Nitredon (nitrazepam) / Remedica - LARVOL DELTA

Trends in insomnia-related benzodiazepine and Z-drug prescriptions in Croatia (ECNP 2025) - "The primary focus of the analysis was on agents with clinical relevance in the treatment of sleep disorders, specifically zolpidem, zopiclone, and nitrazepam. The increase in F51 diagnoses and insomnia-related benzodiazepine and Z-drug prescriptions in Croatia over the past decade reflects an enduring reliance on pharmacological insomnia management. Stable use of zolpidem, rising diazepam prescriptions, and early uptake of zopiclone suggest that prescribing practices are shifting, though not necessarily aligning with best-practice guidelines. These findings highlight the need for greater emphasis on non-pharmacological treatments, improved diagnostic accuracy and continued education for clinicians on insomnia management."

CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Sleep Disorder

Challenges in the management of untreated chronic psychosis: a case report (ECNP 2025) - "Initial treatment included fluphenazine as the main antipsychotic, along with clozapine, biperiden, and nitrazepam. Lorazepam was later added to manage anxiety. As therapy progressed, the fluphenazine dose was reduced, and amitriptyline was introduced to address residual and negative symptoms...Her prolonged hospitalization and slow progress reflect the complex challenges associated with treating psychosis that has remained untreated for many years. This case also highlights how psychiatric illness can go unrecognized or untreated in families for extended periods, sometimes resulting in multi-generational patterns of dysfunction and avoidance of care."

Case report • Clinical • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

National prescribing trends for anti-depressants, anxiolytics and hypnotics 2010 to 2023 in England : analysis and findings (ECNP 2025) - "Greatest increases were in sertraline prescriptions 2.9 million in 2010 by 685% to 23.0 million in 2023; Duloxetine prescription increased 545% to 3.9 million prescriptions; and mirtazapine by 269% to 12.4 million prescriptions. Paroxetine prescriptions fell by 20% to 1.3 million...The largest falls in cost were 91% for escitalopram (£19.30(€22.58) to £1.66(€1.94) per prescription) and 86% for duloxetine £28.00(€32.76) to £3.79(€4.43) per prescription. Dosulepin increased by 437% to £13.31(€15.57) per prescription...Lorazepam, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide all demonstrate reduced use during that period down 23%,16%, and 88% respectively...Zopiclone fell by 14% to 4.5 million, with zolpidem falling by 14% to 630,000 and nitrazepam by 70% to 306,000 prescriptions...The cost of Temazepam (volume reduced by 2023 to 12% of 2010) increased by 496% from £3.58(€4.19) to £21.34(€24.97)/prescripton...Reasons for increased antidepressant use may..."

CNS Disorders • Depression • Psychiatry

A Proof-of-Concept Study on Effectiveness of Nitrazepam in Resistant Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (NitRIS Trial). (PubMed, Pediatr Neurol) - "Nitrazepam showed superior short-term effectiveness over topiramate in resistant IESS, with better quality of life and autonomic stability. Further research is needed to assess long-term outcomes."

Journal • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Pediatrics

Employing cancer driver genes for the identification of immunological features in two esophageal cancer subtypes to facilitate immunotherapy. (PubMed, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol) - "Additionally, potential small-molecule drugs targeting DEGs in ESCA were investigated, such as 3,3'-diindolylmethane, SJ-172550, aminoglutethimide, nitrazepam, actarit, and epigallocatechin. The results of qRT-PCR showed that RUNX1, NONO, and TSC2 were not only significantly associated with the survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) but also significantly overexpressed in the ESCC cell lines (KYSE150 and KYSE450). This study is valuable for elucidating CDG functions in ESCA and for biomarker identification."

IO biomarker • Journal • Esophageal Cancer • Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Oncology • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • RUNX1 • TSC2

Which are the options and dosages for clobazam shortages on epilepsy treatment? Review of literature and survey of specialists. (PubMed, Arq Neuropsiquiatr) - "Clonazepam and nitrazepam were the most used BZDs, but there was great variation for clonazepam dosages (0.25-2 mg, commonly 1 per 10 mg of CLB). As CLB is an essential tool in the epilepsy armamentarium, shortages pose great risk to the patients. Governments and society must create mechanisms to prevent shortages of critical and unique medications."

Journal • Review • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Drugs and Nutrients in Epilepsy: Vitamin B6 and the Ketogenic Diet. (PubMed, Nutrients) - "Drugs include fosphenytoin (40%), topiramate (37%), valproic acid (34%), hydantoin (20%), phenytoin (31%), carbamazepine (33%), carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (40%), trimethadione (31%), gabapentin (14%), pregabalin (11%), flunarizine (7%), fenfluramine (4%), bumetanide (4%), KBr (18%), cannabidiol (14%), clonazepam (22%), nitrazepam (10%), diazepam (7%), lorazepam (6%), midazolam (3%), amobarbital (21%), phenobarbital (16%), flumazenil (7%) allopregnanolone (7%), pregnanolone (6%), epipregnanolone (6%), 3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (6%), and vitamin B6 (6%)...Inducers include flurothyl (37%), pentetrazol (32%), pilocarpine (25%), (+)-Bicuculline (8%), and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 6%). Our analysis highlights frequently cited associations between epilepsy and specific drugs and highlights the importance of supplementing nutrients with vitamin B6 and the ketogenic diet, which increases the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/glutamate ratio. As such, our..."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

A descriptive study of national trends in the dispensing of reimbursed hypnotics in France between 2012 and 2022. (PubMed, Sleep Health) - "Analyzing these trends provides insights into the potential impact of concurrent public health policies. While these trends are promising, continued efforts are necessary, emphasizing preventive and nonpharmacological measures, including improved sleep hygiene."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Insomnia • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Sleep Disorder

Adverse events of pharmacological interventions for insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "Compared with placebo, zolpidem (somnolence: relative risk [RR] 1.85; dizziness: RR 2.33; headache: RR 1.26), zopiclone (somnolence: RR 2.02; dizziness: RR 2.33; dysgeusia: RR 7.84), indiplon (somnolence: RR 3.46; dizziness: RR 2.30; headache: RR 1.63), gaboxadol (dizziness: RR 3.44), eszopiclone (somnolence: RR 2.00; dizziness: RR 3.18; dysgeusia: RR 10.54), estazolam (somnolence: RR 2.08), flunitrazepam (somnolence: RR 3.04), flurazepam (somnolence: RR 2.52), lemborexant (somnolence: RR 6.57), nitrazepam (somnolence: RR 3.80), Ramelteon (somnolence: RR 2.19), suvorexant (somnolence: RR 3.32), Temazepam (somnolence: RR 3.77), trazodone (somnolence: RR 2.86), triazolam (somnolence: RR 2.35), and esmirtazapine (somnolence: RR 4.63; dizziness: RR 2.87) had the most harmful profile in nervous system disorders...Data on some drugs like flurazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, and zaleplon in some outcomes were mainly based on limited study with rare event and thus was highly..."

Adverse events • Journal • Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Infectious Disease • Insomnia • Otorhinolaryngology • Pain • Psychiatry • Respiratory Diseases • Sinusitis • Sleep Disorder • Xerostomia

Response to nitrazepam in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome after failed standard treatment. (PubMed, Epilepsy Behav) - "Approximately, 31% of children responded to nitrazepam. Early initiation of treatment with nitrazepam may be beneficial for children with IESS, particularly those with a known etiology, after failure of standard treatments."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

HgutMgene-Miner: In silico genome mining tool for deciphering the drug-metabolizing potential of human gut microbiome. (PubMed, Comput Biol Med) - "Notably, Eggerthella lenta's cgr2 involved in Digoxin inactivation was identified in very distant Holdemania genera, likewise Clostridium leptum's nitroreductase, involved in Nitrazepam metabolism, was found in Fusobacterium. These findings highlight the extensive and diverse distribution of XMEs across microbial taxa."

Journal • Gastrointestinal Disorder

Agitated Depression Associated With Flurazepam Discontinuation. (PubMed, Case Rep Psychiatry) - "Symptoms did not resolve with the use of alternative benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam and temazepam and further worsened with the use of several antidepressants. She finally had a complete resolution of these symptoms with a combination of alprazolam, zopiclone, and olanzapine. This case provides insight into this unique variant of depression and the role of GABA agonists in its pathology and management."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • General Anxiety Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Psychomotor Agitation

Repeated lyophilization: A neo-method for urine-based reference materials preparation. (PubMed, J Pharm Biomed Anal) - "In this study, morphine, nitrazepam, lorazepam, buprenorphine, zolpidem, midazolam, diazepam, and clozapine commonly used in clinical practice were selected as target analytes, and the preparation process was further optimized to repeated lyophilization, in order to obtain more effective, stable, and accurate urine matrix reference materials (mRMs). Conducting repeated lyophilizations resulted in a denser powder with reduced susceptibility to collapse and improved the quality of lyophilized urine samples. Lyophilized urine mRMs could be stored at room temperature for one month or under refrigeration conditions (4 ℃) for six months."

Journal

Consumption patterns and factors associated with inappropriate prescribing of benzodiazepines in Primary Health Care settings. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "These results provide insights into the prevalence of problematic utilization of benzodiazepines in primary health care. Authorities and health care providers must take steps to encourage gradual cessation of prolonged benzodiazepine prescriptions and the embrace of suitable strategies for addressing anxiety and insomnia within primary health care settings."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

A novel turn-off green carbon dot-based fluorescent probe for selective determination of nitrazepam in its pharmaceutical dosage form and milk samples. (PubMed, Anal Methods) - "The performance of the sensor was validated according to ICH guidelines and exhibited high precision and accuracy. The proposed method was also successfully extended for determining NZP in tablet dosage form and milk samples."

Journal

Transient Arginine Vasopressin Deficiency Induced by Valproic Acid Intoxication: A Case Report. (PubMed, Cureus) - "The maximum daily doses for nitrazepam, olanzapine, and valproic acid are 15, 20, and 1200 mg, respectively. This overdose led to reversible arginine vasopressin (AVP) deficiency as a rare but significant complication...This case highlights the potential for reversible AVP deficiency as a rare but significant complication of valproic acid overdose. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for favorable outcomes."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Epilepsy • Hematological Disorders • Hepatology • Mental Retardation • Metabolic Disorders • Psychiatry • Thrombocytopenia

Elucidating the Potential Role of Microorganisms in Postmortem Biotransformation: A Comparison of Clonazolam and its Metabolite in Postmortem and DUID Cases. (PubMed, J Anal Toxicol) - "Previous studies of nitrobenzodiazepines such as nitrazepam, clonazepam, flunitrazepam, and their metabolites have demonstrated that bacterial species native to the gastrointestinal tract and active during postmortem (PM) decomposition are capable of affecting positivity and compound-to-metabolite ratios. Due to the everchanging landscape of the DBZD market, in vitro studies of PM microbial biotransformation of clonazolam are unavailable. The data reported herein provide valuable information in the absence of such studies and represent an alternative method of investigating this phenomenon as a potential cause of parent nitrobenzodiazepine to metabolite conversion."

Journal • Gastrointestinal Disorder

Site specific binding pattern of benzodiazepines with GABAA receptor and related impact on their activities in the human body: An in silico method based study. (PubMed, Heliyon) - "It is commonly seen that Bromazepam, Clonazepam, and, Alprazolam are prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and phobias. On the other hand, Midazolam, Temazepam, Flurazepam, and Nitrazepam are indicated for the treatment of insomnia and Lorazepam is considered as a drug having anticonvulsant effects...This reveal will help design new molecules with the highest beneficial effect and lowest toxicity in the body. The in silico method provides the initial level of understanding regarding the binding patterns, performing in vitro and in vivo experiments will be more specific to claim the benefits of newly designed drugs."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

