benztropine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Development of benztropine-based DAT blockers for Parkinson's disease interventions: A biologic and synthetic overview. (PubMed, Bioorg Chem) - "Several chemical structures have been evaluated and one of the most popular, benztropine, recently has been synthetically and biologically studied by several research groups. In this document we briefly discuss the disease to guide the reader in the journey of several research groups that have selected dopamine receptors and channels as targets for drug development, broadly focused on the synthesis and action mechanism of benztropine and analogs for Parkinson's disease treatment, in order to showcase the potential of molecules that seem obsolete when chemical modification is on reach and the power of the chemical tools for their modification."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Palliative care • Parkinson's Disease

Association between cognitive adverse effects of anticholinergic medication and development of dementia in Parkinson's disease. (PubMed, Parkinsonism Relat Disord) - "The cognitive adverse effects of anticholinergics were not associated with increased dementia risk. Prospective studies assessing individual variability in anticholinergic sensitivity and cognitive outcomes in PD are warranted."

Adverse events • Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Aripiprazole-Induced Priapism in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report. (PubMed, Cureus) - "The erection persisted for approximately five hours, partially responsive to Diphenhydramine and Benztropine. Early recognition and timely urologic consultation are essential for optimal outcomes. When identified promptly, conservative management may be effective in avoiding invasive intervention."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Hematological Disorders • Movement Disorders • Pediatrics • Thrombosis • Urology

Restoration of Ambulation in an Adolescent with Tardive Dystonia after Pallidal DBS (MDS Congress 2025) - " This patient is a 17-year-old male with autism, intellectual disability, Von Willebrand disease, and epilepsy who presented with 6 months of involuntary head and neck movements in the setting of 3 years of treatment with olanzapine and risperidone...Tetrabenazine, dantrolene, clonazepam, baclofen, benztropine and trihexyphenidyl were prescribed with no benefit... GPi-DBS can be an effective treatment for TD in adolescents and local field potential provides an opportunity to further understand the effects of pallidal stimulation. Figure 1"

CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Epilepsy • Mental Retardation • Movement Disorders

Episodic Generalized Dystonia with Opisthotonus Posturing in Early Stages of Anoxic Brain Injury with Mild Degrees of Caudate Involvement (MDS Congress 2025) - " We present a 27-year-old woman with heroin and alprazolam use disorder who suffered a non-shockable cardiac arrest (10-minute downtime)...Despite sedation, antiepileptics, gabapentin, and opioids, she developed spontaneous clonic movements and dystonic posturing with opisthotonus by day 6, showing limited response to treatment...Hydromorphone and diazepam provided partial relief, while benztropine and amantadine were ineffective... This case suggests that posterior limb involvement, along with mild caudate and hippocampal changes, may contribute to generalized dystonic posturing after anoxic injury. The episodic nature of opisthotonus was unique and did not follow expected responses to sedatives or antiepileptics. This case highlights the complexity of post-anoxic movement disorders and the need for further research into their mechanisms and management."

CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Movement Disorders • Vascular Neurology

Amitriptyline-Induced Rabbit Syndrome: A Case of Refractory Oral Vertical Dyskinesia (MDS Congress 2025) - "She was started on valbenazine for her prior diagnosis of TD, but was discontinued as it worsened her symptoms...Trials of propranolol, carbidopa/levodopa, and benztropine showed minimal improvement... Rabbit syndrome is a rare, drug-induced oral vertical dyskinesia. Classically, it is characterized by rhythmic, peri-oral movements which resembles the chewing motion of a rabbit. Although it is typically associated with antipsychotics, it can also be triggered by other medications, including tricyclic antidepressants [1]."

Clinical • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry

Association between cognitive adverse effects of anticholinergic medication and development of long-term dementia in Parkinson's disease (MDS Congress 2025) - " A total of 155 patients took trihexyphenidyl or benztropine or amantadine were included for analysis. There was no association between cognitive adverse effects of anticholinergic medication and the development of long-term dementia in Parkinson's disease, and the cognitive reserve hypothesis could not be confirmed. However, it is thought that further research using tools to evaluate cognitive reserve with a sufficient follow-up period is needed."

Adverse events • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Propofol-Induced Dystonia Reaction in Elective Hip Arthroplasty (ASA 2025) - "Initial treatments with dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and diphenhydramine were ineffective. Neurology recommended oral benztropine, which yielded only mild improvement. Subsequent administration of oral baclofen led to significant symptom resolution within 1-2 hours. This case highlights an uncommon adverse effect of propofol and suggests that baclofen may be a valuable adjunct when conventional therapies for drug-induced dystonia are insufficient."

Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Movement Disorders • Orthopedics

Not the moves you asked for: exploring dopamine receptor-blocking agents-induced movement disorders (ECNP 2025) - "Treatment involves anticholinergic agents like benztropine or diphenhydramine to rapidly alleviate symptoms...Management includes dose reduction, switching to a lower-risk agent, beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol), and benzodiazepines...Management involves reducing or discontinuing the DRBA and switching to alternatives like clozapine or quetiapine, which have a lower risk of causing parkinsonism...Treatment focuses on the use of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors, such as valbenazine and deutetrabenazine... Beyond physical symptoms, DIMDs severely impact quality of life. Unlike psychiatric symptoms, which are internal, DIMDs are highly visible, leading to social stigma, emotional distress, and functional impairment. Akathisia has been linked to dysphoria and suicidal ideation, while TD can increase mortality."

Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dystonia • Mood Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry • Suicidal Ideation

Repeated ablations of mature Tmem10+ oligodendrocytes recapitulates key pathological features of multiple sclerosis with prolonged demyelination. (PubMed, Cell Death Dis) - "In response to the oligodendrocyte ablations, the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs were accelerated for the regeneration of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes, leading to spontaneous remyelination. This de-/re-myelination model presents a wide "time window" between the onset of demyelination and spontaneous remyelination, which makes it suitable for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic pro-remyelinating agents, as demonstrated by administering Benztropine to this demyelination model."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Multiple Sclerosis • Solid Tumor

Polypharmacy-induced serotonin syndrome revealing underlying neurocognitive impairment and cervical myelopathy. (PubMed, BMJ Case Rep) - "Her medications included supratherapeutic paroxetine (40mg two times per day), aripiprazole and benztropine...Cautious administration of haloperidol did not worsen symptoms, suggesting drug-induced or structural Parkinsonism. This case highlights the risk of uncoordinated pharmacotherapy and premature diagnostic closure. The presentation of serotonin syndrome may obscure underlying neurologic pathology, making thorough medication review and multidisciplinary evaluation essential in complex geriatric presentations."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • Chronic Kidney Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Diabetes • Hypertension • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Nephrology • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry • Renal Disease

Repurposing drugs for the human dopamine transporter through WHALES descriptors-based virtual screening and bioactivity evaluation. (PubMed, J Pharm Anal) - "Initially, WHALES descriptors facilitated a similarity search, employing four benztropine-like atypical inhibitors known to bind hDAT's allosteric site as templates...Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and end-point binding free energy analyses were conducted to elucidate and confirm the inhibitory mechanisms of the repurposed drugs against hDAT in its inward-open conformation. In conclusion, our study not only identifies promising active compounds as potential atypical inhibitors for novel therapeutic drug development targeting hDAT but also validates the effectiveness of our integrated computational and experimental workflow for drug repurposing."

Journal • Psychiatry

Identifying therapeutic targets for erectile dysfunction in the European population using genome-wide Mendelian randomization. (PubMed, Sex Med) - "Our study highlighted three potential drugs targeting three of these hub genes: benztropine for CD27, teplizumab for CD3E, and natalizumab for ITGB1. Tissue-specific expression quantitative trait loci confounders and lack of experimental validation for prioritized drugs require caution. This work advances ED research by mapping druggable genes (PRKCA, IFNG, ITGB1) and pathways via MR, offering precision medicine opportunities and actionable drug repurposing candidates."

IO biomarker • Journal • Erectile Dysfunction • BCL2L1 • CD27 • CD3D • CD3E • IFNG • ITGB1 • LAMA5 • PPARG • PRKCA

A giant fecaloma causing stercoral colitis secondary to aripiprazole and benztropine: A case report. (PubMed, Qatar Med J) - "Early recognition and prompt management of fecaloma are essential to mitigate associated complications. In addition, it is important to recognize risk factors for constipation and regularly review home medications, such as antipsychotics, that may cause constipation as a side effect."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Constipation • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

The Parkinson's drug benztropine possesses histamine receptor 1-dependent host-directed antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (PubMed, NPJ Antimicrob Resist) - "Chemical competition assays, CRISPR knockouts, and siRNA silencing assays revealed that BZT's activity against Mtb is mediated via macrophage histamine receptor 1 (HRH1). Our findings establish BZT as a promising repurposed candidate and a lead compound for developing HRH1-targeting antibacterial HDTs."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis

Rabbit Syndrome: A Rare Iatrogenic Tremor Due to Discontinuation of Aripiprazole (APA 2025) - "Patient was initially managed with Effexor and Buspar for anxiety before switching to Lexapro and Abilify in 2020...Patient's Abilify was initially reduced to 5mg daily, Requip 1mg nightly for RLS and Concerta 54mg daily for ADHD...Management includes tapering off antipsychotics, switching medications, or using anticholinergics like Benztropine or Trihexiphenidyl. ß-blockers may also provide relief. Further research is necessary to better understand and treat Rabbit syndrome."

Preclinical • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Infectious Disease • Mood Disorders • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry • DRD2

Abuse of Over-the-Counter Medications a Case Series Including Recommendations for Treatment (APA 2025) - "Psychiatry recommended olanzapine and quetiapine as needed for agitation. Home medications, valproic acid and donepezil, were resumed...of the cases utilized a taper which was limited to or included DPH, while others made use of other anticholinergic medications including benztropine. Benzodiazepines as well as clonidine were used to attenuate the responses of the central nervous system. Nine cases of DPH abuse are summarized in the table. Only adults who misused oral DPH were included. Taper range varied from "a few" days to 126 days."

Clinical • Acute Kidney Injury • Anemia • Anesthesia • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Depression • Diabetes • Dyslipidemia • Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome • Hematological Disorders • Hypertension • Major Depressive Disorder • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Nephrology • Pain • Psychiatry • Renal Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • Urinary Incontinence • Urology

Potential Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of a Pineal Mass in an Adolescent (APA 2025) - "Upon admission to the hospital, her home regimen of Depakote 250mg BID, Olanzapine 5mg QHS, and Sertraline 75mg daily was restarted...Ultimately, our patient was discharged on a haloperidol injection, benztropine 2mg PO Q12H and melatonin...Approximately two months after discharge, patient was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility, at which time clozapine was started, leading to orthostatic hypotension, as well as lithium, which is believed to have helped the suicidal thoughts and cutting behaviors...Patient continues follow-up care to continue the investigation of her pineal mass and subsequent neuropsychiatric symptoms. Overall, it is crucial to highlight the importance and utility of completing a medical work–up, especially in the pediatric population, in the setting of new and/or worsening neuropsychiatric symptoms."

CNS Disorders • Depression • General Anxiety Disorder • Hypotension • Immunology • Insomnia • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Oncology • Pediatrics • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder • Suicidal Ideation

Withdrawal-Emergent Dyskinesias: A Literature Review and Clinical Case Analysis (APA 2025) - "Additionally, this review integrates data from a clinical case of a 64-year-old man with schizoaffective disorder who developed withdrawal-emergent dyskinesias following abrupt discontinuation of clozapine and aripiprazole...In the presented case, dyskinetic movements resolved with reinitiation and slower tapering of antipsychotics, along with benzodiazepine and benztropine treatment... Withdrawal-emergent dyskinesias are a clinically significant phenomenon requiring further research to establish best practices for prevention and management. This review outlines and highlights the importance of cautious antipsychotic withdrawal protocols and contributes to the evolving understanding of this under-recognized complication. Optimizing tapering guidelines and developing targeted therapies are discussed."

Clinical • Review • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

The Association Between Psychotropic Medications and Cognitive Functioning in a Real-World Cohort of 869 Individuals with Schizophrenia. (PubMed, Schizophr Bull) - "Prescribers may consider minimizing doses and limiting the administration of combinations of the identified medications. Interventions should be further developed for people with schizophrenia to improve their cognitive functioning and quality of life."

Journal • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Dabigatran Combined With Benztropine Ameliorates Cobalt Chloride-Induced Parkinsonism in Rats, Restores Protease-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1), and Mitigates Oxidative Stress. (PubMed, Cureus) - "BM+DE offers a therapeutic potential for parkinsonism triggered by chronic exposure to CoCl2. The implication of thrombin-related factors and oxidative stress in the modulation of the dopaminergic-adenosinergic crosstalk is plausible."

Journal • Preclinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • EDN1

Repurposed Drugs to Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Derived from Adult Rat Adipose Tissue. (PubMed, Cells) - "We report that kainate, benztropine, miconazole, clobetasol, and baclofen promote in vitro iOPCs migration, differentiation, and ensheathing abilities through mechanisms similar to those observed in rat neural stem cell-derived OPCs. This research supports the potential use of iOPCs as they provide an alternative and reliable cell source for testing the effects of in vitro promyelinating repurposed drugs and for assessing the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases."

Journal • Preclinical • Solid Tumor • OLIG2 • SOX10

Network based approach for drug target identification in early onset Parkinson's disease. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Notably, shared pathway analysis shows that prioritized drugs such as Amantadine, Apomorphine, Atropine, Benztropine, Biperiden, Bromocriptine, Cabergoline, Carbidopa, and Citalopram, currently used for other conditions, interact with key EOPD-associated diagnostic markers, suggesting their potential for drug repurposing. The constructed functional network's validity is reinforced by statistically significant drug-target pairs. The findings provide new insights into EOPD drug mechanisms and identify promising therapeutic candidates, potentially leading to more effective, personalized treatment approaches for EOPD patients."

Biomarker • Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • APOA1 • BDNF • PTK2B

Acute dystonia following the two-injection start of aripiprazole once-monthly. (PubMed, BMJ Case Rep) - "The ADR occurred two times within 3 weeks of the two-injection start and was effectively treated with benztropine each time. The two-injection start of AOM has been approved by regulatory bodies on the basis of population pharmacokinetic modelling. Our case may, therefore, identify a new safety concern with this alternative initiation option that was not captured in the modelling."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Infectious Disease • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Different Cerebral Lesions with Generalized 3 Hz Spike-waves: Three Case Reports and Literature Review (AES 2024) - "Oral administration of Benztropine for seizure control proved ineffective, leading to a switch to Carbamazepine which resulted in symptom improvement...Postoperatively, therapy with sodium valproate was initiated resulting in an Engel classification II three years post-surgery; he was seizure free after reintroduction of Carbamazepine with an Engel classification I.Case 3: The female patient, aged 6, experienced an abrupt fall with subsequent left-sided weakness and myoclonus in her left lower limb, without loss of consciousness. She received a diagnosis of epilepsy and was prescribed oxcarbazepine for treatment...Her medication was switched to levetiracetam. There may be clinical heterogeneity in the EEG pattern of generalized SW, and attention should be paid to whether there is a focal origin.The frontal and parietal lobe may be involved in the process of 3HZ SW formation"

Case report • Clinical • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Fatigue • Movement Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis