benztropine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Insight into the differential binding mechanisms of substrate, cocaine, and therapeutic drugs with dopamine transporter based on molecular dynamics simulations. (PubMed, Int J Biol Macromol) - "Here, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with MM/PBSA calculations, principal component analysis (PCA), and free energy landscape (FEL) analysis were employed to compare the binding modes of dopamine (DA), cocaine, Benztropine (BZT), and GBR12909 (GBR) to DAT. Gate distance, PCA, and FEL analyses further revealed ligand-dependent gating regulation: BZT imposes the strongest conformational constraint, cocaine stabilizes the outward-open state, GBR seals the extracellular entrance with intracellular gate transition, and DA preserves conformational tunability. These findings provide a systematic atomic-level mechanistic framework for understanding DAT differential regulation and guiding the development of novel competitive inhibitors."

Journal

Incorporation of PeT fluorescent units into the pharmacophore of atypical dopamine transporter inhibitors. (PubMed, Bioorg Med Chem) - "Herein, we develop eight new pH sensitive chemical probes with potential of an atypical DAT inhibition profile by incorporating fluorescent anthracene units into the pharmacophore of either modafinil or benztropine...Additionally, the compounds generally showed higher affinities for DAT over the serotonin transporter (SERT). These novel probes may be used to assess the degree of amine protonation upon protein binding, hence the de facto pH in the active site and consequently if a pH difference between classical and atypical binding exists."

Journal • CNS Disorders

M3 muscarinic receptor antagonism attenuates cocaine-induced hippocampal oligodendroglial changes and relapse-like behavior in male mice. (PubMed, Neuropharmacology) - "Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP), extinction, and cocaine-primed reinstatement, and treated with benztropine (BZT), the M1-selective mAChR antagonist VU0255035, or the M3-preferential mAChR antagonist solifenacin (SOL). In CD140a-sorted oligodendrocyte precursor cell-derived cultures, SOL increased MBP-positive oligodendrocyte volume relative to cocaine alone; however, the lack of a SOL-VU0255035 difference precluded conclusions about subtype specificity. These findings provide evidence consistent with a contribution of M3-sensitive muscarinic mechanisms to cocaine-associated oligodendroglial and behavioral alterations."

Journal • Preclinical • Solid Tumor • CHRM3 • MBP • OLIG2 • PDGFRA • SLC6A3

Emerging pharmacological and neuromodulation interventions for suicidal ideation and behaviour. (PubMed, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol) - "Encouraging results were reported for NMDA-related drugs (NRX-101 and high-dose d-cycloserine; amantadine in Borna disease virus-1-positive depression), opioid-system modulation (buprenorphine at ultra-low and high doses in distinct populations), ayahuasca in major and treatment-resistant depression, and adjunctive pimavanserin. Smaller effects were observed for vortioxetine augmentation and insomnia-targeted zolpidem. Large observational datasets reported associations between lower suicidality and folic acid, benztropine, testosterone initiation in transgender adults, and non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants versus warfarin, whereas non-medical cannabis use was associated with worse SI trajectories. Neuromodulation evidence implicated accelerated or targeted repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, theta-burst stimulation, and magnetic seizure therapy for SI reduction, with longer-term observational support for vagus nerve stimulation. Future trials should prespecify..."

Journal • Review • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders • Depression • Epilepsy • Insomnia • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder • Suicidal Ideation

Pulmonary Aspiration During Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient on Multiple Psychotropic Medications: A Case Report and Risk-Stratified Approach to Preprocedural Gastric Ultrasound. (PubMed, J ECT) - "The cumulative anticholinergic burden of his medication regimen, including clozapine, benztropine, quetiapine, paliperidone, and prazosin, combined with the recognized association between psychiatric illness and disordered gastric motility, likely contributed to retained gastric contents at the time of induction. We review the limitations of fasting-based risk assessment, the prevalence of residual gastric content in appropriately fasted patients, the evidence supporting POC gastric ultrasound as a decision-support tool, and the practical constraints of equipment availability and operator training. We propose a risk-stratified approach in which preprocedural POC gastric ultrasound is recommended for ECT patients with one or more risk factors for delayed gastric emptying-rather than as a universal, mandatory examination."

Journal • Anesthesia • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

Acute Laryngeal Dystonia Mimicking Anaphylaxis Following Antipsychotic Initiation: A Case Report. (PubMed, Case Rep Psychiatry) - "Rapid resolution following intramuscular benztropine supported the diagnosis of ALD as the most likely diagnosis...It also illustrates how anchoring bias and diagnostic momentum may contribute to recurrent misclassification. Early recognition of laryngeal dystonia can prevent unnecessary treatment, reduce the risk of airway compromise, and improve diagnostic accuracy."

Journal • Allergy • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Dysphonia • Dystonia • Hypotension • Movement Disorders • DRD2

A Case of Prolonged Serotonin Toxicity After Fluoxetine Ingestion in an Adolescent Patient. (PubMed, J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther) - "A 16-year-old female with anxiety, depression, and headaches on no prescribed medications presented to emergency care after ingesting fluoxetine, benztropine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), gabapentin, omeprazole, and atorvastatin. She was intubated, sedated with propofol and fentanyl, and transported to higher-level care...CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotype was normal. The patient was discharged home at neurologic baseline HD19."

Journal • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Critical care • Depression • Mood Disorders • Pain • Pediatrics • Psychiatry

Risk of Akathisia with Antipsychotics and Its Treatment: Is Propranolol still the best option in 2025? (APA 2026) - " We performed a literature review using PubMed and PubMed Central databases using keywords in different combinations, like "akathisia and antipsychotics", "akathisia management", "akathisia and propranolol", "akathisia and ECT", "akathisia and benzodiazepines", "akathisia and mirtazapine", "akathisia and biperiden/anticholinergics", and "akathisia and vitamin B6" etc. We included data from thirty-nine observational, analytical, and review articles published in the last five years and summarized the key findings. Observations: Akathisia has been classically associated with first-generation high-potency antipsychotics like haloperidol. Among atypical antipsychotics Risperidone (mean dose of 5.4mg/day) and Lurasidone (mean dose of 240mg/day), Cariprazine and Ziprasidone have been found causing akathisia at higher therapeutic dosages, while the risk is found to be lower with Sertindole..."

CNS Disorders

Acute Laryngeal Dystonia Following Haloperidol Administration: Early Recognition Prevents Intubation. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Initial management with epinephrine failed to improve symptoms. Given the temporal association with haloperidol administration, an acute dystonic reaction was suspected, and the patient was promptly treated with intravenous diphenhydramine and benztropine, resulting in immediate improvement of respiratory distress...This case highlights the importance of early recognition of ALD in postoperative and critical care settings, as timely administration of anticholinergic agents can be life-saving and may prevent unnecessary endotracheal intubation. It is recommended to continue anticholinergic agents for a prolonged period of time, even after haloperidol discontinuation, to prevent the recurrence of symptoms that have been reported in many cases in the past."

Intubation • Journal • CNS Disorders • Critical care • Dystonia • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry • Respiratory Diseases • Schizophrenia

Altered Mental Status Due to Amantadine Withdrawal: A Case Report. (PubMed, Reports (MDPI)) - "Outpatient medications included amantadine, benztropine, divalproex, levetiracetam, paliperidone, risperidone, and semaglutide. The timely diagnosis of amantadine withdrawal was delayed due to its nonspecific presentation. For patients taking amantadine, clinicians should include amantadine withdrawal in their list of differential diagnoses, and in cases of altered mentation, a careful review of the medication list is essential."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Epilepsy • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Acute Dystonia From Metoclopramide Unresponsive to Diphenhydramine, Resolved With Lorazepam (SCCM 2026) - "They typically respond to anticholinergic or antihistaminic agents such as diphenhydramine or benztropine. The precise mechanism may involve GABAergic inhibition of excessive dopaminergic blockade or modulation of muscle tone. Recognizing refractory dystonia early and promptly escalating therapy is essential in preventing further complications, including airway compromise or prolonged hospitalization.This case underscores the importance of identifying acute dystonic reactions in the inpatient setting and highlights lorazepam as a viable rescue therapy when diphenhydramine fails."

Acute Kidney Injury • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Movement Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

From Natural Compound Screening to Myelin-Associated Effects: Identification of Morusin as a Potent Promoter of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Furthermore, in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, Morusin improved myelination-associated histological features and functional recovery, comparable to the benchmark compound Benztropine. Collectively, these findings identify Morusin as a promising natural compound with pro-myelinating activity across multiple experimental systems and highlight the potential of rationally guided natural compound screening for regenerative therapy in demyelinating diseases."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Multiple Sclerosis • Solid Tumor • MBP • PLP1 • SOX10

The association between psychotropic medications and cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. (PubMed, Int J Bipolar Disord) - "Prescribers may consider limiting the administration of the medications which can affect cognitive functioning. Interventions should be further developed for people with bipolar disorder to improve their cognitive functioning and quality of life."

Journal • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Deutetrabenazine and Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy for Tardive Dyskinesia With Recurrent Depression: A Case Report. (PubMed, Cureus) - "A 31-year-old woman with a mood disorder, treated with risperidone (dose range: 4 mL/day, duration: 11 months), olanzapine (dose range: 10 mg/day, duration: 11 months), and benztropine (dose range: 6 mg/day, duration: four months) for recurrent depression, developed lip twitching, bradykinesia, and worsened depression. Clinicians should be aware of the long-term motor disorder risks of antipsychotics, perform regular screenings, and focus on multi-target interventions. Future research should increase sample sizes to confirm the treatment's general applicability and long-term safety."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry

Expanding the Genotype, Phenotype, and Natural History of Individuals Who Have ASPM Variants (ACMG 2026) - "No seizures were reported, and he received haloperidol and benztropine mesylate as needed (3-5 times per month) to combat agitation. We expand the natural history, phenotype, and genotype of ASPM-related MCPH. Individual 1 documents the natural history of an adult male who has homozygosity for ASPM alleles showing developmental delays without regression. Individuals 2 and 3 expand the spectrum of structural anomalies associated with ASPM to include diencephalosynapsis and holoprosencephaly which, to our knowledge, have not been reported."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Epilepsy • Genetic Disorders

Why Not Rock the Boat? Deprescribing Anticholinergic Medications That Are No Longer Needed in Persons With Schizophrenia. (PubMed, Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)) - "This review discusses EPSs and their treatment with two ACMs, benztropine and trihexyphenidyl, and it presents evidence of the risks of chronic ACM prescribing, including serious side effects such as cognitive impairment, dry mouth, blurred vision, and risk for delirium, as well as sequelae of severe constipation and urinary retention...ACM tapering schedules are suggested, along with recommendations for closer patient monitoring during the deprescription process. Barriers to deprescription at the patient, prescribing clinician, and system level are then reviewed, along with relevant ethical considerations inherent to any medication changes, including ACM deprescribing."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Constipation • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • Xerostomia

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Rigid Benztropine Analogues with Potential DAT Inhibition Activity: A Prospect in Parkinson's Disease Treatment. (PubMed, Curr Med Chem) - "The rigid aromatic sections in fluorenatropine analogs grant a superior activity over DAT, allowing motor symptom mitigation at lower concentrations."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Central amygdala Fkbp5 expression correlates with faster submission and ethanol self-administration reacquisition: Benztropine reduces ethanol relapse-like reacquisition in stressed rats. (PubMed, Neurobiol Stress) - "Benztropine (i.p., 5, 10 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced relapse-like ethanol reacquisition, and sex-specific analyses suggest a more robust effect in males than females. The results warrant the study of CeA FKBP51 in passive stress coping and of drug-like selective FKBP51 inhibitors to reduce ethanol relapse after histories of repeated stress."

Journal • Preclinical • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder • Psychiatry • FKBP5

Previously Incarcerated Veteran: A Case of Drug-Induced Parkinsonism. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Treatment involved gradual tapering of risperidone, introduction of benztropine for symptomatic relief, and initiation of aripiprazole to maintain psychiatric stability. Symptoms markedly improved, reaffirming the diagnosis of DIP over idiopathic Parkinson's disease. This case emphasizes the importance of regular medication review and follow-up in managing antipsychotic therapy to prevent severe EPS complications, particularly in vulnerable populations such as incarcerated individuals and military veterans."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

HNRNPH2 variant linked to intellectual disability disrupts myelination by impairing oligodendrocyte differentiation. (PubMed, J Genet Genomics) - "Furthermore, the myelin-enhancing drug benztropine rescues myelination, restores myelin-related gene expression, and ameliorates cognitive deficits, highlighting the role of hnRNPH2 P213L-induced myelin abnormalities in the pathogenesis of ID. Mechanistically, the P213L mutation disrupts the interaction between hnRNPH2 and its target transcripts, leading to the downregulation of myelination-related genes. Collectively, these findings reveal a critical mechanistic connection between myelin dysfunction and ID, thereby offering potential therapeutic insights for X-linked neurodevelopmental disorders."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Solid Tumor • HNRNPH1

Prophylactic Prescribing of Benztropine with Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Pediatric Patients (ASHP 2025) - No abstract available

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Pediatrics

Prophylactic Prescribing of Benztropine with Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Pediatric Patients (ASHP 2025) - "Hosted by the Section of Clinical Specialists and Scientists"

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Pediatrics

Development of benztropine-based DAT blockers for Parkinson's disease interventions: A biologic and synthetic overview. (PubMed, Bioorg Chem) - "Several chemical structures have been evaluated and one of the most popular, benztropine, recently has been synthetically and biologically studied by several research groups. In this document we briefly discuss the disease to guide the reader in the journey of several research groups that have selected dopamine receptors and channels as targets for drug development, broadly focused on the synthesis and action mechanism of benztropine and analogs for Parkinson's disease treatment, in order to showcase the potential of molecules that seem obsolete when chemical modification is on reach and the power of the chemical tools for their modification."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Palliative care • Parkinson's Disease

Association between cognitive adverse effects of anticholinergic medication and development of dementia in Parkinson's disease. (PubMed, Parkinsonism Relat Disord) - "The cognitive adverse effects of anticholinergics were not associated with increased dementia risk. Prospective studies assessing individual variability in anticholinergic sensitivity and cognitive outcomes in PD are warranted."

Adverse events • Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Aripiprazole-Induced Priapism in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report. (PubMed, Cureus) - "The erection persisted for approximately five hours, partially responsive to Diphenhydramine and Benztropine. Early recognition and timely urologic consultation are essential for optimal outcomes. When identified promptly, conservative management may be effective in avoiding invasive intervention."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Hematological Disorders • Movement Disorders • Pediatrics • Thrombosis • Urology