phenelzine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Elucidating the mechanistic link between acrolein pathology and dysregulation of glutamate uptake transporter-1 (GLT-1) following blast-induced traumatic brain injury (Neuroscience 2025) - "Using an in vivo rat model of bTBI, we show that 1) decreased GLT-1 levels correlated with increased acrolein levels, 2) application of exogenous acrolein in the absence of bTBI also led to decreased GLT-1 levels, 3) acrolein interacts with GLT-1 following bTBI, and 4) administration of acrolein scavenger phenelzine protected GLT-1 levels. These findings suggest that acrolein is capable of damaging GLT-1 after bTBI and independent of injury."

CNS Disorders • Vascular Neurology

PARENCHYMAL HEMATOMA AFTER EXCESSIVE TYRAMINE INTAKE (CHEST 2025) - "Tyramine, found in aged cheeses, cured meats, and fermented products like soy, can cause significant blood pressure (BP) elevation when not metabolized due to MAOI inhibition [2,3] Here we present a case of 29-year-old man with anxiety on Phenelzine, who developed a parenchymal hematoma after consuming a tyramine-rich meal, highlighting the importance of dietary restrictions with MAOI therapy...The patient denied hypertension or other comorbid conditions but had taken ibuprofen post-onset... All Patients started on MAOIs should receive extensive dietary education on the importance of avoiding tyramine-rich food to avoid hypertensive crises that can lead to brain bleeds, aortic dissections, or renal failure."

Cardiovascular • Cerebral Hemorrhage • Hypertension • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Renal Disease

Preventing relapse in patients with major depressive disorder after an effective acute course of electroconvulsive therapy. (PubMed, Australas Psychiatry) - "Imipramine, phenelzine, amitriptyline and CBT demonstrated encouraging results, while escitalopram failed to show a favourable outcome. Clinicians aiming to reduce the risk of relapse after an effective acute course of ECT could consider lithium, nortriptyline, venlafaxine and CBT."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Serotonin Syndrome in the Operating Room Following Use of Fentanyl in a Patient on a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (ASA 2025) - "A 62-year-old male with treatment-resistant depression managed with phenelzine presented for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy...Serotonin syndrome was suspected; sevoflurane was discontinued, midazolam was administered, and active cooling was initiated. The patient was stabilized over the following hour before being transferred to the ICU. This case highlights the importance of perioperative recognition of serotonin syndrome in patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors and explores prevention and intraoperative management strategies."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Depression • Hypertension • Psychiatry

The Road to Precision Nanomedicine: An Insight on Drug Repurposing and Advances in Nanoformulations for Treatment of Cancer. (PubMed, AAPS PharmSciTech) - "This article analyzes various types of nanoparticles encapsulating different classes of drugs, such as phenelzine, fexofenadine, telmisartan, losartan, metformin, canagliflozin, atorvastatin, and fenbendazole, highlighting their anticancer effects and the influence of nanocarriers on the drug's therapeutic effect. Additionally, this review highlights the present challenges in the clinical translation of nanoformulation and demonstrates how artificial intelligence may facilitate drug screening and identification, therapeutic optimization, and large-scale manufacture. Finally, using these technologies in combination with drug repurposing presents a promising direction for advancing cancer treatment."

Journal • Review • Oncology

Enhancing immunotherapy efficacy in NSCLC through the combined use of phenelzine and Akkermansia muciniphila to regulate gut microbial metabolite 5-HIAA. (PubMed, J Immunother Cancer) - "Our investigations reveal that alterations in gut microbial composition leading to increased 5-HIAA synthesis can negatively impact CD8+ T cell functionality and the success of immunotherapy. The combination of Phe and AKK supplementation holds potential for optimizing immunotherapy efficacy."

Journal • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CD8

Rapid Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Switches in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Safety Evaluation in 3 Cases. (PubMed, J Psychiatr Pract) - "Case 1: A 25-year-old female on selegiline for 2 months was switched to phenelzine with only 1 medication-free day, then switched to tranylcypromine 2 weeks later with 1 medication-free day...Case 3: A 41-year-old female on isocarboxazid was switched to phenelzine with a 1-day washout period. The switch was well tolerated without any adverse events. These findings suggest MAOIs can be safely switched with a washout period of 2 days or less, although this should be reserved for specific clinical situations where the expected benefits outweigh the potential risks associated with any direct antidepressant switch."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

The Effects of Antidepressants on the Gut Microbiome: An Implication for a Perpetual Cycle of Depression and a Call for Nutritional Intervention? (APA 2025) - "The search terms included "gut microbiome" and "antidepressants" or "ketamine." Articles were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, focusing on studies that investigated the impact of antidepressants on gut microbiota using human subjects, human cell lines, or animal models...Studies showed that SSRIs like fluoxetine and paroxetine reduced the abundance of gut bacteria such as Bacteroides and Firmicutes, while increasing others like Prevotella and Ruminococcus...Venlafaxine and amitriptyline were found to decrease beneficial gut bacteria such as Lactobacillus and increase inflammatory bacteria, potentially contributing to gut dysbiosis and depressive symptoms. Atypical antidepressants and MAOIs, such as aripiprazole and phenelzine, demonstrated potent antimicrobial effects... The review highlights a critical issue: antidepressants may not fully exhibit their therapeutic effects due to their negative impact on the gut microbiome,..."

CNS Disorders • Depression • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Practical Management With "Scary" Meds: How to Impress Your Attending After APA (APA 2025) - "Whether they have always been the gold standard for a specific illness (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants such as clomipramine for OCD), gained renewed attention based on recent research and guidelines (e.g., monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as phenelzine for depression), or offer unique benefits for patients with certain symptom profiles (e.g., clozapine and lithium for suicidal ideation), these medications remain important tools in psychiatry's armamentarium...Finally, an audience question and answer session will provide trainees the opportunity to seek advice and provide feedback about their training in the use of these medications. Instructional Level Intermediate; Learning Objectives Objective One: IDENTIFY clinical situations in which clozapine, lithium, tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors would be indicated Objective Two: DISCUSS how racial disparities impact prescription of effective psychiatric treatments like clozapine and lithium,..."

CNS Disorders • Depression • Psychiatry • Suicidal Ideation

Pharmacological treatments for atypical depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (PubMed, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol) - "Phenelzine might perform better than other compounds, but several drugs outperformed placebo in response. Nortriptyline performed worse than other treatments. High-quality studies are needed."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS AND TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS USE IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PATIENTS MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR CLINICAL OUTCOMES (DDW 2025) - "Subjects were stratified into groups using commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (fluoxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) (amitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, desipramine), or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) (selegiline, isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine) for at least one year. Herein we showed that SSRI and TCA use in IBD patients is associated with poor clinical outcomes in terms of requiring steroid therapy, hospitalization, and death. Some studies have suggested that this may be due to SSRI-induced dysbiosis which may lead to gut inflammation. MAOI use was not associated with statistically significant worsened outcomes however this may be due to insufficient power."

Clinical • Clinical data • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Pain • Psychiatry • Ulcerative Colitis

Biomarker-driven drug repurposing for NAFLD-associated hepatocellular carcinoma using machine learning integrated ensemble feature selection. (PubMed, Front Bioinform) - "Through drug repurposing, 81 candidate drugs were found to be effective against these markers genes, with Diosmin, Esculin, Lapatinib, and Phenelzine as the best candidates screened through molecular docking and MMGBSA. The consensus derived from multiple methods enhances the accuracy of identifying relevant robust biomarkers for NAFLD-associated HCC. The use of these biomarkers in a multiphase drug repurposing strategy highlights potential therapeutic options for early intervention, which is essential to stop disease progression and improve outcomes."

Biomarker • Journal • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Hepatocellular Cancer • Hepatology • Metabolic Disorders • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease • Obesity • Oncology • Solid Tumor • ABCB1

Development of a smart nanocarrier system for prostate cancer immunotherapy (AACR 2025) - "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as phenelzine, have shown promise as repurposed agents for PCa therapy...Cytocompatibility assessment using a red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis assay showed no significant hemolytic activity compared to the negative control (PBS buffer), while the positive control (0.5% Triton X-100) caused significant hemolysis. In conclusion, the developed dual-responsive nanocarrier is stable at physiological pH (7.4) but efficiently releases therapeutic agents in acidic and MMP-2 enzyme-rich environments, offering potential for improved PCa therapy by minimizing off-target effects."

IO biomarker • Genito-urinary Cancer • Oncology • Prostate Cancer • Solid Tumor • MMP2

An analog of phenelzine demonstrates effective acrolein scavenging and neuroprotection without monoamine oxidase inhibition in a rat SCI model. (PubMed, Neuroscience) - "These results also indicate that the expansion of acrolein-scavenging drug discovery through structure-based modification of existing repurposed drugs, such as with Phz, is a viable strategy with the benefit of a likely accelerated path towards clinical application. This effort may also benefit a range of neuronal diseases and injuries beyond SCI where acrolein is implicated, advancing the health of millions of patients."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Inflammation • Orthopedics

CAN INTERACTION BETWEEN PHENELZINE AND OLANZAPINE TRIGGER NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME? (SCCM 2025) - "Given concern for NMS, rapid cooling was initiated and Dantrolene was given with significant improvement. The acute onset of symptoms on the administration of Olanzapine suggests that the medication may have played a pivotal role in triggering NMS. The case, therefore, illustrates a need for continued vigilance and assessment of patients who are prescribed MAOI and antipsychotics."

Acute Kidney Injury • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Epilepsy • Hematological Disorders • Infectious Disease • Movement Disorders • Nephrology • Pain • Renal Disease • Septic Shock

Uncovering the Elusive Structures and Mechanisms of Prevalent Antidepressants. (PubMed, Adv Ther (Weinh)) - "In this study, we apply microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to reveal the atomic 3D structures for the first time of five of the most prevalent antidepressants (reboxetine, pipofezine, ansofaxine, phenelzine, bifemelane) directly from the commercially available powder of the active ingredients. Their modes of binding are investigated by molecular docking, revealing the essential contacts and conformational changes into the biologically active state. This study underscores the combined use of MicroED and molecular docking to uncover elusive drug structures and mechanisms to aid in further drug development pipelines."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Psychiatry

An Exploration of the Interplay Between Caffeine and Antidepressants Through the Lens of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. (PubMed, Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet) - "The interaction between fluvoxamine and caffeine resulted in increased concentrations of caffeine in the body and lowered the renal clearance of fluvoxamine. Other SSRIs such as fluoxetine and escitalopram had augmented antidepressant effects by decreasing their renal clearance and prolonging their effects in the body when coadministered with caffeine. Caffeine may also increase the concentration of paroxetine, potentially affecting its pharmacodynamic effects. TCAs such as clomipramine, imipramine, desipramine, and sertraline, were found to reduce the metabolism of caffeine...The inhibition of caffeine at high doses when used with MAOIs such as tranylcypromine and phenelzine was found to lead to a higher likelihood of experiencing hypertension. Coadministration of caffeine with venlafaxine (SNRIs) suggests minimal interactions between the two substances and the pharmacodynamic effects of venlafaxine were unlikely to be impacted by caffeine consumption. Miscellaneous..."

Journal • PK/PD data • Review • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Hypertension • Psychiatry

PARENCHYMAL HEMATOMA AFTER EXCESSIVE TYRAMINE INTAKE. (WRMC 2025) - "Here, the patient is a 29-year-old man with anxiety on Phenelzine, who developed a parenchymal hematoma after consuming a tyramine-rich meal, highlighting the importance of dietary restrictions with MAOI therapy...The patient denied hypertension or other comorbid conditions but had taken ibuprofen post-onset...Patients requiring an adjustable drip often require intensive care admission [6]. Conclusion All Patients started on MAOIs should receive extensive dietary education on the importance of avoiding tyramine-rich food to avoid hypertensive crises that can lead to brain bleeds, aortic dissections, or renal failure."

Cardiovascular • Cerebral Hemorrhage • Hypertension • Mood Disorders • Pain • Psychiatry • Renal Disease

Serotonin Availability Shapes the Effects of Phenelzine on Inflammatory Response and Gene Expression in Macrophages. (PubMed, Cureus) - "These effects were significantly influenced by the concentration of available serotonin. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that various mechanisms, including AHR activation, modulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production, and others, in addition to the increased availability of serotonin due to phenelzine treatment, can significantly influence the inflammatory state."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Immunology • Inflammation • Oncology • Psychiatry • CYP1B1 • IL10 • IL6 • TNFA

PCLAF-DREAM drives alveolar cell plasticity for lung regeneration. (PubMed, Nat Commun) - "Furthermore, phenelzine that mimics the PCLAF-DREAM transcriptional signature increases AT2 cell plasticity, preventing lung fibrosis in organoids and mice. Our study reveals the unexpected role of the PCLAF-DREAM axis in promoting alveolar cell plasticity, beyond cell proliferation control, proposing a potential therapeutic avenue for lung fibrosis prevention."

Journal • Fibrosis • Immunology • Respiratory Diseases • PCLAF • TGFB1

SCOMBROID POISONING MIMICKING IGE-MEDIATED FISH ALLERGY IN A PATIENT USING PHENELZINE, A MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR (ACAAI 2024) - "She took PO diphenhydramine 50 mg before presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) where she received epinephrine, famotidine, and steroids. Her symptoms improved promptly after epinephrine administration, and she was discharged with a 5-day course of prednisone...MAOIs inhibit the breakdown of histamine in the GI tract which can exacerbate the effects of scombroid poisoning. This case demonstrates the importance of identifying MAOIs as an increased risk of scombroid poisoning that can mimic IgE-mediated allergies to fish."

Clinical • Allergy • CNS Disorders • Depression • Food Hypersensitivity • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Psychiatry

Precision Care for Major Depressive Disorder (clinicaltrials.gov) - P4 | N=150 | Enrolling by invitation | Sponsor: University of California, San Francisco | Not yet recruiting ➔ Enrolling by invitation

Enrollment open • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Precision Care for Major Depressive Disorder (clinicaltrials.gov) - P4 | N=150 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: University of California, San Francisco

New P4 trial • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Efficacy, Tolerability and Acceptability of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) for the Treatment of Mood disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. (ISBD 2024) - "Dr Stokes will also compare efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of irreversible MAOI's such as phenelzine in comparison to reversible MAOI's such as moclobemide . Finally, Dr Stokes will discuss the very limited evidence base in treatment resistant depression, atypical depression and bipolar disorders and will reflect on the gaps in the evidence base with suggestions for future MAOI based studies in this important area."

Retrospective data • Review • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Efficacy and tolerability of monoamine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of depressive episodes in mood disorders: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, Acta Psychiatr Scand) - "MAOIs are similar in efficacy to other antidepressants for the treatment of depression. However, more studies are needed comparing MAOI treatment in people with treatment-resistant, atypical and bipolar depression."

Journal • Retrospective data • Review • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry