flupentixol / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Unsupervised Graph Clustering Reveals a Clinical Taxonomy of Antipsychotics (APA 2025) - "Cluster 1 contained Aripiprazole, Brexpiprazole, Cariprazine, Lurasidone, Sertindole, and Ziprasidone, and was characterized by an excellent side-effect profile but also with the lowest efficacy. Cluster 2 contained Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Loxapine, Molindone, Perphenazine, and Thiothixene, and showed strong efficacy in positive symptoms, but also had a high-risk for EPS, QTc prolongation and seizures. Cluster 3 contained Clozapine, Iloperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Thioridazine, and Zotepine, and showed strong overall efficacy but carried the highest risk for sedation and metabolic side effects. Cluster 4 contained Amisulpride, Asenapine, Paliperidone, Risperidone, and Sulpride, and showed excellent positive and negative symptom efficacy but carried the highest risk of hyperprolactinemia. Cluster 5 contained Flupentixol, Fluphenazine, Pimozide, and Trifluoperazine and showed the lowest efficacy with a high risk of causing EPS. Conclusion Despite traditional..."

Clinical • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Hypotension • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

A Multi-estuary assessment of pharmaceutical exposure and risk of pharmacological effects in a recreational fishery. (PubMed, Environ Toxicol Chem) - "Of the 17 pharmaceuticals detected, five were observed at concentrations above the 1/3rd HTPC, with a psychoactive pharmaceutical (flupentixol) showing the highest pharmacological risk...Pharmacological risk was highest on the west coast of Florida, and in both large and densely-populated watersheds, as well as small and sparsely populated ones. Our findings highlight the need expand beyond documenting occurrence to estimating toxicological risk, the value of assessing internal concentrations in wild biota, and the importance of expanding the diversity of biota used in pharmaceutical studies to account for pharmacological effects in conservation and management actions, such as recreational fisheries."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Pain

Exploring the factors and outcomes of clozapine discontinuation in India: A retrospective analysis. (PubMed, Asian J Psychiatr) - "These results align with previous studies, showing that adverse effects and inadequate response are prominent reasons for clozapine discontinuation and demonstrate the possibility of clozapine retrial in selected patients. Managing adverse effects might result in improvement, at least to a mild degree. Clozapine discontinuation can be avoided in a cohort with non-serious adverse effects, given the superiority of clozapine in resistant schizophrenia."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Addition of long-acting injectable antipsychotics during manic episodes in bipolar disorder: A retrospective analysis of rehospitalizations. (PubMed, J Affect Disord) - "Our findings suggest that the addition of LAIs for bipolar mania during acute inpatient treatment is associated with reduced rehospitalizations, particularly among patients with recurrent hospitalizations, making it a valuable option. However, the lack of outpatient prescription data limits our ability to further substantiate this concept, warranting future research."

Journal • Retrospective data • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Unraveling the Molecular Architecture of Mosquito D1-Like Dopamine Receptors: Insights Into Ligand Binding and Structural Dynamics for Insecticide Development. (PubMed, Proteins) - "The binding energy of dopamine is observed to be ~2-3 kcal/mol higher than that of the antagonist molecules amitriptyline, asenapine, and flupenthixol in mosquito DARs. These antagonist molecules bind to EBP, which obstructs dopamine movement toward the active site, thereby inhibiting signal transduction. Our findings elucidate the molecular architecture of the binding pockets and the versatility of DARs in accommodating diverse ligands, providing a foundational framework for future drug and insecticide development."

Journal

Aversive social learning with a dead conspecific is achieved by Pavlovian conditioning in crickets. (PubMed, Neurobiol Learn Mem) - "Injection of a dopamine receptor antagonist (flupentixol) before training or testing impaired the learning or execution of the response to the learned odor, as we reported in aversive non-social Pavlovian conditioning in crickets...In addition, we previously suggested that appetitive social learning with a living conspecific is based on second-order conditioning (SOC), and here we showed that SOC is achieved when crickets experienced pairing of a dead conspecific with water reward before experiencing social learning training with a dead conspecific. We conclude that social learning with a dead conspecific is based on Pavlovian conditioning and that this learning can be extended to second-order social learning."

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The new paradigm of clozapine: Insights from clinical experience (ECNP 2024) - "However, it was often combined with benzodiazepines in 18.84% of cases, lorazepam being the most common choice (14.49%, mean dose = 2.05 mg, SD=±0.89).From 2022 to 2023, there were 356 schizophrenia admissions, with 72 patients receiving clozapine treatment.Of 72 cases, 27.78% patients were males, mean age was 49.125 years (S.D...Aripiprazole was the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic associated with clozapine, representing 6.94% of cases, followed by amisulpride and flupentixol (4.17% each) and by risperidone (2.78%).Another finding observed in this study was the utilization of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI) alongside clozapine...In 4,17% of cases, Flupentixol was used, and the same percentage was associated with Aripiprazole LAI...Clozapine, long acknowledged as the gold standard for monotherapy in such cases, is now increasingly being used in combination with other antipsychotics medications. This change highlights the importance of exploring..."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Lost in apathy: unveiling avolition in long-acting neuroleptic use (ECNP 2024) - "This patient had been undergoing monthly flupentixol injections as part of her maintenance therapy regimen following the resolution of a suspected micropsychotic episode... The manifestation of iatrogenic avolitive syndrome underscores a significant adverse consequence associated with the protracted use of neuroleptic medications, necessitating thorough investigation and clinical attention, especially among individuals grappling with personality disorders. Early recognition coupled with the implementation of personalized intervention strategies is crucial in mitigating functional impairment and optimizing treatment efficacy."

Borderline Personality Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Personality Disorder • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Striatal astrocytes gate the intrastriatal shift underlying the development of incentive heroin seeking habits in a sex-dependent manner (ECNP 2024) - "We then probed the time course of the emergence of the reliance of cue-controlled heroin seeking on the aDLS dopamine-dependent habit system by assessing the extent to which it is decreased by intra-aDLS infusions of the dopamine receptor antagonist a-flupentixol at early- and late-stage of training.In the control rats of both sexes, aDLS dopamine receptor blockade decreased cue-controlled heroin seeking in late- but not early-stage of training, recapitulating in males and extending to females our previous finding that devolvement to the dopamine-dependent aDLS control of heroin seeking emerges after at least two weeks2...These findings present compelling evidence that NAcC astrocytes gate the intrastriatal shift that underlies the development of aDLS dopamine-dependent incentive heroin seeking using different mechanisms in females and males. Future experiments will explore how biological sex and oestrogen-astrocyte interactions influence how these viral interventions..."

CNS Disorders

Using in silico methods to determine optimal tapering regimens for decanoate-based long-acting injectable psychosis drugs. (PubMed, Ther Adv Psychopharmacol) - "We aimed to apply hyperbolic principles of tapering to the decanoate-based LIDAs flupentixol, zuclopenthixol and haloperidol to develop withdrawal regimens. Reduction to the point of full discontinuation can only be achieved by switching to oral therapy to complete the taper. These results are limited by the in silico and theoretical nature of the study, and there is a need to confirm these findings through real-world observational and interventional studies."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry

Dopamine and Norepinephrine Differentially Mediate the Exploration-exploitation Tradeoff. (PubMed, J Neurosci) - "We systemically administered a nonselective DA antagonist (flupenthixol), a nonselective DA agonist (apomorphine), a NE beta-receptor antagonist (propranolol), and a NE beta-receptor agonist (isoproterenol), and examined changes in exploration within subjects across sessions. This study examines the role of dopamine and norepinephrine on the explore-exploit tradeoff. By testing mice, we were able to compare multiple pharmacological agents within subjects, and examine sources of individual differences, allowing direct comparison between the effects of these two catecholamines in modulating decision making."

Journal • Psychiatry

Disruption of positive- and negative-feature morphine interoceptive occasion setters by dopamine receptor agonism and antagonism in male and female rats. (PubMed, Psychopharmacology (Berl)) - "Our findings lend support to a mechanism of occasion setting involving gating of CS-induced dopamine release rather than by direct dopaminergic modulation by the morphine stimulus."

Journal • Preclinical • Pain

The impact of fluphenazine withdrawal: a mirror-image study. (PubMed, Ir J Psychol Med) - "The withdrawal of fluphenazine was associated with increased relapse rate in individuals previously demonstrating stability of their psychotic disorder. While acknowledging the limitation of small sample size, preliminary evidence from this study suggests that treatment with the first-generation antipsychotic (FGA) flupenthixol was associated with a lower risk of relapse compared to SGAs. Reasons for this lower risk of relapse are not fully clear but could be related to dopamine hypersensitivity with this treatment change."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Physiological specialization of the brain in bumble bee castes: Roles of dopamine in mating-related behaviors in female bumble bees. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "Dopamine significantly enhanced locomotor and flight activities in 7-9-day-old workers, whereas the dopamine receptor antagonist flupentixol inhibited flight activity and mating acceptance in same-aged gynes. These results suggest that dopamine plays important roles in gyne-specific behavior in bumble bees and has a common dopaminergic function in female eusocial bees."

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Changes in clozapine dose and concomitant medication - a 10-year comparative study (EPA 2024) - "Antipsychotics used in combination with clozapine were both oral (risperidone, amisulpride, quetiapine, aripiprazole) and long-acting injectable (aripiprazole, risperidone, paliperidone, flupentixol decanoate). Clozapine remains the drug of choice in treatment-resistant schizophrenia even after 10 years, but its mode of administration has changed over time. While the doses of clozapine used have decreased, the percentage of patients receiving concomitant treatment has doubled.Although some side effects of clozapine are dose-dependent, lowering doses and combining with other adjuvant treatment is not always a better option, as polypragmacy and possible adverse effects combined can lead to reduced adherence.The decision to increase the dose of clozapine or to use concomitant (combination) treatment depends on individual factors, including the patient's clinical condition, response to treatment, and the assessment of potential risks and benefits."

CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

A Naturalistic, Non-interventional Investigation of the Clinical and Sociodemographic Characteristics and Prescription Patterns in Patients With Psychotic Disorders at a Tertiary Care Facility in South Asia. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Olanzapine was prescribed as an antipsychotic the most frequently (132, 66%), followed by clozapine (75, 37.5%). Haloperidol (41, 20.5%), trifluoperazine (3, 1.5%), loxapine (1, 0.5%), and flupenthixol depot (1, 0.5%) were the most commonly prescribed typical antipsychotics. 91% (181/200) of patients received prescriptions for other drugs in addition to antipsychotics. Trihexyphenidyl (45%), escitalopram (30%), clonazepam (26.5%), sodium valproate (10%), propranolol (10.5%), and modafinil (9.5%) were the most frequently prescribed concurrent medicines. Forty-eight percent (95/200) of prescriptions demonstrated polypharmacy...Atypical antipsychotics accounted for the majority of antipsychotic prescriptions in the current study. In this study, a high prevalence of polypharmacy was noted."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Dopamine depletion alters neuroplasticity-related signaling in the rat hippocampus. (PubMed, Anim Cells Syst (Seoul)) - "To extend these findings, in vitro experiments were conducted on primary hippocampal neurons exposed to DA and/or the active D1/D2 DA receptor antagonist, flupentixol (Flux). DA inhibited the constitutive phosphorylation of ERK, Akt, GSK3, and CREB, while Flux restored these phosphorylation levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that DA depletion triggers an increase in plasticity-related signaling in the hippocampus, suggesting a possible compensatory mechanism that promotes activity-independent neuroplasticity following DA depletion."

Journal • Preclinical

Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance. (PubMed, Eur J Neurosci) - "Behavior in both task variations was substantially impacted following microinfusion of the dopamine antagonist, flupenthixol, into nucleus accumbens core (NAc) or dorsomedial striatum (DMS), with impairments in sequence timing and numbers of rewards earned after NAc flupenthixol...There was no impact of dopamine antagonism or reversible inactivation of dorsolateral striatum on either cued or uncued action sequence completion. These results highlight an essential contribution of NAc and DMS dopamine systems in motivational and performance aspects of chains of actions, whether cued or internally generated, as well as the impact of intact NAc and DMS function for correct sequence performance."

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Dopamine Mediates Exploration via Decision Noise and Encodes State-Based Learning (ACNP 2023) - "Here, to examine how dopamine modulate exploration, we first pharmacologically up- and down-regulated dopamine receptor activity with a nonselective DA receptor antagonist (flupenthixol) and a nonselective DA receptor agonist (apomorphine) while mice ran a restless bandit task, which encourages balance between exploration and exploitation, and examined how the manipulation affected the level of exploration... In two experiments, we used a combination of pharmacological manipulation, in vivo neural recording and computational models to examine the role of dopamine in modulating exploration. We found a bidirectional modulatory effect of dopamine on exploration: increasing dopamine receptor activity decreased exploratory choices and decreasing dopamine receptor activity increased exploratory choices. With neural recording, we discovered elevated reward learning encoded by dopamine signals during exploration, suggested by the more pronounced dopamine transmission in response..."

CNS Disorders

Paroxysmal Perceptual Alterations in Response to Flupentixol. (PubMed, J Clin Psychopharmacol) - No abstract available

Journal

Indirect pathway spiny projection neuron excitability is increased in the dorsolateral striatum after protracted abstinence from methamphetamine self-administration in female but not male mice (Neuroscience 2023) - "For example, inactivation with baclofen/muscimol (Rubio et al. , J Neurosci, 35:5625, 2015) and non-selective dopamine receptor antagonism with -flupenthixol (Vandershuren et al...These data indicate that meth self-administration results in sex-specific and abstinence-dependent hyperexcitability of DLS iSPNs. Further study is necessary to examine the behavioral consequences of meth induced changes in iSPN function."

Preclinical • CNS Disorders • DRD2

Astrocyte calcium activity improves motor function in Parkinson's disease. (Neuroscience 2023) - "We forced animals to locomote under two forms of DA reduction (6-OHDA and flupenthixol administration)...Chemogenetic activation of astrocytes in 6-OHDA lesioned animals increased open field locomotion compared to control conditions. Taken together, our data suggest that astrocytes are important endogenous neuromodulators of movement-related dorsal striatal circuits, and represent a potential therapeutic target for the motor symptoms of PD."

CNS Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Potential benefits of combining two long-acting injectable antipsychotic: a retrospective study. (PubMed, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci) - "The use of dual LAIA instead of oral antipsychotics or single LAIA in chronic psychotic patients with poor social support and irregular medication use is thought to reduce hospitalization and related treatment costs and regularize medication use."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Patients on long-acting injectable antipsychotic therapy in Baixo Alentejo, Portugal, in 2021 - first transversal observation, of a cohort study (ECNP 2023) - "The most used LAI was haloperidol – 114 (38.1%) , followed by zuclopenthixol – 86 (28.8%) ; risperidone – 32 (10.7%) ; paliperidone – 30 (10%) ; aripiprazole – 24 (8%) ; flupentixol – 3 (1%) . Almost 2/3 of the patients under LAI were receiving haloperidol or zuclopenthixol free-of-charge, which are first generation antipsychotics and usually not first line treatments. The reasons behind this fact are not clear. Further explanations could be given by accessing patients’ history of treatment with antipsychotics."

Clinical • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Paroxysmal Perceptual Alterations in Response to Flupentixol. (PubMed, J Clin Psychopharmacol) - No abstract available

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