flunarizine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Systematic Review of Pharmacologic Treatment for Migraine Prevention in Adults: Report of the AAN Guidelines Subcommittee and the American Headache Society. (PubMed, Headache) - "This SR provides a comprehensive synthesis of evidence on pharmacologic migraine prevention in adults. High- and moderate-confidence findings confirm the efficacy of several established and newer preventive therapies and demonstrate improvements in patient-reported outcomes across multiple validated measures. These conclusions informed the development of evidence-based recommendations, presented in a companion publication, to guide clinicians in selecting preventive medications for adults with episodic and chronic migraine."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Systematic Review of Pharmacologic Treatment for Migraine Prevention in Adults: Report of the AAN Guidelines Subcommittee and the American Headache Society. (PubMed, Neurology) - "This SR provides a comprehensive synthesis of evidence on pharmacologic migraine prevention in adults. High- and moderate-confidence findings confirm the efficacy of several established and newer preventive therapies and demonstrate improvements in patient-reported outcomes across multiple validated measures. These conclusions informed the development of evidence-based recommendations, presented in a companion publication, to guide clinicians in selecting preventive medications for adults with episodic and chronic migraine."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Flunarizine prevents demyelination and neurological deficits in a cuprizone-induced mouse model of multiple sclerosis. (PubMed, Indian J Pharmacol) - "Our experimental data suggest that flunarizine dihydrochloride attenuated the demyelination in the brain and also produced functional and behavioural improvement in demyelinated mice, suggesting its potential to manage demyelinating disorders."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Mood Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Psychiatry • CAT

Flunarizine and cinnarizine in the prophylaxis of vestibular migraine and migraine-associated menière's disease: An 8-month retrospective study. (PubMed, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol) - "Flunarizine and cinnarizine are effective and generally well-tolerated prophylactic options for VM and MAMD, although their antidopaminergic properties should be considered in clinical decision-making. Flunarizine showed slightly higher efficacy. These findings support calcium channel antagonists as first-line therapy, particularly in patients with long-standing or treatment-resistant disease."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Otorhinolaryngology • Pain • Vertigo

VERIFY: A Randomized, Open-Label, Multi-Center Study of Vestibular Migraine Prevention: Rimegepant Versus Flunarizine Non-inferiority Study (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=400 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine

Head-to-Head • New P2 trial • CNS Disorders • Migraine

Long-term treatment with Eptinezumab in special treatment situations: Real world data. (PubMed, J Neurol Sci) - "Eptinezumab real-world data demonstrate significant effects on monthly headache days, analgesic days and headache intensity in patients with migraine with multiple prophylactic therapy failures and concomitant depression or other pain disorders."

Journal • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mental Retardation • Migraine • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain • Psychiatry

Familial Hemiplegic Migraine and treatment with CGRP-mabs – A Swiss Cohort study. (EAN 2026) - "Two patients received the anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody (mab) erenumab...Patients requiring prophylaxis, showed favorable responses to lamotrigine, flunarizine, or propranolol... This case series highlights the heterogeneity of FHM and the need for individualized treatment strategies. While evidence remains limited, mabs, and combination therapies may represent effective and well-tolerated prophylactic options in selected patients. Further data collection on CGRP mabs in FHM is warranted."

CNS Disorders • Migraine

Neurological manifestations related to toxic exposure in children: A clinical study (EAN 2026) - "Toxic exposure was drug- related in 13 cases, including chemotherapy (5 cases), antiepileptic drugs (4 cases), haloperidol (1 case), and flunarizine (1 case). In our series, neurological manifestations related to toxic exposure in children were predominantly iatrogenic. Early recognition and prompt discontinuation of the offending agent are crucial for a favorable prognosis. These conditions should be systematically considered in the differential diagnosis of acute or subacute neurological presentations in children."

Clinical • Ataxia • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders

Comparative efficacy and safety of propranolol versus flunarizine for migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (EAN 2026) - No abstract available

Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Migraine

Comparison of Propranolol, Flunarizine and Their Combination in Preventing Migraine in Adults in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh (clinicaltrials.gov) - P4 | N=177 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Chittagong Medical College

New P4 trial • CNS Disorders • Migraine

Amlodipine for migraine prevention (AHS 2026) - "Background: Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) such as flunarizine and cinnarizine are approved for migraine prevention in Europe... Amlodipine was found to be well-tolerated and potentially effective for migraine prevention. Larger and more rigorous studies are warranted to confirm these findings and compare the effects of amlodipine against other commonly used medications for migraine prevention."

CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Flunarizine changes microRNA expression in cell cultures and in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Among the mRNAs modulated by flunarizine, homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (Hipk2) transcripts were revealed as novel miR-128-3p targets using either the mimic or its inhibitor. Our findings suggest that an early microRNA accumulation in spinal cords of SMA models can contribute to molecular dysfunctions and may represent an initiating event in pathogenesis."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Muscular Atrophy • Rare Diseases • MIR128 • SMA4 • SMN1

Observation of the therapeutic effect of flunarizine capsules combined with the Epley manoeuvre in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. (PubMed, Ann Hum Biol) - "Recurrence was lower in the study group (p < 0.05). Flunarizine plus Epley manoeuvre is associated with better efficacy, symptom relief, cerebral blood flow, vestibular compensation, and lower recurrence in BPPV, with no increase in adverse events."

Journal • Retrospective data • Otorhinolaryngology • Vertigo

Transcatheter Patent Foramen Ovale Closure and Complete Remission of Migraine in Children: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study. (PubMed, Pediatr Cardiol) - "Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression with a 3-month landmark were adjusted for right-to-left shunt (RLS) grade, age, sex, duration of the current headache episode, body mass index, and concomitant flunarizine prophylaxis...Transcatheter PFO closure was associated with higher rates of complete migraine remission after adjustment for shunt grade, prophylaxis, and other covariates. Findings are hypothesis-generating; prospective randomized studies are needed before closure can be recommended for pediatric migraine outside clinical trials."

Journal • Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain • Pediatrics

ATP1A3-related syndromes: our case-series unveiling a dynamic, fever-triggered and overlapping array of neurological phenotypes. (PubMed, Neurol Sci) - "Our case series confirms the complex clinical scenarios in ATP1A3-related disorders, with symptoms overlapping and possible interfamilial variability, contributing to the diagnostic challenge posed by a rare genetic disorder, already observed in individuals with ATP1A3 gene mutations. The ongoing effort to characterize the clinical phenotype and identify "core" symptoms is necessary to expand our knowledge of the genotype-phenotype correlation, which is currently unclear. More importantly, our series highlights the molecular fragility of mutant ATP1A3, particularly its sensitivity to fever. Proactive prevention of fever and time management may be crucial to reducing the risk of neurological deterioration in affected individuals."

Journal • Ataxia • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Genetic Disorders • Infectious Disease • Movement Disorders • Ocular Inflammation • Otorhinolaryngology • Parkinson's Disease • Pediatrics • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Flunarizine-Loaded Hydrogels: A Novel Formulation and Physicochemical Characterization. (PubMed, Polymers (Basel)) - "Accuracy testing showed average recovery rates of 100% across 80-120% spiking levels. Overall, the results support the compatibility of flunarizine with the investigated excipients and the suitability of the studied hydrogels as potential drug delivery matrices."

Journal • CNS Disorders

Glaucoma Risk Associated With Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Inhibitor Use in Migraine: A Multinational Cohort Study. (PubMed, Neurology) - "Among adults with migraine receiving preventive treatment, systemic use of CGRPi, particularly monoclonal antibody CGRPi, is associated with a reduced risk of glaucoma compared with the use of other migraine preventive medications."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Glaucoma • Migraine • Ophthalmology • Pain

Comparative Pharmacological Profiling of Psychotherapeutic Drugs Reveals a Functional Taxonomy Based on Direct Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Excitability. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Integrative analysis stratified compounds into four distinct functional profiles: (i) High Inhibitory Liability (e.g., nortriptyline, paroxetine), characterized by low micromolar IC50 values and dose-dependent inhibition across multiple tissues; (ii) Non-Selective Inhibition (e.g., flunarizine, cinnarizine), showing consistent but dose-independent inhibition; (iii) Tissue-Dependent Inhibition (e.g., risperidone, reboxetine); and (iv) Minimal Inhibition (e.g., moclobemide). This study reveals a previously underrecognized pharmacodynamic dimension of psychotherapeutic drugs and establishes a comparative functional taxonomy based on their direct, non-receptor-mediated inhibition of smooth muscle excitability. The identified profiles provide a mechanism-informed framework for contextualizing autonomic side-effect liability and may support improved safety evaluation in psychotherapeutic drug development."

Journal • CNS Disorders

Protective Effects of Adenosine Triphosphate and Flunarizine on Erlotinib-Induced Ovarian Damage: An Experimental Study. (PubMed, Life (Basel)) - "Treatment with ATP or flunarizine partially attenuated these alterations. (4) Combined ATP and flunarizine administration showed stronger protective effects, improving biochemical parameters and preserving ovarian histology, suggesting a protective role against erlotinib-induced ovarian injury."

Journal • Oncology • PRL

Clinical Efficacy of Radiofrequency Treatment of the C2 Nerve for Migraine (ChiCTR) - P=N/A | N=129 | Sponsor: Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University; Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University

New trial • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain • ADCYAP1

Molecular Mechanism of μ-Opioid Receptor Activation. (PubMed, Assay Drug Dev Technol) - "Virtual screening revealed stable binding modes between the investigated compounds (verapamil, cinnarizine, diltiazem, and flunarizine) and the 7SBF protein target, with cinnarizine exhibiting the most favorable interaction profile through strong hydrogen bonding with TYR-236 and GLN-124. The conserved MOR activation across structurally diverse CCBs supports a polypharmacological mechanism where these drugs concurrently modulate both calcium channels and opioid receptors. These findings not only elucidate a novel aspect of CCB pharmacology but also suggest new avenues for drug repurposing and the development of multi-target cardiovascular therapeutics."

Journal • Cardiovascular

Nomogram prediction model for the clinical efficacy of flunarizine hydrochloride in patients with vertigo based on 5-HT and oxidative stress indicators✰. (PubMed, Clinics (Sao Paulo)) - "The simplified nomogram incorporating age and oxidative stress markers demonstrates robust predictive accuracy while enhancing clinical feasibility. Actionable thresholds were established, such that patients with a score > 70-points should be considered for alternative therapies due to a high predicted risk of treatment non-response."

Journal • Otorhinolaryngology • Vertigo

Sibelium exerts anti-migraine effects by remodeling the gut microbiota and regulating metabolic and immune pathways of the brain-gut axis. (PubMed, Int Immunopharmacol) - "Sibelium prevents and attenuates migraines by modulating the microbiota-immune-neural network within the gut-brain axis, providing a novel theoretical foundation for clinical intervention."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Migraine • Pain • FOS • IL1B

Flunarizine attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced ovarian injury in rats. (PubMed, J Ovarian Res) - No abstract available

Journal • Preclinical • Cardiovascular • Inflammation • Reperfusion Injury

Treatment Persistence in Migraine Prophylaxis Comparing CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies vs. High-/Low-Evidence Conventional Oral Preventives-A Comparative Real-World Evidence Study of Depersonalized Data of the German Pain e-Registry. (PubMed, J Clin Med) - "Substance-level analysis within HEVP showed the steepest early attrition for tricyclic antidepressants, followed by beta-blockers, with comparatively more favorable though still suboptimal persistence for topiramate and flunarizine. Oral preventives show high discontinuation rates due to both ADR and insufficient efficacy, indicating substantial limitations in real-world applicability. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of a modern mechanism-based migraine prevention with CGRP mAB."

HEOR • Journal • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain