Legalon (silibinin) / Viatris - LARVOL DELTA

Anti-bacterial activity of silibinin-functionalized silica-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (PubMed, 3 Biotech) - "The nanocomposites exhibited strong synergistic effects with ciprofloxacin, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in combination by 4- to 16-fold compared to ciprofloxacin alone. These findings highlight the potential of Fe3O4@SPN@Silibinin as a biodegradable, stable, and water-soluble nanocarrier for silibinin delivery, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. This study presents a promising approach to addressing the growing threat of antibiotic resistance through targeted drug delivery and genetic modulation."

Journal • Infectious Disease

A systematic review of silymarin and silibinin mechanisms for attenuating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries. (PubMed, Avicenna J Phytomed) - "Silymarin and silibinin indicated promising effects on CI/RI through various mechanisms. However, well-designed clinical trials are needed to validate these findings in human subjects."

IO biomarker • Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Oncology • Reperfusion Injury • BCL2 • CASP3 • CASP9 • IL1B • IL6 • MPO • NFE2L2 • NQO1 • NRF1 • TNFA

Anti-Inflammatory Treatment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Self-Assembled Silymarin Nanoparticles. (PubMed, Small Sci) - "SIM nanoparticles are spherical and contain irregular particles inside, which may be composed mainly of silibinin and assembled through hydrogen bonding...Finally, water maze experiments showed that SIM NPs can improve long-term memory and learning ability in SAH mice. Based on the above results, we conclude that silymarin nanoparticles can reduce EBI after SAH by inhibiting the Nrf2/STING pathway, inhibiting neuroinflammation and M1 polarization of microglia."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Inflammation • Subarachnoid Hemorrhage • Vascular Neurology

Silibinin Anticancer Effects Through the Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Despite its low bioavailability, advanced formulations such as liposomes and nanoparticles show promise in improving delivery and efficacy. By reshaping TIME through dual antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms, silibinin emerges as a viable adjunct therapy to reverse immunosuppression and chemoresistance in TNBC."

IO biomarker • Journal • Review • Breast Cancer • HER2 Breast Cancer • HER2 Positive Breast Cancer • Hormone Receptor Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Triple Negative Breast Cancer • CCL2 • ER • MUC1 • PGR • TXNIP

In Vitro Leishmanicidal Effect of Silibinin: Disrupting Redox Balance via Trypanothione Reductase Inhibition. (PubMed, ACS Omega) - "Furthermore, in silico ADMET analysis revealed that silibinin has favorable pharmacokinetic properties for oral administration. Finally, in vitro and in silico studies indicated that silibinin inhibits TR, a key enzyme in Leishmania redox homeostasis, to exert antileishmanial effects."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of silibinin loaded silica coated magnetic nanocomposites against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Combination with Ciprofloxacin and HepG2 cancer cells. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Our findingssuggest that Fe3O4@SiPr@Silibinin MNCs, with high stability and water solublity, can efficiently deliver silibinin into pathogenic and tumorigenic cells, thereby enhancing its therapeutic effects against P. aeruginosa and HepG2 cells. Given the antimicrobial and antitumor properties of silibinin, these magnetic nanocarriers represent a promising strategy for its targeted delivery."

IO biomarker • Journal • Oncology • BCL2 • TP53

Glucocorticoids for Acute Drug Induced Liver Injury With Hyperbilirubinemia (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=232 | Recruiting | Sponsor: General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region | Not yet recruiting ➔ Recruiting

Enrollment open • Hepatology • Liver Failure

Explaining Uncertain Hepatoprotective Effects: When Silibinin Co-Administered with Other Drugs. (PubMed, Medeni Med J) - "This study investigated the herb-drug interaction between silibinin and carbamazepine (CBZ) and the potential risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR) when silibinin is co-administered with other drugs. The results of the cell experiment showed that silibinin's liver protective effects were uncertain when it was combined with CBZ. FAERS database analysis revealed elevated risks of ADRs with silibinin co-administration, collectively highlighting the necessity for vigilance against unanticipated herb-drug interactions."

Journal

Multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of silibinin rescue the toxic effects of butyl benzyl phthalate on porcine preimplantation embryos. (PubMed, J Hazard Mater) - "The innovation of this research lies in proposing that silibinin, a natural antioxidant, can effectively alleviate BBP-induced developmental disorders in embryos, offering a new strategy for protecting maternal reproductive health. This work not only provides a scientific basis for understanding the embryotoxicity of BBP but also offers important insights for the health risk assessment and prevention of environmental endocrine disruptors."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Psychiatry

Synthesis and antitumor activity of silibinin derivatives targeting VEGFR. (PubMed, J Asian Nat Prod Res) - "Totally 10 inhibitors of VEGFR based on silibinin derivatives were designed and synthesized with the modification on the hydroxyl group at C-3 and C-7 positions of silibinin through acylation, selective aminolysis, alkylation, oxidation, and dehydrogenation reactions. Their structures were confirmed by MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. In vitro activity assay showed that these compounds can inhibit cell proliferation of A549 and SGC7901 cells, especially compounds I3 and I8 showed better inhibitory activity on these tumor cells, and similar to the positive control drug lapatinib, which may be potential candidate compounds for tumor therapy."

Journal • Oncology

Alleviation of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by silymarin is associated with maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis via regulation of optic atrophy 1. (PubMed, J Pharmacol Exp Ther) - "SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The study results revealed that silibinin maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by upregulating optic atrophy 1 expression in hepatocytes to attenuate lipid accumulation and oxidative stress. Therefore, silibinin is a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease."

Journal • Hepatology • Metabolic Disorders • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease • Ocular Inflammation • OPA1

Natural anti-cancer products: insights from herbal medicine. (PubMed, Chin Med) - "This review systematically explores recent advances (primarily documented since 2019) in research on key anti-cancer compounds derived from herbal medicine, such as apigenin, artemisinin, berberine, curcumin, emodin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), ginsenosides, icariin, resveratrol, silibinin, triptolide, and ursolic acid (UA)...Many natural products exhibit synergy with first-line chemotherapies or targeted therapies, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing side effects. Advanced nano-formulations and antibody-drug conjugates have also substantially improved their bioavailability, making them promising candidates for future translational research."

Journal • Review • Oncology

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 upregulation drives dacomitinib-induced skin toxicity through mitochondrial dysfunction and keratinocyte apoptosis. (PubMed, Cell Signal) - "Furthermore, silibinin was shown to mitigate dacomitinib-induced cutaneous toxicity by reducing ALDH1A1. Overall, this study highlights the critical role of ALDH1A1 in drug-induced cutaneous toxicity and its potential as an interventional target."

Journal • Lung Cancer • Metabolic Disorders • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • ALDH1A1 • HER-2

Carrier-Free Silibinin/Sorafenib Microparticles Alleviate Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease by Modulating Fatty Acid Metabolism. (PubMed, Int J Nanomedicine) - "Mechanistic investigations further showed that SIL-SOR-MPs more effectively down-regulated lipid synthesis genes and up-regulated genes involved in lipid oxidation. In summary, our study highlights that carrier-free SIL-SOR-MPs demonstrate the ability to reverse the progression of MASLD and present a promising therapeutic strategy."

Journal • Hepatology • Metabolic Disorders • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

Navigating the Red Tape: Challenges in Treating Fulminant Liver Failure Due to Amanita Mushroom Toxicity (ATS 2025) - "This includes administration of Silibinin, penicillin, or N-Acetylcysteine (NAC). We recommend use of oral equivalent with milk thistle in the interim before Silibinin arrives, and recommend stocking this supplement in the hospital. We also recommend implementation of hospital wide interdisciplinary protocol to ease the process of emergent Silibinin drug approval in cases of Amanita toxicity."

Hepatology • Liver Failure

THERAPEUTIC PLASMA EXCHANGE IN AMANITA PHALLOIDES-INDUCED PEDIATRIC ACUTE LIVER FAILURE: INTERIM RESULTS OF THE AMANITA-PEX STUDY (ESPGHAN 2025) - P | "All patients received N-acetylcysteine, and 95% were treated with silibinin. Conclusions This interim analysis, therefore most likely underpowered, suggests no significant benefit of TPE in improving transplant-free survival in children with Amanita-induced PALF. Further data are needed to clarify the potential role of TPE in this rare but critical condition."

Clinical • Hepatology • Inflammation • Liver Failure • Pediatrics

Exploring phytochemical candidates against nephrolithiasis via similarity searching, network pharmacology, and docking studies. (PubMed, Biochem Biophys Res Commun) - "While calcium oxalate crystal exposure significantly reduced cell viability to below 50 %, co-treatment with silibinin improved cell survival to approximately 70 %, underscoring its potential to mitigate oxalate-induced cytotoxicity. Further experimental studies are required to validate these findings."

Journal • Hepatitis B • Infectious Disease • Kaposi Sarcoma • Nephrology • Oncology • Renal Calculi • Sarcoma • Solid Tumor

Mechanistic insights into the role of FAT10 in modulating NCOA4-mediated ferroptosis in pancreatic acinar cells during acute pancreatitis. (PubMed, Cell Death Dis) - "Notably, we identified silibinin, a natural compound, as an effective inhibitor of the FAT10-NCOA4 axis, leading to reduced ferroptosis and alleviation of pancreatic damage in vivo...Our findings highlight the FAT10-NCOA4 axis as a crucial regulator of ferroptosis in pancreatic acinar cells and suggest that targeting this pathway could offer a therapeutic strategy for mitigating AP. This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in pancreatic acinar cells, identifying FAT10 as a potential therapeutic target for AP management."

Journal • Inflammation • Pancreatitis • Targeted Protein Degradation • NCOA4 • UBD

Delayed Treatment of Misdiagnosed Mushroom Poisoning: Do Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Substrates Matter? (PubMed, Wilderness Environ Med) - "Initially misdiagnosed with infectious enterocolitis, the patient was treated as an outpatient with intravenous fluids while continuing his chronic medications (i.e., statins, beta-blockers, and aspirin)...Understanding transporter-related drug interactions and patient-specific metabolic differences may improve future management strategies and patient survival. Further research is needed on alternative inhibitors of amatoxin uptake and competitive organic anion-transporting polypeptide substrates to expand treatment options."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hematological Disorders • Hepatology • Hypertension • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Pain • Renal Disease • Thrombocytopenia • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Luteolin Induces Nrf2 Activity in C2C12 Cells: Implications for Muscle Health. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "In this study, we investigated the efficacy of two muscle-active endogenous factors, creatine and L-β-aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA), as well as two natural phytochemicals, luteolin and silibinin, to induce Nrf2 in the murine myoblast cell line C2C12...In contrast, the other three compounds had either no or only minor effects on Nrf2 activity or target gene expression. Our results underscore the distinct responses of C2C12 cells to different Nrf2 activators, emphasizing the significance of cellular context in their biological effects and highlight luteolin as a potential future treatment option to counteract muscle wasting associated with sarcopenia and cachexia."

Journal • Cachexia • Sarcopenia • Targeted Protein Degradation

Silibinin protects the ischemic brain in mice by exerting anti-apoptotic effects via the EGFR/ERK pathway. (PubMed, Brain Res Bull) - "These effects were accompanied by up-regulation of p-EGFR/EGFR, p-ERK/ERK, and Bcl-2, as well as down-regulation of Bax and cleaved-Caspase3 in ischemic brain tissue post-stroke, while inhibiting EGFR activation attenuated or reversed the anti-apoptotic effects of silibinin. We concluded that silibinin protected the brain after cerebral ischemia by exerting anti-apoptotic effects via the activation of EGFR/ERK signaling pathway."

Journal • Preclinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Ischemic stroke • BAX • BCL2 • CASP3

Synergistic inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation by concanavalin A and silibinin via attenuation of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway and molecular docking analysis. (PubMed, Hereditas) - "Therefore, the combination usage of Con-A + SB has the potential to serve as a chemotherapeutic agent since it prevents the synthesis of JAK/STAT3 intermediated control of proliferation and cell cycle-regulating proteins."

IO biomarker • Journal • Gastric Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • BAX • BCL2 • CASP3

Radioprotective and radiosensitizing properties of silymarin/silibinin in response to ionizing radiation. (PubMed, Pathol Res Pract) - "The therapeutic properties of silymarin and its active ingredient silibinin have been used in traditional medicine for a long time. The purpose of this review is to investigate the radioprotective and radio-sensitizing properties of silymarin/silibinin in cancer treatment."

Journal • Review • Oncology

STRONG: Silibinin in Association With Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy and Maintenance Temozolomide in STAT3 Positive IDH Wild-type, Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Patients (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=110 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS

New trial • Brain Cancer • Glioblastoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Silibinin enhanced the efficacy of albendazole in treating the muscular phase of experimental trichinellosis. (PubMed, Trop Anim Health Prod) - "The most significant improvements were recorded in the combined treatment group with a reduction rate of 69.95%, a significant reduction of inflammatory infiltrates (p < 0.05), and significant modulation of PDL1 local expression (p < 0.05). So, Silibinin (the major active ingredient of SM) showed anti-trichinellosis activity and enhanced the efficacy of ABZ against the muscular phase of the infection."

IO biomarker • Journal • Infectious Disease • Oncology