acetazolamide / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Bacterial Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor CAI0019 Demonstrates Efficacy in Enterococcus faecium Septicemic Peritonitis Mouse Model While Sparing the Microbiome. (PubMed, ACS Infect Dis) - "Vancomycin-resistant enterococci are multidrug-resistant bacteria that as of 2021 continue to pervade the U.S. healthcare system as the second-most prevalent source of healthcare-acquired infections behind Escherichia coli. The work herein reports the chemoproteomic identification of α-carbonic anhydrase as the primary target of the acetazolamide scaffold in E. faecium and presents its uniqueness as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic target that can be exploited by CAI0019, a lead acetazolamide derivative with in vivo efficacy, while sparing gut microbiome diversity in mice. This work presents compelling data that not only confirm α-carbonic anhydrase as an antibiotic target in Enterococcus but also demonstrate that narrow-spectrum in vivo antienterococcal efficacy can be achieved through targeting α-carbonic anhydrase such that gut commensal microbiota remain unimpacted."

Journal • Preclinical • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Infectious Disease

Cerebrovascular Reactivity to Acetazolamide in Stable COPD Patients. (PubMed, J Clin Med) - " In the present study, in normocapnic mild and normocapnic moderate COPD patients, cerebrovascular reactivity is not impaired, indicating that in mild stages, cerebral arteriolar function is preserved. Further studies, using patient selection based on different severity stages of the disease, may show whether alteration of the cerebral arteriolar function is responsible for the white matter lesions and cognitive decline observed in severe COPD patients."

Journal • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Immunology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Clinical Outcomes of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty in Thai Glaucoma Patients Across Initial, Adjunctive, and Replacement Therapy. (PubMed, Clin Ophthalmol) - "Independent predictors of non-response included higher baseline IOP (adjusted OR = 1.118, p = 0.004), greater number of medications (adjusted OR = 1.371, p = 0.013), and acetazolamide use (adjusted OR = 5.531, p = 0.033)...While adjunctive therapy provides some benefit, patients with higher baseline IOP, heavier medication burden are more likely to experience non-response or shortened efficacy. Individualized selection and timely retreatment may optimize outcomes."

Clinical data • Journal • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Low lymphozyte pool, colon perforation and hydrocephalus as clinical features in an infant with a postzygotic PIK3CA variant. (PubMed, Front Pediatr) - "The patient subsequently developed hydrocephalus requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, complicated by refractory ascites that resolved with acetazolamide therapy. Awareness of the potential disease spectrum through early molecular diagnosis, combined with a comprehensive immunologic evaluation, enabled individualized management via closer clinical monitoring and timely interventions to prevent and control neurological and infectious complications. This case highlights the phenotypic heterogeneity of PIK3CA pathogenic variants and the importance of early precision medicine in pediatric care."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Pediatrics • Septic Shock • Ventriculomegaly • PIK3CA

Stability of emergency medications during extreme cold: a controlled environmental study. (PubMed, Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med) - "Emergency medications can remain chemically stable under extreme cold conditions when stored in sealed, insulated packaging. While our study simulated prehospital conditions without direct environmental exposure, these findings support the feasibility of extended storage and transport of emergency medications in challenging field settings. Further research should assess the impact of direct environmental exposure and evaluate additional stability parameters to optimize storage protocols in real-world scenarios."

Journal

Automated Retinal Vascular Analysis Reveals Response to Acetazolamide in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. (PubMed, Transl Vis Sci Technol) - "Automated retinal vessel analysis provides a promising, non-invasive method for monitoring treatment response in IIH and may complement traditional imaging and clinical assessments. Deep learning-based retinal vessel metrics may provide an accessible biomarker for monitoring treatment response in papilledema."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Hypertension

Exogenous ketone monoester supplementation: a potential alternative strategy to mitigate altitude sickness? (PubMed, Eur J Appl Physiol) - "Acetazolamide (ACZ), the most prescribed high-altitude pharmacological intervention, alleviates AMS symptoms by inducing a renal metabolic acidosis, which increases basal ventilation and improves oxygenation...Additionally, there is preliminary evidence that KME may improve sleep architecture and efficiency at high altitude, which are known to exacerbate the development of AMS. This perspective outlines key physiological mechanisms, identifies current knowledge gaps, and proposes future directions for exploring the potential impact of KME in mitigating AMS."

Journal • Review • Metabolic Disorders

Large-scale integration of omics and electronic health records to identify potential risk protein biomarkers and therapeutic drugs for cancer prevention. (PubMed, Am J Hum Genet) - "Analyzing >3.5 million electronic health records, we conducted analyses of emulated trials for 11 drugs across 290 comparisons and identified three drugs significantly associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk: caffeine vs. paroxetine (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.64), haloperidol vs. prochlorperazine (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.33-0.68), and trazodone hydrochloride vs. paroxetine (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.38-0.63). Conversely, caffeine was associated with increased cancer risk in comparison with finasteride (colorectal cancer) and fluoxetine (breast cancer). Meta-analysis identified six drugs significantly associated with cancer risk, including acetazolamide, which was associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.72-0.87). This study identifies previously unreported protein biomarkers and candidate drug targets across six major cancer types and highlights several approved drugs with potential chemopreventive effects."

Biomarker • Journal • Breast Cancer • Colorectal Cancer • Genito-urinary Cancer • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Prostate Cancer • Solid Tumor

Exploring dual inhibitors Carbonic Anhydrases and Phosphodiesterase 5 as potential agents for treatment Alzheimer's disease. (PubMed, Eur J Med Chem) - "Moreover, compound 8a demonstrated a favourable safety profile, as it did not markedly impair cell viability on differentiated SH-SY5Y at concentrations up to 100 μM and conferred protection against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity showing superior efficacy compared to the single-target reference agents acetazolamide (AAZ) and sildenafil in mitigating oxidative stress. In vivo, chronic administration of compound 8a prevented deficits in both recognition and working memory in Aβ1-42-infused mice, outperforming vehicle-treated controls. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of dual CA/PDE5 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Intracranial hypertension without visual disturbance in seronegative viral meningitis (EHF-EHC 2025) - "She was initially started on IV mannitol six times daily and dexamethasone four times daily, which were tapered off when her symptoms disappeared and also started on acetazolamide 500 mg twice daily. She was discharged from the hospital and discontinued acetazolamide without experiencing any symptoms at her first outpatient follow-up. This case shows that severe elevations in intracranial pressure can occur in seronegative viral meningitis without visual disturbance."

Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Hypertension • Infectious Disease

Dual pressure headache: A case of headache due to intracranial hypertension and hypotension (EHF-EHC 2025) - "The case was interpreted as IIH and acetazolamide was initiated...We acknowledge the already described possibility of increased sensitivity to pressure variation in these patients, and this phenomenon alone should not prompt reconsideration of the diagnosis. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic role of lumbar punctures in the context of IIH."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Hypertension • Hypotension • Migraine • Musculoskeletal Pain • Obesity • Pain • Thrombosis

Symptomatic plateau waves in a patient with leptomeningeal metastases – A multi-dimensional case report and review of the literature (SNO 2025) - "Interventions included CSF diversion in 8/11 (73%), acetazolamide in 2/11 (18%), and steroids in 3/11 (27%); two cases noted symptomatic improvement, one deteriorated after shunt removal...In leptomeningeal metastases, symptomatic plateau waves present as transient, posture-dependent neurologic events refractory to anti-seizure medications, with characteristic EEG and ICP findings. Additional research is necessary to further understand the characteristics of CSF, CTC, and CTDNA in patients with symptomatic plateau waves."

Case report • Clinical • Review • Brain Cancer • Breast Cancer • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • HER2 Breast Cancer • HER2 Positive Breast Cancer • Solid Tumor • HER-2

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children and adolescents: A retrospective study in a third level center (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Acetazolamide was the main therapy, lasting on average 5.4 months...Pediatric IIH shows distinct patterns: prepubertal males frequently present with diplopia without headache, while pubertal females more often exhibit headache and obesity. Early recognition and treatment are essential to prevent visual damage."

Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Hypertension • Musculoskeletal Pain • Obesity • Otorhinolaryngology • Rare Diseases • Vertigo

Spontaneous anterior CSF leak as a pressure-release variant of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Recurrence occurred in 17%, median time 36 months (IQR 0–36).Neuroimaging findings included arachnoidocele present in 40% and optic nerve tortuosity in 21% of patients.Acetazolamide was prescribed in 92%...Spontaneous anterior CSF fistula may act as a compensatory mechanism for chronically elevated intracranial pressure, preventing overt signs and formal IIH thresholds. In mostly obese women with headache and mild to moderate CSF pressure elevation, spontaneous fistula may serve as a pressure-release variant of IIH."

Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Hypertension • Migraine • Obesity

Primary cough headache – Botulinum toxin protocol treatment with a new indication? (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Indomethacin is the first-line treatment, but alternatives like acetazolamide or cerebrospinal fluid drainage have shown benefit in refractory or contraindicated cases...Initial treatment with flunarizine was ineffective...Trials with amitriptyline and propranolol were unsuccessful. A PREEMPT protocol with botulinum toxin was initiated, resulting in a reduction in headache frequency to 15 days/month after the first cycle, and fewer than 5/month after the second, with sustained improvement. Botulinum toxin is a safe and effective therapeutic option for PCH, especially in patients unresponsive to or intolerant of standard pharmacological treatments."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Cough • Gastroenterology • Hypertension • Migraine • Otorhinolaryngology • Pain • Rare Diseases • Renal Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Sleep Disorder • Vertigo

Effects of a glucagon like Peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, combined with hypocaloric meal replacements adjunct to supervised lifestyle change in newly diagnosed idiopathic intracranial hypertension: An open-label randomized controlled trial on weight loss and intracranial pressure (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Secondary endpoints were body composition changes assessed by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), visual outcomes, and acetazolamide dosage...Lumbar OP nearly normalized by both strategies. Final conclusions on the eligibility and superiority of GLP1-RA in IIH await effects on headache, quality of life and long-term outcomes."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Hypertension • Metabolic Disorders

Octreotide in the management of pharmacoresistant idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A case report (EHF-EHC 2025) - "First-line pharmacological treatment includes acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces CSF production, along with topiramate or diuretics...We present the case of a 34-year-old obese woman diagnosed with IIH, treated with furosemide and topiramate, with poor response and limiting side effects...Treatment-refractory IIH presents a therapeutic challenge. Octreotide is a promising alternative with favorable outcomes, expanding therapeutic options for this condition."

Case report • Clinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Hypertension • Obesity • IGF1 • SSTR

Rimegepant for acute treatment of atypical headache syndromes: A case series (EHF-EHC 2025) - "The migralepsy patient became resistant to NSAIDs; the FHM patient had limited, inconsistent response to prochlorperazine and ketorolac, and no benefit from NSAIDs, dexamethasone, acetazolamide, or IV magnesium sulfate. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Patients gave their consent to publish their details in an open access journal."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Mood Disorders • Pain

Refractory primary cough headache: More than just a nuisance (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Several medications were tried without significant control (indomethacin, acetazolamide, propranolol, amitriptyline, topiramate and valproic acid). He remains with a lack of headache control. Although other primary headaches are usually regarded as benign because of their specific triggers, this case highlights the major impact they can have on a patient's quality of life."

CNS Disorders • Cough • Pain • Respiratory Diseases

A rare case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension complicated with intracranial hypertension (EHF-EHC 2025) - "The patient was advised to discontinue retinoids and was started on acetazolamide...Due to pregnancy, the search for a dural leak and consideration of surgical treatment have been delayed. patient gave her informed consent to publish their details We report a rare case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) complicated by secondary intracranial hypertension attributed to retinoid therapy for eczema."

Clinical • Atopic Dermatitis • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Dermatology • Hypertension • Hypotension • Immunology • Mood Disorders • Ophthalmology • Otorhinolaryngology

Therapeutic role of venous sinus stenting in pediatric IIH: evidence review for clinical practice. (PubMed, Acta Neurochir (Wien)) - "VSS appears to be a safe and effective treatment for selected pediatric IIH patients with venous sinus stenosis and demonstrable trans-stenotic gradients. However, its success relies heavily on appropriate patient selection and tailored antiplatelet management. Prospective pediatric studies and standardized guidelines are needed to clarify its optimal role in the therapeutic algorithm. Accordingly, our synthesis is intended to inform individualized decision-making in selected cases and does not constitute guideline-level recommendations."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Gynecology • Hematological Disorders • Hypertension • Otorhinolaryngology • Pain • Pediatrics

Structural characterization and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase from Candida parapsilosis. (PubMed, J Struct Biol X) - "Here, we report the biochemical and structural characterization of CpNce103p, including its crystal structure in complex with the classical CA inhibitor acetazolamide...Docking suggested the compound's binding mode, featuring zinc coordination and accommodation within the tight cavity. Our findings provide a structural basis for rational inhibitor design targeting fungal β-CAs and support CpNce103p as a viable target for the development of antifungal agents with selective activity."

Journal

A Colloid Cyst Masquerading As Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in a Young Woman: A Diagnostic Pitfall. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Initially, she was evaluated by an optometrist, who identified bilateral papilledema and further recommended Diamox (acetazolamide) and brain imaging...This case illustrates how a slowly progressive colloid cyst can masquerade as IIH and highlights the importance of obtaining neuroimaging prior to lumbar puncture in any patient presenting with papilledema. Maintaining a broad differential that recognizes secondary causes of elevated intracranial pressure early is essential to prevent vision loss and ensure timely neurosurgical management."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Critical care • Hypertension • Pain • Ventriculomegaly

Impact of acetazolamide in refractory hypercapnic respiratory failure: experience from a respiratory support unit (BTS WM 2025) - "Pulm Pharmacol Ther . 2017; 44 :30–37."

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Genetic Disorders • Immunology • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Sleep Apnea • Sleep Disorder

Bilateral Foveal Cysts in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (Hurler Syndrome): Response to Acetazolamide With Insights From Multimodal Retinal Imaging and Electrophysiology. (PubMed, Case Rep Ophthalmol Med) - "Two 3-month courses of oral acetazolamide (125 mg three times daily) led to complete cyst resolution and visual improvement. This case supports the role of systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in treating nonleaking macular cysts in MPS I, similar to RP-related cystoid macular pathologies, and highlights the value of integrating electrophysiological and multimodal imaging, especially in occult retinal disease."

Journal • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Genetic Disorders • Hurler Syndrome • Inherited Retinal Dystrophy • Lysosomal Storage Diseases • Macular Degeneration • Metabolic Disorders • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Rare Diseases • Retinal Disorders • Retinitis Pigmentosa • Transplantation