Legalon (silibinin) / Viatris - LARVOL DELTA

Silibinin Ameliorated Lipid Accumulation Through Insulin/IGF-1 signaling Pathway in HGI C. elegans. (PubMed, J Nutr Biochem) - "The increased expressions of daf-2, akt-1, daf-16, and skn-1, combined with the downstream target genes of IIS-mediated mTOR signaling factors (pha-4, hlh-30, lgg-1, and unc-51) and adipose-related factors (nhr-49, fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7) in C. elegans were verified through the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway. SIL was proposed as a potential adjuvant remedy or nutraceutical for improving obesity and promoting health."

Journal • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Obesity • AKT1 • IGF1

Epidermal growth factor attenuates α-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity: a comparison with silibinin. (PubMed, Toxicon) - "High-dose EGF produced the largest falls in serum AST, ALT, ALP and GGT, the lowest liver histological damage score, and the lowest hepatic caspase-3 immunopositivity; on these endpoints its effect was comparable to that of the single silibinin regimen tested and greater than the 750 μg/kg dose. Within the limits of an acute model that did not assess survival or measure signalling, EGF - particularly at the higher dose - attenuated α-amanitin hepatotoxicity in association with reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis, and merits further evaluation as a candidate treatment for amatoxin poisoning."

Journal • Hepatology • Liver Failure • CASP3 • CAT • EGFR

Effects of Additive Incorporation on Fluoride Release of Orthodontic Glass Ionomer Cements and Adhesives: A Systematic Review. (PubMed, Materials (Basel)) - "Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity was most evident for CHX, DMAHDM, MDPB, propolis, silibinin, nanosilver, and zinc-containing systems...Functional additives may enhance the preventive potential of orthodontic GIC-based materials, particularly through improved fluoride release and antibacterial activity. However, further standardized long-term and clinical studies are required before clinical recommendations can be made."

Journal • Review

Hepatocytes-targeted silibinin nanoconjugate for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma | Poster Board #D49 (ACS-Fall 2026) - "Collectively, these findings establish Gal24-Sil as a potent, hepatocyte-targeted nanotherapeutic and underscore the versatility of galactose-decorated dendrimers as a modular platform for liver-directed drug delivery. This work provides a rational framework for improving the therapeutic index of poorly soluble anticancer agents and advancing precision nanomedicine strategies for HCC."

Hepatocellular Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • ASGR • MUC4

Eco-Friendly Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Plant-Derived Bioactive-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Supported by Molecular Modeling Studies. (PubMed, Molecules) - "Molecular docking demonstrated favorable interactions of neosilyhermin A, silibinin, and silyhermin with α-amylase and α-glucosidase active sites. Short-timescale molecular dynamics simulations revealed ligand-dependent behavior within the chitosan-TPP matrix, indicating different release tendencies among the investigated flavonolignans. Overall, the results support CS-SM nanoparticles as a promising platform for the delivery of bioactive phytochemicals with antioxidant and antidiabetic potential."

Journal • Preclinical

The effect of silibinin on liver healing following blunt trauma in rats. (PubMed, Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg) - "To our knowledge, this is the priority study to evaluate the effects of silibinin in a rat model of blunt liver trauma. Silibinin may represent a promising therapeutic agent for reducing inflammation following liver trauma and promoting liver healing."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Hepatology • Inflammation

Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation Elucidate the Anti-Angiogenic Mechanism of Silibinin. (PubMed, Chem Biodivers) - "(p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). These findings demonstrate that SIL inhibits pathological retinal angiogenesis primarily by modulating the MAPK pathway, providing mechanistic insight and highlighting its potential as a multi-target therapeutic candidate for ROP."

Journal • Age-related Macular Degeneration • Cardiovascular • Retinal Disorders • Retinopathy of Prematurity • ABCB1 • KDR • MMP2

Comparative study on the effects of vitamin D screening and intervention on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease (ChiCTR) - P4 | N=60 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Shifang People's Hospital; Shifang People's Hospital

New P4 trial • Fibrosis • Hepatology • Immunology • Liver Cirrhosis

Silymarin in type 2 diabetes - Targeting adipose tissue dysfunction and pancreatic β-cell damage: A review. (PubMed, Biomol Biomed) - "This review summarizes experimental and clinical evidence on the effects of silymarin and its major bioactive constituent, silibinin, on adipose tissue dysfunction and pancreatic β-cell injury in T2DM...Limited clinical data suggest potential improvements in glycemic control, insulin resistance, lipid parameters, and systemic inflammation. Overall, silymarin shows promise as an adjunctive strategy for metabolic dysfunction in T2DM; however, standardized formulations and well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy, safety, and clinical relevance."

Clinical • Journal • Review • Diabetes • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • AMPK • CEBPA • PPARG

Modulating regulated cell death: mechanistic insights into traditional Chinese medicine metabolites for ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "Furthermore, it synthesizes preclinical evidence over recent decades to illustrate how specific TCM metabolites (e.g., hydroxysafflor yellow A, silibinin, salvianolic acid B, and gypenoside XLIX) confer renoprotection by modulating these RCD processes. To our knowledge, this work is the first to integrate the four major RCD pathways with a spectrum of TCM metabolites that modulate these processes in I/R-AKI. By presenting this integrated perspective, our review highlights TCM as a valuable repository for promising modulators of RCD pathways in I/R-AKI and outlines key priorities for future translational research."

Journal • Review • Acute Kidney Injury • Cardiovascular • Chronic Kidney Disease • Inflammation • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Reperfusion Injury

Therapeutic effects of silibinin in preclinical animal models of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. (PubMed, BMC Cancer) - "Silibinin significantly suppresses tumor growth and promotes apoptosis in preclinical GI cancer models while demonstrating encouraging preliminary tolerability. These findings support its potential as an adjunctive anticancer agent; however, further clinical studies are warranted to validate these results and enable more definitive conclusions regarding its therapeutic efficacy."

Journal • Preclinical • Retrospective data • Review • Gastrointestinal Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • PCNA

Silibinin Modulates NF-κB Activation and Heat Shock Protein in Preeclampsia-Like Rat Model. (PubMed, Am J Reprod Immunol) - "This study introduces a novel use of silibinin as a preventive agent in a PE-like model that reproduces essential features of human PE, providing physiological relevance to the findings. Overall, our data emphasize the translational potential of silibinin for PE prevention, showing promising effects on key inflammatory and stress-related pathways."

Journal • Preclinical • Gynecology • Oncology • Renal Disease • IFNG • IL10 • IL1B • IL6 • TNFA

Silibinin promotes hepatocyte proliferation through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy to alleviate acetaminophen-induced liver injury. (PubMed, Clin Exp Med) - "Notably, the protective benefits of silibinin were significantly attenuated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine. Our findings suggest that silibinin protects against AILI by activating PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy, which mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation while promoting hepatocyte regeneration."

Journal • Hepatology • Inflammation • Liver Failure • AMPK • CASP3 • CCND1

Liver-targeted alkaline phosphatase-activatable fluorescent probe for imaging liver fibrosis and screening anti-fibrotic natural products. (PubMed, Biosens Bioelectron) - "Using the probe as a functional fluorescence readout, we further identified a glycosylated resveratrol trimer (B2) from peony seeds that displayed stronger anti-fibrotic activity than silibinin in activated LX-2 cells and modulated the TGF-β/Smad and SLC7A11-GPX4 pathways. This work establishes ALP-YL as a biosensing platform for fibrosis-relevant imaging and fluorescence-guided anti-fibrotic lead discovery."

Journal • Fibrosis • Hepatology • Immunology • Liver Cirrhosis • Liver Failure • GPX4 • SLC7A11 • TGFB1

Silibinin is a natural molecular glue that inhibits PD-L1 glycomaturation. (PubMed, Phytomedicine) - "SBN is a plant-derived molecular glue that intercepts PD-L1 glycomaturation co-translationally in the ER. When combined with canonical PD-L1 dimerizers, SBN collapses adaptive PD-L1 expression and renders cancer cells exquisitely susceptible to the cytolytic insults of T cells. Due to its favorable safety profile and oral bioavailability, SBN is a promising "glycotherapeutic" phytochemical for T-cell-based immunotherapy, particularly in IFN-rich tumors with reactive PD-L1 expression programs."

IO biomarker • Journal • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Targeted Protein Degradation • IFNG • STAT3

Silibinin-Loaded Proniosomal Gel for Cutaneous Application: Pharmaco-Technical Characterization and In Vitro-In Ovo Biocompatibility. (PubMed, Gels) - "SIL-PG retained a yellowish, creamy aspect, proper rheological behavior and spreadability, gradual in vitro drug release, sustained permeation, and an adequate safety profile, evidenced by the lack of cytotoxicity in HaCaT keratinocytes and spheroids and the absence of irritant potential in 3D EpiDerm™ reconstructed human tissues and on the chorioallantoic membrane. Overall, these findings emphasize SIL-PG as a potential pharmaceutical formulation for dermal use, with favorable pharmaco-technical characteristics and in vitro-in ovo biocompatibility."

Journal • Preclinical

Development of pH-responsive gelatin/PVP nanogel by gamma radiation for controlled delivery of silibinin. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Moreover, the biochemical and histopathological analyses of liver and kidney tissues in rats treated with SB or SB/Gel/PVP (25 mg/kg) indicated good biocompatibility. Collectively, these findings highlight Gel/PVP nanogels as a promising platform for sustained and targeted SB delivery in pharmaceutical applications."

Journal

Identifying multitarget directed phytoconstituent against Parkinson's disease: A network pharmacology approach. (PubMed, Comput Biol Chem) - "Rosmarinic acid and silibinin could be a promising multitarget ligand, corroborating the docking scores, MMGBSA energies, and MD simulation results. In the preliminary in vitro screening, we observed that cellular ROS, mitochondrial damage, and cell death, as predicted by macropore formation, were attenuated by both the phytoconstituent comparable to Brilliant blue G, supporting our hypothesis. This suggests the potential use of RA and SB against pyroptosis and neuroinflammation-mediated PD pathology."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • IL17A

Cross-linked (R)-(+)-lipoic acid nanoparticles loaded with silibinin induce apoptosis and autophagy in glioblastoma cells. (PubMed, Am J Transl Res) - "SF@LA-NPs developed in this study significantly enhanced the delivery efficiency and antitumor activity of silibinin in glioblastoma cells. Moreover, a dual-mechanism mode of action was elucidated, involving ROS-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and compensatory protective autophagy. These findings provide a promising nano-platform and a theoretical basis for combination therapies targeting apoptosis-autophagy crosstalk in glioblastoma."

Journal • Brain Cancer • Glioblastoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CASP3

Chemoinformatic Approaches to Identify Bioactive Inhibitors Against Type I Dehydroquinase (DHQ1) Enzyme of Typhoidal Salmonella. (PubMed, Bioinform Biol Insights) - "A total of 10 ligands were selected with the highest binding affinities ranging from -9.8 to -9.1 (kcal/mol), ie, Cabotegravir, Imatinib, Prulifloxacin, Limonin, Silibinin, Atovaquone, Betamethasone Valerate, GSK1324726A, Isavuconazole, and Raltegravir. Molecular dynamic simulations were used to verify the stability of the protein "DHQ1" docked with 3 hit ligands Cabotegravir, Limonin, and Silibinin by calculating root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg), H-bond interaction, and molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) scores. Based on molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, it is reported that Cabotegravir and Limonin showed the optimal binding features with bacterial DHQ1 enzyme and can be deemed as a repurposed drug candidate as compared to Silibinin, which did not show favorable interactions with DHQ1 and needs to be explored further against typhoidal Salmonella."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Bile Drainage Improves Survival in Amatoxin-induced Severe Liver Injury: A Prospective Pilot Cohort Study. (PubMed, J Clin Transl Hepatol) - P=N/A | "In this prospective cohort study (ChiCTR2300073442), consecutive adults with amatoxin-induced pre-acute liver failure received standardized care (silibinin, N-acetylcysteine, dehydration). The dramatic biochemical improvement after BD supports enterohepatic recirculation interruption as a mechanistic intervention. BD represents a potentially definitive, life-saving intervention for this lethal poisoning as a preliminary finding; larger, multicenter studies are required to confirm the observed association between BD and survival."

Journal • Hepatology • Liver Failure • Pancreatitis

Exploring DHODH inhibition with silibinin as a promising approach to treat drug resistance in epilepsy. (PubMed, Metab Brain Dis) - "Pre-treatment resistance validation was done with standard antiseizure drugs (ASD's) following treatment with standard drug leflunomide (20 mg/kg) and test drug silibinin (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) for 10 days. This was further supported by normalisation of mitochondrial redox status in RCK mouse model of DRE. Silibinin serves as a promising therapeutic agent for DRE by inhibiting DHODH, a key enzyme involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal hyperexcitability."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Metabolic Disorders • DHODH

Integrative Multi-Omics Reveal Silibinin Alleviates Heat Stress-Driven Hepatic Lipid Disruption in Laying Hens. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "These findings emphasize the potential of SIL as a sustainable animal nutrition antioxidant additive, which can alleviate HS-induced lipid disorders in the liver of laying hens. Importantly, these hepatoprotective effects were demonstrated exclusively under chronic heat stress conditions; further studies incorporating a normothermic baseline are required to distinguish stress-specific mitigation from general metabolic stimulation."

Journal • Dyslipidemia • Hepatology • Metabolic Disorders • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease • ACACA • ACSL1 • CAT • CPT1A • FASN

Silybum marianum-Derived Compounds in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Translational Potential. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Emerging clinical evidence, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, suggests translational potential; however, robust randomized trials are needed to define optimal formulations, dosing strategies, and therapeutic efficacy in PCa patients. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms, preclinical efficacy, and emerging clinical evidence supporting silymarin as a candidate for future PCa research."

Journal • Review • Genito-urinary Cancer • Oncology • Prostate Cancer • Solid Tumor

Case Report: Pulmonary brucellosis presenting as multiple cavitary lung lesions on imaging. (PubMed, Front Med (Lausanne)) - "After 3 days of doxycycline (0.1 g bid po) and rifampicin (0.6 g qd po), followed by 140 days of doxycycline (0.1 g bid po), rifapentine (0.6 g biw po), and levofloxacin (0.5 g qd po), along with silibinin meglumine tablets 0.1 g tid po for hepatoprotective therapy, the patient became afebrile with significant symptomatic improvement. Repeat chest CT demonstrated reduction in the right upper lobe consolidation/cavity and left upper lobe consolidation, resolution of the right lower lobe cavity, and complete resolution of the microcavitations. This case underscores that pulmonary brucellosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cavitary lung lesions in patients with livestock exposure and that prolonged combination antibiotic therapy can achieve favorable clinical and radiological outcomes."

Journal • Anorexia • Cough • Fatigue • Infectious Disease • Pneumonia • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases