Cefotaxima / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Stabilizing features of cefotaximase harbouring plasmids enable persistence in UK livestock. (PubMed, Microb Genom) - "Overall, our results indicate that IncI1/bla CTX-M-1 plasmids carry genes promoting their maintenance in host E. coli and encode several genes that may enhance their fitness. Therefore, these plasmids may play an important role in the persistence of ESC resistance in E. coli isolated from One-Health compartments, despite nationwide reductions in cephalosporin usage in both humans and livestock."

Journal

Molecular detection of CTX-M ESBL-encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolated from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya markets. (PubMed, Open Vet J) - "The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains, particularly those carrying cefotaximase (CTX-M) genes, poses a significant One Health concern...The CTX-M gene was then detected in aztreonam (ATM)-resistant isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)...High resistance to ciprofloxacin (50%), tetracycline (33.67%), and ATM (20.4%) was observed...The high prevalence of E. coli and the detection of CTX-M-positive isolates indicate that traditional markets may act as reservoirs of ESBL-producing bacteria in quails. These findings underscore the need for strengthened AMR surveillance, improved hygiene practices, and One Health-oriented interventions along the quail production and distribution chain."

Journal

Characterization of GUA-1, a chromosomally encoded ESBL from Pseudomonas guariconensis-like. (PubMed, Antimicrob Agents Chemother) - "Heterologous expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli revealed a clavulanic-acid-inhibited cefotaximase-type ESBL...Molecular modeling supported these findings, showing favorable binding of cefotaxime in the active site, whereas steric hindrance from Trp274 and electrostatic repulsion from Asp240 likely prevent ceftazidime binding...5' RACE experiments suggested that the blaGUA-1 gene is co-transcribed along with the Na+/H gene. Overall, this study highlights the diversity of β-lactamases within Pseudomonas species."

Journal

When the meningitis-encephalitis panel is negative: off-label joint infection PCR detects CTX-M ESBL-producing Proteus mirabilis in adult meningoencephalitis. (PubMed, BMC Infect Dis) - "The assay identified Proteus mirabilis harboring a cefotaximase-Munich (CTX-M)-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance determinant. Based on this result, antimicrobial therapy was escalated from ceftriaxone-based empiric treatment to meropenem prior to availability of phenotypic susceptibility data...Further studies are required to evaluate the diagnostic performance and clinical impact of such approaches. Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient's next of kin, and the study was conducted in accordance with institutional and ethical standards.Clinical trial number Not applicable."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Septic Shock

Dynamic signature of activity-stability tradeoff in lactamase evolution. (PubMed, Nat Commun) - "During the evolution of cefotaxime resistance, the initial mutation reorganizes the active site, introducing a new function conformation. Stability defects associated with initial mutations are not evenly disseminated but are clustered at specific distal scaffold elements. The capacity of mutants to independently modulate the populations of individual active site walls and scaffold regions through narrow residue networks, produces conformational epistasis and a combinatorial set of cefotaximase states, which enables local compensation of scaffold defects."

Journal

Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in South Korea: A Korean Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System Report. (PubMed, Ann Lab Med) - "Cefotaximase (CTX-M) enzymes are the most common and highly diverse ESBL family in E. coli...Among 9,232 E. coli blood isolates, resistance rates to cefotaxime and ceftazidime were 36.4% and 11.4%, respectively...ST131, ST648, ST405, and ST410 cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates frequently harbored blaCTX-M-15, whereas ST1193 and ST68 showed a high proportion of blaCTX-M-27 carriers, and most ST457 and ST5150 isolates carried blaCTX-M-55. Continuous monitoring of ESBL-producing E. coli is required to prevent further dissemination, guide empirical therapy, inform infection control policies, and ensure early detection of multidrug-resistant clones with the potential for widespread transmission."

Journal • Critical care • Infectious Disease

Evaluation of the NG-Test® CTX-M MULTI lateral flow immunoassay and genomic discovery of a blaCTX-M-27 variant with a premature stop codon. (PubMed, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis) - "CTX-M LFA improved performance in comparison with molecular methods by accurately identifying an isolate with a prematurely truncated protein as a true-negative for CTX-M. This highlights potential limitations of molecular-based resistance detection. CTX-M LFA was simple to perform and yielded results within 15 minutes."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Mutation Bias Influences Adaptive Evolution, Even at Large Population Sizes (ASM Microbe 2025) - "To address this, we evolve two Escherichia coli strains with distinct mutational biases to doubling concentrations of the antibiotic cefotaxime, over a range of effective population sizes, and profiled the resistance alleles that fixed. Crucially, both strains contain the clinically relevant beta-lactamase TEM-1, and only one mutator elevates first step mutations that increase cefotaximase activity...We found extensive differences in resistances to other antibiotics as well, having implications for antibiotic combination treatments in clinical settings. This work shows that mutational biases can play an outsized role in evolution, and must be integrated into current evolutionary thinking in order to be able to anticipate evolutionary trajectories in adapting populations"

Clinical

Rapid screening of cefotaxime resistance in Escherichia coli isolates by liquid chromatography with absorbance detection. (PubMed, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci) - "We demonstrate that liquid chromatography (LC) with diode-array absorbance detection (DAD) accurately diagnoses antimicrobial resistance by measuring cefotaxime recovery following incubation with bacterial isolates either positive or negative for the cefotaximase (CTX-M) family of serine-β-lactamases. Additionally, the optical absorption measurement is fully compatible with microfluidic platforms, suggesting the development of low-cost, high-throughput sensors based on this measurement principle is possible. We conclude LC-DAD is suitable and reliable to determine the cefotaxime resistance status of E. coli isolates with a turn-around time of only 1-2 h."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Comparative Study of Noncatheterized and Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections by ESBL-Producing Gram-Negative Bacilli in an Urban Tertiary-Care Center, Salem, Tamil Nadu. (PubMed, J Pharm Bioallied Sci) - "Out of 21 ESBL isolates, 47.62% had cefotaximase M (CTX-M) gene, while 4.76% had sulfhydril variant (SHV) and oxacillinase (OXA) 10/11 genes. Coproduction of CTX-M and SHV was observed. The study reveals multiple ESBL genes co-expression in clinical isolates from catheterized and noncatheterized patients, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring and antibiotic policy development."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Nephrology

Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated From a Patient in a Midwestern U.S. Hospital With a History of Indian Travel: Therapeutic Strategies and Clinical Outcomes. (PubMed, Case Rep Infect Dis) - "Here, we present a case of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) which is unique due to the rarity of multiple mechanisms of resistance within the Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM), oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48)-like, and cefotaximase (CTX-M) resistance genes, detected in a patient following an international travel. This case demonstrates the need for a multidisciplinary approach to optimize the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms."

Clinical data • Journal • Infectious Disease • Pneumonia

Genotyping and antimicrobial resistance profile of ESKAPE pathogens from a tertiary care hospital in Jammu & Kashmir, India. (PubMed, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis) - "Screening for β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M-15) revealed that 32.5 % of isolates carried the TEM gene (Temoniera), 36.87 % had the CTX-M-15 gene (CefoTaXimase-Munich), and 20.62 % harboured SHV variants (Sulfhydryl Variable)...To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence of ESBL genes in ESKAPE pathogens of this region. Further, this study underscores the critical need for enhanced surveillance and targeted antimicrobial stewardship programs to address the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance in hospital settings."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Pneumonia

High Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Cloacal Enterococci and Escherichia coli from Free-Living Dalmatian and Great White Pelicans with Detection of Cefotaximase CTX-M-15 Producing Escherichia coli ST69. (PubMed, Antibiotics (Basel)) - "Furthermore, it is imperative to study the potential impacts of ESBL-E. coli on the endangered DP further."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Influenza • Respiratory Diseases

Antimicrobial resistant Enterobacterales of clinical importance in mute swans. (PubMed, Sci Total Environ) - "Samples were swabbed directly onto agars to select for carbapenem resistant, Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, ciprofloxacin resistant and colistin resistant bacteria. Isolates identified by MALDI-TOF as Enterobacterales were tested for susceptibility to a panel of 16 antimicrobials and real-time PCR was employed to detect cefotaximase and carbapenemase genes (CRGs)...Three E. coli isolates were phenotypically ertapenem resistant, one of which was an ST4450 isolate which carried plasmid encoded blaOXA-181 and blaCMY-141 with blaCTX-M-15 identified chromosomally...Bioinformatic analysis revealed high-risk pathogenic ESBL E. coli clones including ST38 (n = 3), ST69 (n = 3), and ST131 (n = 2). The study indicates mute swans are a reservoir for drug-resistant Enterobacterales and ARGs of clinical importance and may be a useful sentinel species for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in wildlife."

Journal

Emergence and Genetic Characterization of KLUC-3 Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli ST95 High-Risk Clone Causing Nosocomial Infection in Japan. (PubMed, J Glob Antimicrob Resist) - "This is the first case of nosocomial transmission of KLUC-3 producers outside China. The blaKLUC-3 emergence in the virulent pandemic lineage ST95 is a public health problem highlighting the need for further investigations to prevent its potential dissemination."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Pediatrics

Is It Time to Start Worrying? A Comprehensive Report on the Three-Year Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Bacteria and Their Trends in Antibiotic Resistance from the Largest University Hospital in Slovakia. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "These findings highlight the need for ongoing surveillance of ESBL-producing bacteria and underscore challenges in managing antibiotic resistance due to limited efficacy of last-resort treatments. The unique phenotypical distribution observed could impact local resistance management strategies in hospital settings in the coming years."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Pneumonia

Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales isolated from fresh herbs and salads at retail level in Switzerland. (PubMed, J Food Prot) - "(n=1) carrying ß-lactamase (bla) genes belonging to the cefotaximase-München (blaCTX-M)-groups, Proteus spp...cloacae (ST820 and ST1516) with blaIMI-1 have been found previously in clinical settings and community outbreaks. The occurrence and consumption of fresh produce containing MDR ESBL-E and CPE pose substantial public health risks and raise significant food safety concerns."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Pneumonia

Prevalence and characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales among inpatients and outpatients in Skikda, Algeria. (PubMed, J Infect Dev Ctries) - "This research highlights the rising prevalence of carbapenemases NDM-1 and NDM-5 among inpatients and outpatients and supports the notion that OXA-48 is becoming increasingly widespread beyond Algerian hospitals."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Pneumonia

Identification of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli from subclinical mastitis milk in dairy cows and goats, East Java Province. (PubMed, Vet Med (Praha)) - "Gene resistance of E. coli was tested using the multiplex-PCR (mPCR) technique with primers encoding the genes temoneira enzyme (TEM), oxacillinase (OXA), sulfhydryl variable (SHV), and cefotaximase-munich IV (CTX-M IV)...The resistance genes were found in samples originating from Blitar, Banyuwangi, Lumajang, and Pasuruan Regencies. This research implies that antibiotic-resistance genes found in E. coli on certain farms are dangerous and may allow gene transmission to other bacteria that make treatment for mastitis or other bacterial infections ineffective."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Genomic characterization of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing species of Morganellaceae, Yersiniaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae (other than Klebsiella) from Brazil over 2013-2022. (PubMed, Microbiol Immunol) - "Isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases were common: cefotaximase from Munich (CTX-M)-15 (n = 10), CTX-M-2 (n = 4), and CTX-M-8 (n = 3) were detected, and the mcr-1-producing E. coli was found to co-produce both CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-55 β-lactamases...This study showed that NDM-producing Enterobacterales other than Klebsiella are already spread in Brazil, in diversified species, and cocarrying important resistance genes. Prompt detection and effective implementation of measures to prevent further spread are mandatory for mitigating the dissemination of NDM carbapenemase in hospital settings and preserving the already limited antimicrobial therapy options."

Journal

Coexistence Of Blaoxa-48, Blavim, And Blashv Genes In Klebsiella Pneumoniae And Escherichia Coli Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections: Microbiological And Epidemiological Analysis. (PubMed, J Pak Med Assoc) - "There was evidence of the coexistence of bla- oxacillinase-48, bla-Verona integron-encoded metallo beta lactamase and bla-sulfhydryl variable genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates from mixed urinary tract infection samples."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Nephrology • Pneumonia • Respiratory Diseases

Extended Spectrum ß-lactamase Mobile Gene Encoded Variants CTX-M, TEM, SHV, AmpC and FOX among Serratia marcescens, Ile- Ife South Western Nigeria (ASM Microbe 2023) - "They were cultured on sorbitol Mcconkey agar infused with 200U/ml of colistin for the selective isolation of Serratia species...Serratia marcescens showed great susceptibility to meropenem (100%), ofloxacin (100%), ciprofloxacin (90.5 %) and gentamicin (84.6 %), and total (100 %) resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ampicillin and augmentin...The incidence of ampicillinase (AmpC), cefoxitin variant (FOX-1) ampicillinase, cefotaximase (CTX-M), sulphyhydryl variable (SHV), and temoniera (TEM) beta lactamase resistance genes among Serratia marcescens were 15.4 %, 0.0 %, 53.9 %, 38.5 % and 15.4 % respectively...The study concluded that occurrence of multidrug resistant S. marcescens pose a public health threat in the study area considering their carbapenemase production and carriage of various resistance genes. The expression and co-carriage of resistance genes makes these isolates potential resistance-genes donor to other microorganisms."

Faecal carriage of ESBL producing and colistin resistant Escherichia coli in avian species over a 2-year period (2017-2019) in Zimbabwe. (PubMed, Front Cell Infect Microbiol) - "The ESBL phenotype was linked to the presence of either cefotaximase-Munich-14 (CTX-M-14) or CTX-M-79. The detection of several ARGs highlights the importance of implementing enhanced control measures to limit the spread in animals, environment, and humans. This is the first report of mcr-1 in Zimbabwe, which further underscores the importance of the One Health approach to control the spread and development of AMR."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Co-existence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases bla and bla genes in Salmonella species isolated from febrile and diarrhoeagenic patients in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. (PubMed, Eur J Med Res) - "This study is considered the first report of bla and bla variants in Salmonella species in Nigeria. The continued existence of cefotaximase (CTX-M)-producing Salmonella within our environment calls for the prudent use of cephalosporins."

Journal • Observational data • Infectious Disease

Antibiotic susceptibility profiles and detection of genes mediating extended-spectrum β-lactamase (Esbl) production in escherichia coli isolates from National Hospital, Abuja. (PubMed, Niger J Clin Pract) - "Meropenem, fosfomycin, and tigecycline demonstrated excellent activities against all isolates: of the 400 isolates, 392 (98%), 386 (96.5%), and 362 (90.5%) were susceptible, respectively. Similarly, 358 (89.5%) were susceptible to amikacin, 323 (80.3%) nitrofurantoin, 281 (70.3%) ceftazidime, and 279 (69.8%) cefotaxime. A total of 271 (67.8%), 219 (54.8%), and 208 (52.0%) were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacillin, and gentamicin, respectively. However, all the isolates were resistant to ampicillin...Of the 121 phenotypically detected ESBL isolates, 119 (98.3%) harbored genes mediating the production of Cefotaximase- Munich (CTX-M), Temoniera (TEM) or Sulfhydryl Variable (SHV) enzymes...bla is the predominant type of ESBL gene among E. coli. A high proportion of the ESBL-producing isolates expressed a combination of two or three genes together."

Journal • Infectious Disease