A Historical Overview of the Role of Benzodiazepines including Clonazepam in the Treatment of Adult Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep. (PubMed, Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)) - "We found 17 articles on the use of clonazepam in RLS, PLMS, or both, 3 on triazolam and PLMS, 1 on alprazolam and RLS, 1 on temazepam and PLMS, and 1 on nitrazepam and PLMS. For clonazepam dosages of 0.5 mg-2.0 mg/day are most frequently employed. Benzodiazepines exert their therapeutic effect through GABA-ergic mechanisms."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Movement Disorders • Restless Legs Syndrome • Sleep Disorder

Streamlining regular liquid chromatography with MALDI-TOF MS and NMR spectroscopy using automatic full-contact splitless spotting interface and flash-tap fractioning collection. (PubMed, Anal Chim Acta) - "The ASC device employed real-time heating, in-line matrix mixing, and full-contact spotting to facilitate the samples spotting onto the MALDI target plate, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity in low-concentration and complex samples. The AFC device utilized the novel flash-tapping method to achieve rapid fractionation and high recovery rate. These devices were assembled using commercially available components, making them affordable (400 USD) for most laboratories while still meeting the required performance for advanced commercialized systems."

Journal

Elucidation of Degradation Behavior of Nitrazepam, a Benzodiazepine Drug, under Basic Conditions: Study on Degradability of Drugs in Stomach (IV). (PubMed, Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)) - "The results revealed that NZP was immediately degraded under basic conditions with 2-amino-5-nitrobenzophenone being an intermediate which further degraded to provide 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzophenone as the final degradation product. These results are expected to be useful in clinical chemistry and forensic science, such as the detection of drugs during postmortem examination and suspected addiction."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry

A Scoping Review to Assess Risk of Fracture Associated with Anxiolytic Medications. (PubMed, Kans J Med) - "Yet, some studies showed that at low doses, nitrazepam lowered fracture risk. Other anxiolytic medications, such as zolpidem and beta blockers, also showed a decrease in fracture risk. Ultimately, this scoping review helped to illuminate the inconsistency of anxiolytic fracture risk assessment while simultaneously illustrating the necessary steps to guide future research."

Journal • Review • Musculoskeletal Diseases • Orthopedics

Long-term use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs, a register-based danish cohort study on determinants and risk of dose escalation (ECNP 2023) - "Results We followed 950,767 incident users of benzodiazepines for a mean of 8 years: 45% redeemed only one prescription, whereas 15% were defined as long-term users with the highest percentage for Z-drugs (18%) and nitrazepam (19%)...After seven years, 3% were persistent users and among those who had three years of continuous use, we found no indication of dose escalation. This suggests that there is a low risk of developing a sustained high consumption of benzodiazepines in a country with restrictive regulation but we can not exclude that former benzodiazepine users have shifted to new alternative drugs."

CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Insights from molecular dynamics and DFT calculations into the interaction of 1,4-benzodiazepines with 2-hydroxypropyl-βCD in a theoretical study. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "We find that the 2HPβCD's atoms become more rigid in the presence of chlordiazepoxide (CDP), clonazepam (CLZ), and diazepam (DZM), whereas they become more flexible in the presence of nordazepam (NDM) and nitrazepam (NZP). We also analyzed the contribution of different interaction energies in binding between the carrier and the drugs and found that Van der Waals energy is the primary component. Our results indicate that the number of hydrogen bonds between 2HPβCD/water slightly decreases in the presence of BZDs, but the hydrogen bond's quality remains constant."

Journal

Intralipid as Matrix Additive for Evaluating Hyperlipidemic Postmortem Blood. (PubMed, J Anal Toxicol) - "Both Intralipid and pooled postmortem lipids showed marked effects on the analytical results. Intralipid gave a good indication of the effects of lipemia and could be a useful tool for making meaningful evaluation of hyperlipidemic postmortem samples during method development and validation."

Journal • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry