glatiramer acetate / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Identification of Drug Repurposing Opportunities of Immunomodulatory Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Through Inverse Pharmacovigilance Signal Detection in the FAERS Database. (PubMed, J Clin Med) - "The strongest inverse association with IBD was observed for lenalidomide (ROR 0.056, 95% CI 0.043-0.073), followed by dupilumab (ROR 0.213, 95% CI 0.185-0.245), cyclophosphamide (ROR 0.215, 95% CI 0.175-0.265), fingolimod (ROR 0.216, 95% CI 0.205-0.334), dimethyl fumarate (ROR 0.332, 95% CI 0.275-0.400), apremilast (ROR 0.357, 95% CI 0.296-0.431), imatinib (ROR 0.423, 95% CI 0.339-0.527), glatiramer acetate (ROR 0.446, 95% CI 0.352-0.565), and interferon beta-1a (ROR 0.594, 95% CI 0.533-0.662)... By integrating inverse signal detection with clinical and biological assessment, this study demonstrates how pharmacovigilance data can be extended from traditional safety surveillance toward systematic drug repurposing applications. The findings generate testable hypotheses and highlight candidate therapies that warrant further experimental and clinical investigation in IBD."

Adverse events • Journal • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immune Modulation • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Exploring Female Obesity and Type 1 Interferon Signaling in the Context of Multiple Sclerosis (IMMUNOLOGY 2026) - "Here, we examine the relationship between obesity, interferon signaling, and IFN-β treatment response in female patients and in the EAE models. Chart reviews were performed for 86 patients treated with IFN-β and 113 treated with glatiramer acetate (GA) to determine relapse status on therapy... Elevated type I interferon signaling was associated with reduced IFN-β treatment efficacy in obese females across human and mouse studies, suggesting obesity-associated dysregulation of innate immune signaling as a contributor to reduced therapeutic responsiveness in MS."

CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Immunology • Multiple Sclerosis • Obesity • IFNA1 • IFNB1

Glatiramer acetate stimulates phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli by macrophages and microglial cells. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "GA stimulates the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of pathogenic bacteria. Due to its low toxicity even during long-term treatment, GA is an excellent candidate to increase the resistance of patients to infection, potentially reducing the amount of antibiotics prescribed."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • IL10

Advancements in Pharmacotherapy and Mobile Health Applications for Self-Management in Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review. (PubMed, Recent Pat Biotechnol) - "Monoclonal antibodies define the upper limit of efficacy in current MS therapy, but sustainability depends on safety oversight and patient engagement. Oral formulations remain clinically pragmatic first-line options. The synergy between pharmacotherapy and mobile health technology offers a pathway to transform adherence, monitoring, and outcome optimization in future MS management."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis

Central Nervous System Demyelination Associated with TNF-Alpha inhibitors: A 20-Year Systematic Review (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Certolizumab showed the earliest onset (mean 8.7 months, SD 13.2), adalimumab (mean 17.7, SD 16.3), etanercept (mean 22.5, SD 34.7), Infliximab (mean 27.7, SD 17.0), & golimumab (mean 32.2, SD 56.0)...For the neurological disorder, only 17.4% of patients required long-term management with disease-modifying therapy, most commonly rituximab (26%), ocrelizumab (15%), and glatiramer with interferon combination (15%)...Following TNF-alpha-inhibitor cessation, 29.03% experienced worsening of their systemic autoimmune condition & 9.6 % required alternative biological therapy, commonly secukinumab, ustekinumab, tocilizumab, or methotrexate... TNF-α inhibitors, though effective for autoimmune diseases, may unpredictably be associated with CNS demyelination. Most often linked with adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab. While many patients recover after discontinuing steroids, some have persistent deficits, underscoring the need for cautious use and close neurological..."

Review • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Multiple Sclerosis • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Optic Neuritis

Analysis of herpes zoster cases in multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease-modifying drugs: insights from the EudraVigilance database. (PubMed, Neurol Neurochir Pol) - "While treating MS patient with DMTs the risk of adverse HZ should be evaluated. Vaccination against HZ should be recommended for patients to benefit the most from the available treatment."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Herpes Zoster • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • Neuralgia • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Optic Neuritis • Pain • Varicella Zoster

Janus Kinase Inhibitor Therapy in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Co-morbid Conditions (AAN 2026) - "JAKi medications used were ruxolitinib (3 of 7 epochs), tofacitinib (2 of 7), baricitinib (1 of 7), and upadacitinib (1 of 7). One patient used MS-specific therapy (glatiramer acetate) concurrently... In this case series of older adults with longstanding MS and co-morbid autoimmune or myeloproliferative disease, JAKi exposure was not associated with MS relapse or serious infections. However, there was clear disease progression in one patient and equivocal progression in another. Larger studies are warranted to evaluate JAKi safety and efficacy in MS to inform treatment strategies."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Graft versus Host Disease • Hematological Disorders • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Multiple Sclerosis • Myeloproliferative Neoplasm • Rare Diseases

The efficacy of disease-modifying therapies in patients with clinically isolated syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "DMTs, including cladribine, teriflunomide, IFN beta-1a, IFN beta-1b, and GA, showed evidence of reducing conversion to CDMS compared with placebo. Cladribine and GA showed the strongest evidence for a high probability of reducing CDMS conversion."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Pregnancy Outcomes and Disease Activity in Women With NMOSD and MOGAD (AAN 2026) - "47/64 women (73.4%; n=30 AQP4-Ab+,n=2 AQP4-Ab-, n=15 MOGAD) were therapy exposed at conception: 31/64 (48.4%) to anti-CD20, 10/64 (15.6%) to azathioprine, 2/64 (3.1%) to glatirameracetate and one each (1.6%) to satralizumab, inebilizumab and tocilizumab...In patients with at least three-months follow-up, 14/56 (25.0%) relapsed in the first-year postpartum (n=7/36 (19.4%) AQP4-Ab+: 1/7 (14.3%) pretreated with azathioprine, 3/7 (42.9%) with rituximab and 3/7 (42.9%) untreated; n=7/18 (38.9%) MOGAD: 1/7 (14.3%) pretreated with azathioprine, 3/7 (42.9%) with rituximab and 3/7 (42.9%) untreated). Our findings provide valuable insights into pregnancies in women with NMOSD/MOGAD, with low disease activity in pregnancy and increase postpartum. Newborns were generally healthy with increased number of SGA"

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder • Rare Diseases • Small for Gestational Age • Solid Tumor

Herpes Zoster Reports in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated With Disease Modifying Drugs – An Analysis of EudraVigilance Database (AAN 2026) - "Values form 0.2% (glatiramer acetate), to 3.9% (cladribine) of all adverse reports, mark HZ as a relevant complication during MS treatment. The highest ROR values were noted for fingolimod (4,09), cladribine (3,33) and alemtuzumab (2,27), followed by siponimod (1,97). The lowest RORs were calculated for glatiramer acetate (0,17), interferons (≈0,21) and teriflunomide (0,35)... Our study shows that some DMTs used in MS might be linked with significant increase in the risk of HZ infection development. While treating MS patient with DMTs, clinicians should always carefully evaluate the risk of adverse HZ. Moreover, vaccination against HZ should be recommended, to reduce the risk of HZ infection, enabling patients to benefit fully form the available MS treatment."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Herpes Zoster • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • Neuralgia • Ophthalmology • Varicella Zoster

Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Utility in Multiple Sclerosis Clinic: Real-world Retrospective Data (AAN 2026) - "DMTs were classified as low efficacy (LeDMT: teriflunomide, fumarates, interferons, glatiramer acetate), moderate (MeDMT: S1P modulators, cladribine), high (HeDMT: B-cell therapy, natalizumab), and no DMT...Among patients on B-cell therapies, rituximab showed lowest average sNfL level of 1.81 pg/ml and ublituximab highest at 2.06 pg/ml... sNfL levels correlate with efficacy of DMTs and potentially the duration of therapy. Patients with high sNfL levels despite HeDMT, have high MRI disease burden, potentially requiring closer monitoring. Comorbidities and variable test techniques limit the generalisability of sNfL in current clinical practice."

Real-world • Real-world evidence • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • NEFL

Real-world Use of Cladribine in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis (AAN 2026) - "The three most common DMTs prior to switching were anti-CD20 agents 22.8%, fumarates 18.7%, and glatiramer acetate 12.7%. There was rare clinical and radiographic progression in patients who were either started or transitioned to cladribine in this relatively large real-world cohort. Patients who had disease activity were either treatment naïve or younger than 55. No additional safety signals were observed."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • B Cell Lymphoma • Breast Cancer • CNS Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Multiple Sclerosis • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Solid Tumor

AIOLOS: A NIS Evaluating Various Injectable and Oral Treatments in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=800 | Recruiting | Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals | N=1214 ➔ 800

Enrollment change • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • IFNB1

GENERAL-PURPOSE VERSUS DOMAIN-SPECIFIC AI FOR SYSTEMATIC CONFOUNDER IDENTIFICATION IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A COMPARATIVE METHODOLOGICAL STUDY USING IQWIG ASSESSMENTS AS GROUND TRUTH (ISPOR 2026) - "We queried two general-purpose frontier models (Claude Opus 4.5, Gemini 3) and one domain-optimized RAG system (Regulaido) to generate confounder lists for a target trial emulation of dimethyl fumarate vs. glatiramer acetate... Even frontier models (Claude Opus 4.5) lack the precision and citation integrity required for regulatory HTA submissions. While capable of generating extensive lists, they fail to adhere to specific exclusion criteria and fabricate evidence. Domain-optimized RAG systems significantly outperform general models in precision and evidentiary support."

CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

FORMULARY EXCLUSIONS AND NON-ADHERENCE TO DISEASE-MODIFYING THERAPIES FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN MEDICARE PART D (ISPOR 2026) - "Off-formulary use varied across DMTs, ranging from 1.6% among all fingolimod users to 86.9% among peginterferon beta-1a users. Off-formulary use was associated with lower odds of adherence to several DMTs, including teriflunomide (OR 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96), interferon beta-1a (subcutaneous) (OR 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.92), interferon beta-1a (intramuscular) (OR 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71-0.98), glatiramer acetate (generic) (OR 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42-0.93), and glatiramer acetate (brand) (OR 0.53; 95% CI, 0.46-0.62). Over one-third of Medicare beneficiaries with MS used DMTs that were off-formulary. Over one-third of Medicare beneficiaries with MS used DMTs that were off-formulary. Off-formulary use was associated with reduced adherence across several DMTs. Future research should elucidate the mechanisms by which formulary exclusions contribute to non-adherence to DMTs."

Adherence • Medicare • Reimbursement • US reimbursement • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Clinical and Economic Impact and Treatment Patterns in People With Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study in the United States (AAN 2026) - "People with SPMS exhibit a high clinical and economic burden, underscoring the need for more effective treatments in this population with limited therapeutic options currently indicated primarily for active SPMS."

HEOR • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Depression • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis

Pharmacogenomics of response to interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate in Multiple Sclerosis: A multi-centric study. (PubMed, Mult Scler) - "This study identified novel genetic variants for GA response, implicating genes in crucial pathways. For IFN-β, suggestive signals point to immune and interferon-related genes. These findings enhance our understanding of genetic influences on RRMS treatment response, while highlighting pharmacogenomic research challenges."

Biomarker • Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • IFNB1 • IL17A • WWOX

Real-world evaluation of the transition between originator and follow-on glatiramer acetate in people with multiple sclerosis: the "GA transition" study. (PubMed, Mult Scler Relat Disord) - "Switching from originator GA to CO did not influence clinical outcomes or safety. These findings support the therapeutic equivalence of the two formulations in real-world clinical practice, by supporting previous evidence from randomized trials."

HEOR • Journal • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Association of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Congenital Anomalies With Prenatal Multiple Sclerosis Treatment-Real-World Historical Cohort Study. (PubMed, Clin Pharmacol Ther) - "The cohort included 1374 children: 484 exposed prenatally to DMTs (237, 85, 56, 49, 25, 32 exposed to interferon-β, glatiramer, monoclonal antibodies, fumarates, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators, or a combination of therapies, respectively)...Exposure to S1PR modulators in pregnancy was associated with higher risk for congenital anomalies. Prospective larger studies are warranted."

Journal • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Psychiatry • IFNB1

AIOLOS: A NIS Evaluating Various Injectable and Oral Treatments in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=1214 | Recruiting | Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Active, not recruiting ➔ Recruiting | N=564 ➔ 1214 | Trial completion date: Dec 2026 ➔ May 2029 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2026 ➔ May 2029

Enrollment change • Enrollment open • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • IFNB1

Treatment Pathways, Switching, and Barriers to Disease-Modifying Therapy in Hispanic Cohort of NMOSD (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Disease-modifying therapy (DMT) exposures (rituximab, eculizumab, inebilizumab, ravulizumab, satralizumab, azathioprine, mycophenolate, interferons, glatiramer), reasons for discontinuation/switch, adherence/logistics, and EDSS trajectories were compiled. ResultsPatients cycled through a median of two DMTs (range: 1-4) before stabilization. In this largely Hispanic cohort, NMOSD treatment pathways were shaped by barriers as much as biology. Logistics failures, intolerance, and drug failure were the main reasons for switching therapies. Strikingly, nearly half of inebilizumab-treated patients experienced breakthrough relapses, diverging from trial outcomes and signaling a need for close monitoring and timely escalation."

CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Utility in Multiple Sclerosis clinic: Real-World Retrospective Data (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "DMTs were classified as low efficacy (LeDMT: teriflunomide, fumarates, interferons, glatiramer acetate), moderate efficacy (MeDMT: S1P modulators, cladribine), high efficacy (HeDMT: B-cell therapy, natalizumab), and no DMT. sNfL levels correlate with efficacy of DMTs and potentially duration of therapy, since patients on rituximab (one of the longest used DMTs) had a lower average sNfL, compared to ublituximab (a more recently approved DMT). Patients with high sNfL levels despite HeDMT, have high MRI brain disease burden and cervical spine lesions, potentially suggesting the need for closer monitoring. Comorbidities and variable test techniques limit the generalisability of sNfL in current practice."

Real-world • Real-world evidence • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • NEFL

Real-world Effectiveness and Safety Outcomes of Ofatumumab as First-line Treatment in Early RMS (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Background & Objectives: Ofatumumab demonstrated superior efficacy and comparable safety versus teriflunomide in Phase 3 ASCLEPIOS I/II overall relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) population and in various subgroups...This prospective, multicenter non-interventional study (NIS) evaluates ofatumumab, interferon beta 1 (IFN) or glatiramer acetate (GA) in treatment-naive people living with RMS (pwRMS) without highly active disease in routine care in Germany... This interim analysis of real-world data on ofatumumab use in treatment-naive pwRMS without highly active disease aligns with findings from pivotal clinical trials and supports the favorable benefit-risk profile of ofatumumab as a first-line therapy. By combining clinical outcomes with patient-reported measures, the study offers deeper insights into the RMS population treated with various self-administered first-line therapies. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of RMS management in..."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world effectiveness • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis

Understanding Patient Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, Economic Outcomes and Treatment Patterns in People with Nonrelapsing Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study in the United States (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "The top three most commonly reported DMTs by the end of observation period were ocrelizumab (15.6%), glatiramer acetate (13.8%), and dimethyl fumarate (12.7%). People with nrSPMS exhibit a high prevalence of comorbidities and substantial HCRU and HCCs, reflecting a significant clinical and economic burden. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted and effective treatment options for this population, for whom no approved therapies currently exist."

HEOR • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Depression • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis

A Retrospective Cohort Study to Assess the Patient Characteristics, Clinical and Economic Outcomes and Treatment Patterns in People with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in the United States (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "People with PPMS experience substantial clinical and economic burden characterized by high comorbidities, increased HCRU/HCCs, and low treatment rates, underscoring the unmet need in a population with only one approved DMT in the US."

HEOR • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Depression • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis