials in Brazil."

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Structure-stability relationships of pure cannabinoids and their cocrystals under forced degradation conditions. (PubMed, J Cannabis Res) - "Oxidative stressing indicated that radical-mediated oxidation had a stronger impact on stability than peroxide-mediated oxidation. Overall, the results indicate that coformer choice and surface exposure of heteroatoms are key factors influencing the stability of cannabinoid cocrystals."

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Translational development of rational cannabinoid combinations for Parkinson’s disease: Preclinical dopaminergic modulation supporting first-in-human advancement (WPC 2026) - "We prepared combinations from 7 cannabinoids library (THC/CBD/CBG/CBC/CBDV/CBT/CBN). CBX-38 is the lead candidate with consistent superiority over L-dopa. Together, these results support advancement toward First-in-Human clinical evaluation."

First-in-human • Late-breaking abstract • P1 data • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Cannabigerol and cannabidiol differ in their ability to affect the AhR/CYP1A pathway in vitro. (PubMed, Food Chem Toxicol) - "Despite this, CBG elevated the CYP1A mRNA levels in all three cell models, but this effect was weaker than that of CBD, and it did not result in relevant changes in the protein levels or activity of CYP1A. We conclude that CBG is a poor modulator of the AhR/CYP1A pathway in vitro, and its effect on the pathway in vivo remains to be explored."

Journal • Preclinical • CYP1A1 • CYP1A2

Cannabidiol and other non-psychotropic cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa as therapeutics for microglial-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. (PubMed, J Cannabis Res) - "Current evidence supports meaningful biological activity and complex cannabinoid-specific polypharmacology, yet substantial gaps persist, especially for cannabinoids other than cannabidiol; addressing these gaps in disease-relevant models will be essential for translating these compounds into future therapeutic strategies. Further, we anticipate the summarized information will foster collaboration between cannabis breeders/cultivators and applications scientists for therapeutic evaluation and development of emerging non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Inflammation • Movement Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Parkinson's Disease

Elucidating the putative role of cannabigerol: a hypothesis-generating review of neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms with implications for drug-resistant epilepsy. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "This review synthesizes current preclinical evidence on the molecular targets and mechanistic actions of CBG, with particular emphasis on neuroimmune modulation and neuronal vulnerability, while critically addressing the limitations and translational gaps of the existing literature. Rather than providing confirmatory evidence, this work is intended as a hypothesis-generating framework to inform future epilepsy-focused studies evaluating whether modulation of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathways by CBG may hold relevance within disease-modifying research strategies for DRE."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Immunology • Inflammation • PPARG

Structural Elucidation of Azo and Quinoneimine Products Formed in Diazonium-Based Color Reactions of Cannabinoids. (PubMed, Molecules) - "Azo compounds 6, 11, 16, and 17 were produced from cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, and cannabidiolic acid, respectively, while quinoneimines 7-10 and 12-15, which contained positional isomers, were produced from cannabinol, Δ9-THC, and hexahydrocannabinol. The reaction barely proceeded with Δ9-THC acetate and HHC acetate."

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Morphological, Physiological, and biochemical responses of two industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars to different levels of topping. (PubMed, J Cannabis Res) - No abstract available

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Cannabidiol and cannabigerol ameliorate steatotic liver disease via phosphocreatine buffering and lysosomal restoration. (PubMed, Br J Pharmacol) - "These findings identify a novel, endocannabinoid system-independent mechanism by which CBD and CBG enhance hepatic energy buffering and lysosomal function, contributing to improved liver lipid handling and supporting phytocannabinoids as promising MASLD therapeutics."

Journal • Genetic Disorders • Hepatology • Metabolic Disorders • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease • Obesity

Design, synthesis, and biological profiling of fluorinated cannabidiol and cannabigerol derivatives as promising therapeutic agents. (PubMed, J Cannabis Res) - "Our findings indicate that aliphatic modifications positively influence pharmacokinetic parameters, including absorption, in contrast to aromatic groups, which increase lipophilicity and lead to decreased bioavailability. Among the modifications, the monosubstituted derivatives containing a single oxazine ring with an aliphatic fluorine-containing side chain, especially the mono- and trifluoroethyl moieties, proved to be the most promising. These modifications appeared particularly advantageous in the CBG series compared to the properties of the CBG parent compound. This may suggest that the presence of a phenolic OH group is beneficial for biological activity. Some of the derivatives showed anticancer potential against various tumor cell lines, while others modulated sebaceous lipogenesis, and certain compounds exhibited a notable antimalarial effect."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Malaria • Oncology

Antiseizure Effects of Cannabidiol in Combination With Cannabigerol in the Maximal Electroshock Seizure Model. (PubMed, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol) - "Both drugs showed little toxicity at therapeutic doses. This is the first study to provide detailed dose-response data for CBG as well as CBG in combination with CBD in a seizure model and suggests that the two drugs could act in a similar manner to suppress seizures."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Phytocannabinoids influence phospholipid metabolism of melanoma cells: Modulation of in vitro effects of the UVA irradiation. (PubMed, Biomed Pharmacother) - "UVA radiation increased the expression of G-protein-coupled receptors in melanoma cells (CB1/2/TRPV1/PPARγ), while the combined use of CBD/CBG reduced their expression. Therefore, the results have shown that CBD and CBG modulate the metabolism of phospholipids and PUFAs by altering the functions of melanoma cell membranes, potentially offering options for the use of these phytocannabinoids in the integrative biomedicine treatment of melanoma."

Journal • Preclinical • Melanoma • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Solid Tumor • PPARG • TRPV1

Prevalence and reasons for using cannabidiol, delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabigerol, and hexahydrocannabinol among US adults. (PubMed, J Cannabis Res) - "Use of cannabinoid products is appreciable, particularly CBD and delta-8 THC. Most adults use CBD, CBN, CBG, and HHC for medical reasons, but delta-8 THC for recreation. Pain, anxiety, insomnia and arthralgia were common medical reasons for use across the different cannabinoids assessed."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Impact of Soil Quality on Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Content of Cannabis sativa L. (PubMed, J Med Act Plants) - "Differences in terpene composition were observed between the cultivars grown in the CF but not between those grown in CC. This is the first study to show differences in extract composition of outdoor cultivated hemp grown in different soil conditions."

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Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Cannabis-Based Formulations (CBD and CBD/CBG) for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A HEOR Model Study Analysis (ISPOR-EU 2025) - "Studies highlight that CBD-rich cannabis extracts may be beneficial in ASD, but they are not without side effects. Additional analyses need to be done as a whole ."

Clinical • HEOR • Autism Spectrum Disorder • Genetic Disorders

Valorization of Thyme Combined with Phytocannabinoids as Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Skin Diseases. (PubMed, Pharmaceutics) - "Selected thyme formulations-alone or in combination with CBD/CBG-were also tested in vivo using a mouse model of acute skin inflammation. The data support the safe and effective use of Thymus mastichina-derived terpene fractions for topical anti-inflammatory applications. The synergistic effect observed with CBD and CBG suggests that combining essential oil terpenes with phytocannabinoids may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for managing inflammatory skin disorders."

Journal • Acne Vulgaris • Atopic Dermatitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Psoriasis

Efficacy of different cannabinoid compounds on migraine-like responses in female rats. (PubMed, Cephalalgia) - "Altogether, these results suggest that cannabinoid compounds may represent effective alternatives for the treatment of episodic and chronic migraine."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain • ADCYAP1

Cannabidiol releases CB1R from A2AR repression in ischemic stroke. (PubMed, Neurobiol Dis) - "Results indicated that the formation of A2AR-CB1R heteromers increased A2AR affinity for its selective agonist CGS21680...In conclusion, CBD effects in the hypoxia of the neonate can be mediated by A2AR-CB1R complex. CBD partially blocks A2AR signalling while potentiates the neuroprotective effect of CB1R in hypoxic-ischemic conditions."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Ischemic stroke

Antinociceptive Effects of Cannabinoid Compounds in a Preclinical Model of Migraine, using CGRP and PACAP, in female rats (IHC 2025) - "Cannabidiol (CBD, 30 mg/kg), Cannabidiol plus Cannabigerol (CBD/CBG 30/15 mg/kg), Cannabidiol plus Tetrahydrocannabinol (CBD/THC, 30mg/kg/0.3%), and CBD/CBG/THC (30/15 mg/kg /0.3%) or vehicle were administered via intraperitoneal injection (n=7-16)...Conclusion Cannabinoid compounds were effective against CGRP- and PACAP-induced cutaneous allodynia without affecting locomotion or inducing anxiety-related behaviors. The Cannabinoid combination of CBD plus THC showed to be more effective than Clinical studies are needed for validation."

Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • ADCYAP1

Cannabinoids in Migraine Treatment (CAMTREA) Trial: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of a cannabidiol, cannabigerol, and tetrahydrocannabinol 133/66/4mg formulation as adjunctive therapy in chronic migraine Presen (IHC 2025) - P2/3 | "Conclusion In this pilot study the adjunctive treatment with a CGMP cannabinoid formulation (CBD/CBG/THC - 133/66/4mg) was safe and associated with significant improvements in migraine-related disability in patients with chronic migraine. These findings support further investigation in larger, adequately powered trials."

Clinical • Late-breaking abstract • CNS Disorders • Migraine

Orally Administered CBD/CBG Hemp Extract Reduces Severity of Ulcerative Colitis and Pain in a Murine Model. (PubMed, J Clin Med) - "We also observed that CBG/CBD rich hemp extracts help reduce pain-related responses in these animals. Together, the data suggest that cannabinoid administration has the potential to be an effective alternate therapeutic option for UC management."

Journal • Preclinical • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Pain • Ulcerative Colitis

EOL-02 - (Expert Opinion Live) How A Novel Office Dispensed Transdermal Cannabinoid Cream Improved QOL For Over 90% Of My Patients & Generated Six Figure Annual Profits (PAINWeek 2025) - "Sponsored By Marlinz Pharma This presentation will include a brief overview of cannabinoid types, clinical and scientific literature summaries, emerging technologies within the industry, current regulations and the potential financial impact for direct-to-patient dispensing of the Tolcylen Transdermal CBD/CBG Cream. Dr DiNucci will also discuss the key differences and how to choose products for your patients and review a six-figure net profit summary generated from his solo practice yearly dispensing data.This session is sponsored by Marlinz Pharma. This session is not certified for credit."

Clinical • CNS Disorders