ethambutol / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

An in silico approach for screening non-synonymous SNPs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE68 protein and impact on structure. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "PPE68 has been implicated through computational methods in ethambutol (EMB) resistance, plausibly through gene-gene interactions with embA...This is in contrast to the unstable E44G, L167P and L167R which were more compact than the wildtype. Considering that the PPE family of proteins are highly disordered in their native form and presumably in their most stable conformation, these outcomes are conceivable."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis

High-Throughput Screening Using the Self-Controlled Tree-Based Scan Statistic to Identify Medications Associated With Hospitalization for Severe Acute Liver Injury. (PubMed, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf) - "High-throughput screening using tree-based scan statistics detected potentially hepatotoxic drugs for investigation in future pharmacoepidemiology studies."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Gastroenterology • Hepatology • Liver Failure • Pain

Ccn1 Mediates Pyroptosis and Purine Metabolism Pattern Shifts in a High-Uric Acid Microenvironment After Spinal Cord Injury. (PubMed, Mol Neurobiol) - "In vivo groups: SCI (spinal cord injury only) (n = 6), hUA (induced hUA microenvironment by gavage with oxonic acid potassium salt 750 mg/kg and and ethambutol 250 mg/kg) (n = 6), AAV (Ccn1 knockdown via adeno-associated virus) (n = 6), and AAV + hUA (n = 6)...In vivo, Ccn1 knockdown significantly increased the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scores of animals on the 7 days post-injury (AAV + hUA vs hUA: 3.33 ± 0.52 vs 2.00 ± 0.63, P < 0.05) and reduced neuronal pyroptosis. The hUA microenvironment upregulated Ccn1 expression, suppressed aerobic respiration, induced pyroptosis, and disrupted purine metabolism, Ccn1 knockdown reversed these biological processes, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for SCI."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Orthopedics • CCN1 • CCNA2

Delayed diagnosis of disseminated Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. chimaera infective endocarditis via cell-free metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a case report. (PubMed, ASM Case Rep) - "Treatment included rifabutin, ethambutol, azithromycin, and amikacin, alongside a prednisone taper prescribed for a previously diagnosed undifferentiated inflammatory process. chimaera. Finally, we discuss pharmacotherapeutic factors, including the need for multiple agents over long durations, in this case with specific considerations given to the dissemination of infection into the central nervous system and potential drug-drug interactions, including steroids."

Biomarker • Journal • Next-generation sequencing • Cardiovascular • Infectious Disease • Otorhinolaryngology

Enhanced antimycobacterial efficacy of simulated inhaled clofazimine versus oral clofazimine in combination with azithromycin and ethambutol in a hollow-fiber system. (PubMed, J Antimicrob Chemother) - "Inhalation of clofazimine with an azithromycin-ethambutol backbone increases treatment efficacy and decreases the development of macrolide resistance compared to oral administration in a hollow-fiber system. This calls for a clinical trial of inhaled clofazimine."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Chronic Respiratory Infections And Bronchiectasis: A Case of Specific Antibody Deficiency And Strommen Syndrome (ACAAI 2025) - "Antimicrobial regimens (clofazimine, amikacin, azithromycin, ethambutol, bedaquiline) led to minimal clinical improvement over three years. This expands the immunologic spectrum of STIM1-GOF syndromes, reinforcing the need for multidisciplinary care across pulmonology, infectious disease, genetics, and immunology. Recognition of SAD and early IVIG therapy can improve outcomes, mitigate irreversible lung damage, and potentially lead to less antimicrobial resistance."

Clinical • Bronchiectasis • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Myositis • Pneumonia • Primary Immunodeficiency • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Thrombocytopenia • STIM1

Müller glia-mediated protection of retinal ganglion cells from ethambutol-induced neurotoxicity through brain-derived neurotrophic factor. (PubMed, Cell Commun Signal) - No abstract available

Journal • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Optic Neuritis • Pain • BDNF

A Rare Case of Hepatitis B Reactivation in a Patient Treated With Regorafenib for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: A Case Report (ACG 2025) - "She was started on azithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampin...Tenofovir was initiated but discontinued due to Fanconi syndrome; she was transitioned to entecavir...This case underscores the importance of routine HBV screening and prophylaxis prior to initiating immunosuppressive or targeted cancer therapies. Early identification and management of HBV reactivation are crucial to prevent life-threatening hepatic complications.Figure: HBV Viral Load Timeline"

Case report • Clinical • Stroma • Breast Cancer • Cough • Fibrosis • Gastrointestinal Cancer • Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor • Hepatitis B • Hepatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Liver Failure • Nephrology • Oncology • Respiratory Diseases • Sarcoma • Solid Tumor

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection presenting as superior vena cava syndrome in a patient with anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody: a case report. (PubMed, BMC Infect Dis) - "Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is a rare cause of superior vena cava syndrome. In cases of disseminated NTM infection, a thorough evaluation for associated underlying conditions, particularly adult-onset immunodeficiency (AOID), linked to anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies, is essential."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Cough • Infectious Disease • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease • Oncology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis • IFNG

Acute Liver Failure From Acetaminophen Toxicity in the Setting of Concurrent Alcohol and Rifampin Use (ACG 2025) - "The acetaminophen level was 96 mcg/mL ~12 hours post-ingestion, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) therapy initiated...After discharge, he started ethambutol and moxifloxacin for latent TB treatment. Our case emphasizes the elevated risk of severe hepatotoxicity from acetaminophen in combination with certain classes of medications...Furthermore, concurrent alcohol use can further exacerbate this potential. This case highlights the importance of understanding high-risk medication interactions in at-risk individuals using acetaminophen."

CNS Disorders • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Hepatic Encephalopathy • Hepatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Liver Failure • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis • CYP2E1 • CYP3A4

Under Pressure: Granulomatous Liver Disease and Portal Hypertension in Disseminated MAC (ACG 2025) - "The patient was discharged on ethambutol, rifabutin, azithromycin, and IV amikacin. Fig 3. High-power (400X mag) Ziehl-Neelsen stain highlights abundant acid-fast bacilli."

Candidiasis • Cardiovascular • Fibrosis • Hepatology • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Portal Hypertension

MAC Attack: Intestinal Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection in an Immunocompetent Host Mimicking Tuberculosis (ACG 2025) - "A targeted MAC regimen (clarithromycin, rifampin, and ethambutol) was initiated, resulting in significant clinical and biochemical improvement within six weeks. Early use of tissue biopsy, PCR, and mycobacterial cultures is essential to differentiate MAC from TB. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for NTM when facing refractory or atypical presentations of intestinal granulomatous disease."

Constipation • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis

Paradoxical Intestinal Mycobacterium Avium Complex in a Young HIV-Positive Patient With Preserved CD4+ Count and Undetectable Viral Load: A Case Report (ACG 2025) - "The patient was prescribed azithromycin, rifabutin, and ethambutol. Imaging initially suggested rectal cancer, but biopsy confirmed MAC infection, highlighting the diagnostic value of tissue sampling. This atypical presentation challenges the assumption that MAC occurs only in severely immunocompromised patients and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a broad differential and clinical vigilance in HIV-positive individuals with systemic illness.Figure: Pelvic MRI on the left illustrates presacral soft tissue inflammation which suggests inflammatory and infectious changes."

Case report • Clinical • Anorexia • Colorectal Cancer • Fatigue • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Rectal Cancer • Solid Tumor • CD4

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genotypic characteristics of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium abscessus isolated from cutaneous infections: A retrospective study. (PubMed, J Glob Antimicrob Resist) - "Our findings elucidate distinct antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of M. marinum and M. abscessus isolated from cutaneous infection in China, providing critical guidance for clinical treatment. Cutaneous M. abscessus isolates exhibit extensive drug resistance patterns. Subtyping and erm (41) polymorphism detection serve as reliable predictors of clari-thromycin resistance in M. abscessus."

Journal • Retrospective data • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

LETTING NTM PULL ON YOUR QTC STRINGS (CHEST 2025) - "She was ultimately transitioned to oral consolidation therapy via PO Clofazimine and Bedaquiline due to intolerability of Omadacycline (nausea/vomiting), Amikacin (epistaxis), and Linezolid (neuropathy)...Subsequently, she was again trialed on Azithromycin, Ethambutol, and Rifampin, with her QTc remaining acceptable... From this case, we can conclude that, in appropriate patient populations, it is reasonable to utilize Mexiletine (or other late sodium current blockers) to shorten the QT interval in patients who require MAC pharmacotherapy with QTc-prolonging agents."

Cardiovascular • Infectious Disease • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Key resistance-associated mutations in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a genomic study from Shanghai, China, with a focus on aminoglycosides. (PubMed, BMC Microbiol) - "A total of 110 clinical isolates of MDR-TB were used for Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing to aminoglycosides, including amikacin, kanamycin, and streptomycin...The resistance rates to rifabutin, streptomycin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and ethambutol were observed in 79.09%, 73.64%,35.45%, 34.55%, and 30.91%, respectively...K43R was observed in 86.15% of isolates with mutations in rpsL, followed by K88R at 13.85%. In conclusion, current critical concentration methods and the design of molecular diagnostics need to be revisited to provide more accurate assessments of streptomycin resistance for rspL mutation-bearing isolates."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis

In vitro and In vivo activity of a novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor against Mycobacterium abscessus (WBC 2024) - "BALB/c mice rendered neutropenic with intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide were infected through nasal instillation with M. abscessus ~106 CFU/mouse...When MRX-6038 was combined with clarithromycin, rifabutin, amikacin, and ethambutol, the resistance frequency was greatly reduced to below 2.9 × 10-10... MRX-6038 and its oral prodrug MRX-5 demonstrated potent activity against M. abscessus in in vitro and in vivo animal infection studies. Further investigation is warranted for the development of MRX-6038/MRX-5 as treatment for MABC-PD."

Preclinical • Infectious Disease • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases

MDR TUBERCULOSIS RETREATMENT AFTER FAILED INITIAL BPAL-M COURSE (CHEST 2025) - "HE was initially started on bridging regimen of meropenem. Amoxicillin-clavulanate, ethambutol, linezolid and moxifloxacin...His diabetes was controlled on insulin, Januvia and metformin...In 2019, after two ground breaking research studies – TBPRACTECAL 1 and Ze-Nix-TB - a novel all-oral 4-drug combination regimen was approved for the treatment of rifampin multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis in the form of bedaquiline (B), pretomanid (Pa), linezolid and moxifloxacin, more commonly known as BPaL-M... Treatment of drug resistance Tuberculosis has changed with the introduction of BPaL-M regimen to a shorter duration with higher efficacy. Access to the drugs, control of co-morbid conditions such as diabetes and adequate drug level monitoring remain crucial to ensure that treatment failures are left to a minimum."

Cardiovascular • Congestive Heart Failure • Cough • Diabetes • Heart Failure • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis

A Study of Bedaquiline Administered as Part of a Treatment Regimen With Clarithromycin and Ethambutol in Adult Patients With Treatment-refractory Mycobacterium Avium Complex-lung Disease (MAC-LD) (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2/3 | N=129 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K. | Trial primary completion date: Feb 2025 ➔ Nov 2024

Trial primary completion date • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Pulmonary tuberculosis with secondary dissemination potentially masked by treatment with a 3rd generation cephalosporin (OGP-OGTC 2025) - "After CNS involvement was confirmed, ethambutol was changed to moxifloxacin due to its superior CNS penetration, and prednisolone was initiated. Due to its commonly unspecific presentation, there is a substantial risk of missing TB in children, especially in low-incidence settings. Treatment with cephalosporins and other antibiotics that have some activity against M. tuberculo sis can potentially mask TB symptoms. It is therefore crucial to consider TB early in children with respiratory infections failing to improve on antibiotic treatment, as delayed diagnosis can result in severe disseminated disease, even in immunocompe tent children."

Infectious Disease • Pneumonia • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis

MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX LYMPHADENITIS DUE TO IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION SYNDROME IN A PATIENT WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (CHEST 2025) - "The patient was started on vancomycin, fluconazole, acyclovir, and cefepime and admitted for further workup...The patient was discharged two weeks later stable condition on azithromycin, ethambutol, Bactrim, fluconazole, and Biktarvy... EBUS-FNA is a gold standard for exploring mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with comorbidities, including immunosuppression and thrombocytopenia. Bronchoscopy can be useful in obtaining confirmatory diagnosis, especially when other infectious disease testing is inconclusive or negative."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • Chronic Cough • Cough • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Rare Diseases • Respiratory Diseases • Septic Shock • Thrombocytopenia • CD4

THE GREAT IMITATOR: DISTINGUISHING INFECTION FROM CANCER IN THE LUNGS (CHEST 2025) - "Patient was thus treated with Rifampin, Azithromycin, and Ethambutol with pulmonary hygiene. This case underscores the importance of bronchoscopy in diagnosis, particularly in differentiating between malignancy and infection, in a patient with a medical history of COPD and lung cancer. Early identification of NTM infection essential for improving patient outcomes, allowing for timely and appropriate treatment."

Bronchiectasis • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Cough • Dermatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Lung Adenocarcinoma • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease • Oncology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Solid Tumor • Tuberculosis

AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION OF DISSEMINATED MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASII IN THE SETTING OF LEVAMISOLE-INDUCED PANCYTOPENIA (CHEST 2025) - "Liposomal amphotericin B, micafungin, vancomycin, and meropenem were administered...Treatment with ethambutol, rifampin, azithromycin, and amikacin was initiated... While the patient's fulminant shock was likely multifactorial, disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection, resulting from an immunocompromised state induced by levamisole-associated pancytopenia, is suspected to have been a significant contributor to his death. Levamisole toxicity should be considered in any patient with a history of cocaine use and cytopenia. Furthermore, in severely immunocompromised patients, mycobacterial infections may not present in typical epidemiological populations."

Acute Kidney Injury • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome • CNS Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Neutropenia • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease • Pneumonia • Psychiatry • Pulmonary Disease • Renal Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Schizophrenia • Septic Shock

NAVIGATING THE CROSSROADS OF LUNG MALIGNANCY AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS: RECURRENT LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA WITH DUAL MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX AND PENICILLIUM INFECTION (CHEST 2025) - "Infectious Disease was consulted and the patient was started on azithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampin alongside voriconazole therapy. In conclusion this case represents a complex presentation and highlights the need for a coordinated, multidisciplinary treatment approach that addresses both the patient's malignancy and infectious process, while also considering her underlying pulmonary condition."

Breast Cancer • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Cough • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Lung Adenocarcinoma • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Solid Tumor

PULMONARY SARCOIDOSIS PRESENTING WITH RECURRENT EXUDATIVE PLEURAL EFFUSIONS AND MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX INFECTION: A CASE REPORT (CHEST 2025) - "Endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA) demonstrated non-caseating granulomatous inflammation, with AFB cultures growing MAC, prompting initiation of a treatment regimen including rifampin, ethambutol, and azithromycin.The patient subsequently underwent right robotic evacuation of the pleural effusion, pleural biopsy, talc and mechanical pleurodesis, and placement of a PleurX catheter...He was also started oral prednisone for sarcoidosis along with prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii... This case expands the phenotype of sarcoidosis to include MAC coinfection in the absence of prior immunosuppression. The findings highlight the importance of recognizing infectious complications in granulomatous diseases and the challenges posed by social factors in treatment adherence. A multidisciplinary approach—balancing immunosuppression, antimicrobial therapy, and addressing social barriers—is essential to improving outcomes in high-risk populations."

Case report • Clinical • Pleural effusion • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Nicotine Addiction • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Sarcoidosis • Tobacco Addiction