flupentixol / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Evaluating the ciprofloxacin potentiation efficacy of repurposed drug flupentixol through efflux pump inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Molecular docking and simulation study targeted the efflux pump proteins NorA (PDB ID: 7LO8), MexA Protein (PDB ID: 6IOK), and AcrB (PDB ID: 4CDI), to investigate the efflux pump inhibiting capability of flupentixol. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the protein-flupentixol complex over 100 ns, supporting that flupentixol synergizes with ciprofloxacin by inhibiting the NorA efflux pump."

Journal • CRP

The differential reliance on multiple memory systems determines the habitual but not the compulsive nature of a coping response in male and female rats (Neuroscience 2025) - "The devolvement of control of the coping response, adaptive or compulsive, to the aDLS dopamine-dependent habit system was assessed by measuring the sensitivity of polydipsic/hyperdipsic drinking to intra-aDLS infusion of the dopamine receptor antagonist α-flupentixol...However, adjunctive drinking was sensitive to aDLS dopamine receptor blockade, and thus reliant on the neural locus of instrumental habits, in response but not in place learners. These findings suggest that individuals characterised by the tendency to utilise procedural-like memory are more likely to develop habitual control of instrumental coping responses, but this does not necessarily increase the vulnerability to develop compulsions."

Preclinical • CNS Disorders

Evolution of Utilization and Costs of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics (LAIs) in Outpatient Care at Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital (March-May 2022 vs. 2025) (ISPOR-EU 2025) - "This study aims to evaluate the evolution of utilization patterns and costs of LAIs at the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital, now part of the São José Local Health Unit, comparing data from March to May 2022 for the same period in 2025, and to identify pharmacoeconomic impacts related to prescription trends. Utilization data for haloperidol, flupentixol, zuclopentixol, aripiprazole, risperidone, and paliperidone were extracted from the hospital's medication management system and analyzed in Excel. There is a clear transition toward APILD-2G, potentially due to new formulations availability with better safety profiles and alignment with national and international guidelines prioritizing adherence and relapse prevention. It would be important to assess the impact of this utilization on clinical progression."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry

Bilateral temporomandibular joint dislocation secondary to acute dystonia induced by antipsychotic depot injection: a case report. (PubMed, AME Case Rep) - "A 39-year-old man with schizophrenia had been stable on regular intramuscular flupentixol decanoate (40 mg every four weeks)...Intravenous diazepam provided little relief, and manual reduction under conscious sedation failed due to severe dystonia...Timely recognition and management are essential to avoid airway risk, prolonged joint dysfunction, or misattribution to psychiatric pathology. It reinforces the need for multidisciplinary coordination between emergency medicine, psychiatry, and maxillofacial services."

Journal • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Real-world evidence analysis of oral and long-acting injectable antipsychotic treatment patterns among patients with schizophrenia in Germany (ECNP 2025) - "Olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine and aripiprazole were the most commonly prescribed OAs (17.7%, 16.8%, 15.2% and 11.6%, respectively), while paliperidone, aripiprazole, flupentixol and risperidone were the most commonly prescribed LAIs (5.7%, 2.3%, 2.1% and 1.8%, respectively)...Among OAs, olanzapine (n=1457) and ziprasidone (n=100) had the lowest proportion of discontinuations (36% and 26%, respectively), with patients treated with olanzapine, ziprasidone and aripiprazole remaining on treatment the longest (163, 162 and 155 days, respectively)... In this dataset from Germany, LAIs are less commonly prescribed than OAs, despite demonstrating better adherence and discontinuation outcomes. These findings are consistent with previous literature [1]. However, within OAs, some molecules exhibit more favourable outcomes than others."

Clinical • HEOR • Real-world • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Late-onset psychosis in an elderly patient: a diagnostic challenge between psychosis and dementia (ECNP 2025) - "Treatment/Management Multiple pharmacologic strategies were trialed: • Antidepressants: Sertraline, Mirtazapine.• Antipsychotics: Olanzapine, Risperidone, Quetiapine, Flupentixol, Amisulpride.• Anxiolytics/Sedatives: Lorazepam, Clonazepam, Zopiclone.• Procyclidine was used for EPSEs.• Supportive care included 1:1 nursing, nutrition support, and routine antibiotics for incidental infections.Clinical Course/Outcome Despite treatment, the patient remained significantly cognitively impaired and functionally dependent. The patient's abrupt decline and poor response to antipsychotics , combined with cognitive testing, led to a provisional diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia. ."

Clinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia • Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration • Psychiatry

Comparing the effects of different antipsychotics on cortical thickness (ECNP 2025) - " We compared the effects of clozapine, olanzapine, flupentixol, amisulpride and risperidone on cortical thickness. Antipsychotic medications have variable effects on cortical thickness. The use of clozapine, olanzapine or flupentixol appears to lead to cortical thinning that is somewhat similar to the pattern observed in the ENIGMA study. Low cerebral blood volume, and in the case of clozapine and olanzapine, high dopamine D2 levels may render brain regions susceptible to cortical thinning."

CNS Disorders • DRD2

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome in a Patient With Schizophrenia: A Case Report. (PubMed, Neuropsychopharmacol Rep) - "This case highlights ODS as a rare but critical differential diagnosis for severe EPS in schizophrenia, particularly when presenting with lead-pipe rigidity and pseudobulbar palsy. Greater awareness of this presentation can facilitate timely diagnosis and appropriate management, avoiding misattribution to antipsychotic-induced side effects that may result in long-term morbidity or mortality."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Cough • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Heart Failure • Psychiatry • Respiratory Diseases • Schizophrenia

Use of TLC and Computational Methods to Determine Lipophilicity Parameters of Selected Neuroleptics: Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Studies. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Aim: Taking into account the importance of this parameter, we aimed to assess and compare the utility of a hybrid procedure based on calculation methods and an experimental one for rapid and simple estimation of the lipophilicity of selected neuroleptics such as fluphenazine, triflupromazine, trifluoperazine, flupentixol and zuclopenthixol and their potential new derivatives. Our results provide a confident proposal of optimal chromatographic conditions to experimentally determine the lipophilicity of neuroleptic drugs, including new derivatives. Additionally, for the first time, the paper shows the application of selected topological indices in determining lipophilicity factors and other ADMET parameters of neuroleptics and, in the future, the newly synthesized quinoline derivatives of the studied compounds."

Journal

Correlations between receptor occupancy change and mental state in patients using long-acting injectable antipsychotics: MIDILIA pilot study. (PubMed, BJPsych Open) - "Our novel observational study design has been demonstrated to be feasible and practicable. Faster reductions in D2 occupancy may increase the risk of increased positive psychotic symptoms and irritability. Slower reductions may minimise this effect. Further recruitment is required before this can be confirmed."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry

Sexual dysfunctions related to use of antipsychotics: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "The antipsychotic medications of interest are amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, chlorpromazine, clopenthixol, clozapine, droperidol, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, haloperidol, iloperidone, levomepromazine, loxapine, lurasidone, molindone, olanzapine, paliperidone, penfluridol, perphenazine, perazine, pimozide, prochlorperazine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, thiothixene, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, ziprasidone, zuclopenthixol and zotepine. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and RoB 2.0 will be used to assess the risk of bias in studies. We will evaluate the quality of the evidence contributing to network estimates for the primary outcomes using the GRADE framework, and key factors that may affect the observed effects will be analysed for consistency across studies."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Sexual Disorders • PRL

Impact of Early Antipsychotic Prescription Choice on Weight Gain in the First 5 Years of Psychotic Illness: a Retrospective Cohort Study. (PubMed, Neurol Ther) - "Younger women were at elevated risk for weight gain as were people prescribed multiple antipsychotics in the 1st year. Some older antipsychotics associated with as much weight gain as the newer prescribed agents. More than 40% of people did not put on weight."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Obesity • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Unsupervised Graph Clustering Reveals a Clinical Taxonomy of Antipsychotics (APA 2025) - "Cluster 1 contained Aripiprazole, Brexpiprazole, Cariprazine, Lurasidone, Sertindole, and Ziprasidone, and was characterized by an excellent side-effect profile but also with the lowest efficacy. Cluster 2 contained Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Loxapine, Molindone, Perphenazine, and Thiothixene, and showed strong efficacy in positive symptoms, but also had a high-risk for EPS, QTc prolongation and seizures. Cluster 3 contained Clozapine, Iloperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Thioridazine, and Zotepine, and showed strong overall efficacy but carried the highest risk for sedation and metabolic side effects. Cluster 4 contained Amisulpride, Asenapine, Paliperidone, Risperidone, and Sulpride, and showed excellent positive and negative symptom efficacy but carried the highest risk of hyperprolactinemia. Cluster 5 contained Flupentixol, Fluphenazine, Pimozide, and Trifluoperazine and showed the lowest efficacy with a high risk of causing EPS. Conclusion Despite traditional..."

Clinical • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Hypotension • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

A Multi-estuary assessment of pharmaceutical exposure and risk of pharmacological effects in a recreational fishery. (PubMed, Environ Toxicol Chem) - "Of the 17 pharmaceuticals detected, five were observed at concentrations above the 1/3rd HTPC, with a psychoactive pharmaceutical (flupentixol) showing the highest pharmacological risk...Pharmacological risk was highest on the west coast of Florida, and in both large and densely-populated watersheds, as well as small and sparsely populated ones. Our findings highlight the need expand beyond documenting occurrence to estimating toxicological risk, the value of assessing internal concentrations in wild biota, and the importance of expanding the diversity of biota used in pharmaceutical studies to account for pharmacological effects in conservation and management actions, such as recreational fisheries."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Pain

Exploring the factors and outcomes of clozapine discontinuation in India: A retrospective analysis. (PubMed, Asian J Psychiatr) - "These results align with previous studies, showing that adverse effects and inadequate response are prominent reasons for clozapine discontinuation and demonstrate the possibility of clozapine retrial in selected patients. Managing adverse effects might result in improvement, at least to a mild degree. Clozapine discontinuation can be avoided in a cohort with non-serious adverse effects, given the superiority of clozapine in resistant schizophrenia."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Addition of long-acting injectable antipsychotics during manic episodes in bipolar disorder: A retrospective analysis of rehospitalizations. (PubMed, J Affect Disord) - "Our findings suggest that the addition of LAIs for bipolar mania during acute inpatient treatment is associated with reduced rehospitalizations, particularly among patients with recurrent hospitalizations, making it a valuable option. However, the lack of outpatient prescription data limits our ability to further substantiate this concept, warranting future research."

Journal • Retrospective data • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Unraveling the Molecular Architecture of Mosquito D1-Like Dopamine Receptors: Insights Into Ligand Binding and Structural Dynamics for Insecticide Development. (PubMed, Proteins) - "The binding energy of dopamine is observed to be ~2-3 kcal/mol higher than that of the antagonist molecules amitriptyline, asenapine, and flupenthixol in mosquito DARs. These antagonist molecules bind to EBP, which obstructs dopamine movement toward the active site, thereby inhibiting signal transduction. Our findings elucidate the molecular architecture of the binding pockets and the versatility of DARs in accommodating diverse ligands, providing a foundational framework for future drug and insecticide development."

Journal

Aversive social learning with a dead conspecific is achieved by Pavlovian conditioning in crickets. (PubMed, Neurobiol Learn Mem) - "Injection of a dopamine receptor antagonist (flupentixol) before training or testing impaired the learning or execution of the response to the learned odor, as we reported in aversive non-social Pavlovian conditioning in crickets...In addition, we previously suggested that appetitive social learning with a living conspecific is based on second-order conditioning (SOC), and here we showed that SOC is achieved when crickets experienced pairing of a dead conspecific with water reward before experiencing social learning training with a dead conspecific. We conclude that social learning with a dead conspecific is based on Pavlovian conditioning and that this learning can be extended to second-order social learning."

Journal

The new paradigm of clozapine: Insights from clinical experience (ECNP 2024) - "However, it was often combined with benzodiazepines in 18.84% of cases, lorazepam being the most common choice (14.49%, mean dose = 2.05 mg, SD=±0.89).From 2022 to 2023, there were 356 schizophrenia admissions, with 72 patients receiving clozapine treatment.Of 72 cases, 27.78% patients were males, mean age was 49.125 years (S.D...Aripiprazole was the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic associated with clozapine, representing 6.94% of cases, followed by amisulpride and flupentixol (4.17% each) and by risperidone (2.78%).Another finding observed in this study was the utilization of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI) alongside clozapine...In 4,17% of cases, Flupentixol was used, and the same percentage was associated with Aripiprazole LAI...Clozapine, long acknowledged as the gold standard for monotherapy in such cases, is now increasingly being used in combination with other antipsychotics medications. This change highlights the importance of exploring..."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Lost in apathy: unveiling avolition in long-acting neuroleptic use (ECNP 2024) - "This patient had been undergoing monthly flupentixol injections as part of her maintenance therapy regimen following the resolution of a suspected micropsychotic episode... The manifestation of iatrogenic avolitive syndrome underscores a significant adverse consequence associated with the protracted use of neuroleptic medications, necessitating thorough investigation and clinical attention, especially among individuals grappling with personality disorders. Early recognition coupled with the implementation of personalized intervention strategies is crucial in mitigating functional impairment and optimizing treatment efficacy."

Borderline Personality Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Personality Disorder • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Striatal astrocytes gate the intrastriatal shift underlying the development of incentive heroin seeking habits in a sex-dependent manner (ECNP 2024) - "We then probed the time course of the emergence of the reliance of cue-controlled heroin seeking on the aDLS dopamine-dependent habit system by assessing the extent to which it is decreased by intra-aDLS infusions of the dopamine receptor antagonist a-flupentixol at early- and late-stage of training.In the control rats of both sexes, aDLS dopamine receptor blockade decreased cue-controlled heroin seeking in late- but not early-stage of training, recapitulating in males and extending to females our previous finding that devolvement to the dopamine-dependent aDLS control of heroin seeking emerges after at least two weeks2...These findings present compelling evidence that NAcC astrocytes gate the intrastriatal shift that underlies the development of aDLS dopamine-dependent incentive heroin seeking using different mechanisms in females and males. Future experiments will explore how biological sex and oestrogen-astrocyte interactions influence how these viral interventions..."

CNS Disorders

Using in silico methods to determine optimal tapering regimens for decanoate-based long-acting injectable psychosis drugs. (PubMed, Ther Adv Psychopharmacol) - "We aimed to apply hyperbolic principles of tapering to the decanoate-based LIDAs flupentixol, zuclopenthixol and haloperidol to develop withdrawal regimens. Reduction to the point of full discontinuation can only be achieved by switching to oral therapy to complete the taper. These results are limited by the in silico and theoretical nature of the study, and there is a need to confirm these findings through real-world observational and interventional studies."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry

Dopamine and Norepinephrine Differentially Mediate the Exploration-exploitation Tradeoff. (PubMed, J Neurosci) - "We systemically administered a nonselective DA antagonist (flupenthixol), a nonselective DA agonist (apomorphine), a NE beta-receptor antagonist (propranolol), and a NE beta-receptor agonist (isoproterenol), and examined changes in exploration within subjects across sessions. This study examines the role of dopamine and norepinephrine on the explore-exploit tradeoff. By testing mice, we were able to compare multiple pharmacological agents within subjects, and examine sources of individual differences, allowing direct comparison between the effects of these two catecholamines in modulating decision making."

Journal • Psychiatry

Disruption of positive- and negative-feature morphine interoceptive occasion setters by dopamine receptor agonism and antagonism in male and female rats. (PubMed, Psychopharmacology (Berl)) - "Our findings lend support to a mechanism of occasion setting involving gating of CS-induced dopamine release rather than by direct dopaminergic modulation by the morphine stimulus."

Journal • Preclinical • Pain

The impact of fluphenazine withdrawal: a mirror-image study. (PubMed, Ir J Psychol Med) - "The withdrawal of fluphenazine was associated with increased relapse rate in individuals previously demonstrating stability of their psychotic disorder. While acknowledging the limitation of small sample size, preliminary evidence from this study suggests that treatment with the first-generation antipsychotic (FGA) flupenthixol was associated with a lower risk of relapse compared to SGAs. Reasons for this lower risk of relapse are not fully clear but could be related to dopamine hypersensitivity with this treatment change."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia