Zadaxin (thymalfasin) / SciClone - LARVOL DELTA

Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Thymalfasin, PD-1 Inhibitor, and Chemoradiotherapy for cStage III GEJ Adenocarcinoma (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=48 | Recruiting | Sponsor: The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University

New P2 trial • Esophageal Cancer • Gastric Cancer • Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "It represents a promising therapeutic approach to counteract age-related immune dysfunction and inflammation, potentially by slowing the aging process. Further research is needed to validate its long-term efficacy and safety in geriatrics."

Journal • Review • Immunology • Oncology • TNFA

Cross-Expression of Thymic and Parathyroid Hormone Receptors Supports the Hypothesis of a Parathyroid-Thymus Port System. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "The robust parathyroid expression of CaSR and PTH1R aligns with established roles in calcium-PTH homeostasis, while the novel detection of Thymosin in parathyroid tissue suggests an expanded functional repertoire. These results highlight a continuum between embryological proximity and adult tissue cross-talk, with potential clinical implications for parathyroid pathology and immune regulation."

Journal • Gastrointestinal Disorder • CASR

Thymosin α1 Combined with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Plus Chemotherapy in Platinum-Resistant Recurrent Ovarian Cancer : A Retrospective Analysis. (PubMed, Cancer Manag Res) - "The incidence of adverse events was lower in the experimental group (50.8% vs 65.8%; χ2 = 8.35, p = 0.004), primarily due to a reduced rate of myelosuppression. The addition of Tα1 to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-based chemotherapy may enhance treatment efficacy, improve immune response, and reduce immunosuppression-related toxicity in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer."

Journal • Platinum resistant • Retrospective data • Oncology • Ovarian Cancer • Solid Tumor • Thymus Cancer • CD4 • CD8

Thymosin alpha 1 synergized apoptosome unleashes antitumor immunity by activating TLR7 in dendritic cells (ESMO-IO 2025) - "This drives DC activation and primes tumor-specific T cells. Translation - Chemotherapy lowers endogenous Tα-1 levels and restoring it with exogenous Tα-1 synergizes with chemotherapy to improve tumor control in a TLR7-dependent manner.Conclusions These findings establish Tα-1 as an miR146a-5p chaperone that activates DCs via TLR7, supporting the clinical use of Tα-1 to enhance immunotherapy of tumors with high expression of miR146a-5p.Legal entity responsible for the study J. Chen."

IO biomarker • Oncology • MIR146A • TLR7

GASTO-1098: The Impact of Thymosin α-1 on the Efficacy of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Immunotherpay Consolidation for Locally Advanced NSCLC (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=114 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Sun Yat-sen University | Recruiting ➔ Active, not recruiting | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2025 ➔ Aug 2026

Enrollment closed • IO biomarker • Trial primary completion date • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • HAVCR2 • IL4

Thymosin α1 Elevates Lymphocyte Counts and Improves Immunoradiotherapy Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Cancer. (PubMed, Cancer Manag Res) - "It should be noted that the median follow-up of 13.7 months may be insufficient to fully assess long-term survival outcomes and the potential for late-onset toxicities. As this was an exploratory analysis across multiple tumor types, these findings warrant validation in larger, randomized studies with more homogenous cohorts."

Journal • Hematological Disorders • Oncology • CD4 • CD8

MRAP mediated adipocyte differentiation by thymic mesenchymal stromal cells contributes to thymic involution. (PubMed, Nat Commun) - "Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of human thymus revealed an accumulation of tMSCs and adipocytes during aging, indicating a strong potential for adipogenic differentiation in age-related thymic involution. Thus, we have revealed MRAP as a key factor in promoting thymic MSCs adipogenesis triggered by thymosin-α1 and FoxO1 pathway, which may serve as potential target to hinder adiposity in age-related thymic involution."

Journal • Obesity

Drug Repurposing in Oncology: A Strategic Pathway to Unlocking New Therapeutic Potential. (PubMed, Ther Innov Regul Sci) - "Notable medications include RANKL inhibitors, which boost immune cell responses; TGF-β inhibitors, which improve T cell infiltration; and metformin, which activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes...On the other hand, aspirin may enhance immune checkpoint inhibitors by blocking the immunological milieu that tumors produce...Future developments in personalized medicine and artificial intelligence may increase the efficacy of drug repurposing in cancer treatment. To fully realize the potential of repurposed medications in enhancing the results for cancer patients, interdisciplinary cooperation between the academic community, business leaders, and regulatory bodies will be required."

Journal • Review • Oncology • CSF2 • TGFB1

Intervention Study on the Changes of Intrinsic Capacity in Elderly People by Immunomodulatory Therapy (ChiCTR) - P=N/A | N=420 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: zhejiang hospital; zhejiang hospital

New trial

Efficacy and Safety of Neoadjuvant Thymalfasin, Serplulimab, and SOX in cStage III G/EGJ Adenocarcinoma (GATES): a single-center, single-arm, phase 2 trial [WITHDRAWN] (ESMO 2025) - No abstract available

Clinical • P2 data • Oncology

Thymosin α1 alleviates pulpitis by inhibiting ferroptosis of dental pulp cells. (PubMed, Int J Oral Sci) - "Collectively, single-cell atlas reveals cellular heterogeneity between pulpitis and healthy pulp, and ferroptosis occurrence in pulpitis. Thymosin α1 may reduce ferroptosis in DPCs to alleviate pulpitis and thus potentially has the ability to treat pulpitis."

Journal • Dental Disorders • GPX4 • IL1B • IL6 • PACERR • PTGS2 • TNFA

Thymosin Alpha 1 to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Renal Dialysis Patients (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=262 | Completed | Sponsor: William B. Ershler, MD | Active, not recruiting ➔ Completed

Trial completion • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

Expression levels of thymosin α1 in acute myocardial infarction patients and its correlation to cardiac function. (PubMed, Front Cardiovasc Med) - "Thymosin α1 may serve as a potential biomarker to predict cardiac function following AMI. This study may provide novel insights into the potential therapeutic targets for HF following AMI."

Biomarker • Journal • Cardiovascular • Congestive Heart Failure • Heart Failure • Myocardial Infarction

Radiotherapy-Boosted Thymosin Alpha-1 Based Immunotherapy: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Amplifying Immune Dynamics and Therapeutic Efficacy in Advanced Solid Tumors (ASTRO 2025) - "Integrating Ta-1 into the PRaG regimen, represents a promising advancement in the treatment of advanced solid tumors. This approach enhances immune response by protecting lymphocytes, promoting effective T cell dynamics, and offering a favorable safety profile. Further validation in larger cohorts is needed to confirm these findings."

Clinical • Metastases • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CD4 • CD8 • CSF2 • GZMK

Thymosin α1 Combined With 2HRZE/4HR Regimen as a Potential Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: An Analysis of Immune Function, Pulmonary Function and Inflammatory Response. (PubMed, Br J Hosp Med (Lond)) - "There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Thymosin α1 combined with the 2HRZE/4HR regimen holds promise as an effective treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by improving immune function and pulmonary function of patients while attenuating the inflammatory response."

IO biomarker • Journal • Retrospective data • Developmental Disorders • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Oncology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis • HAVCR2 • IFNG • IL4 • KIM1 • MUC1 • TNFA

Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (PubMed, Front Cell Infect Microbiol) - "These observations underscore the significance of personalized immunotherapy strategies in forthcoming clinical trials. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024628937."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • Review • Cardiovascular • Coronary Artery Disease • Diabetes • Heart Failure • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Septic Shock

The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets. (PubMed, Onco Targets Ther) - "Our findings question the tumor immunomodulatory properties of Tα1, simultaneously underscoring the importance of further investigating Tα1 influence on specific immune cell subsets in the periphery or within the tumor microenvironment of cancer patients. This would contribute to understand Tα1 potential in immunotherapy-based combination strategies, within the anti-tumor setting."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Brain Cancer • Cutaneous Melanoma • Glioblastoma • Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma • Melanoma • Mesothelioma • Oncology • Pleural Mesothelioma • Solid Tumor • CD4 • CD8

A preliminary analysis of integrating thymosin α1 into concurrent chemoradiotherapy and consolidative immunotherapy in unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (PubMed, Transl Lung Cancer Res) - "All patients received CCRT (60-64 Gy total irradiation dose, weekly concurrent docetaxel and cisplatin) with or without consolidative nivolumab...This combination may enhance survival outcomes and reduce treatment-related toxicity. Further randomized trial is warranted for validation."

IO biomarker • Journal • Infectious Disease • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Pneumonia • Solid Tumor • IL6

Thymosin-α1 for Sepsis Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 1972 Patients. (IDWeek 2025) - No abstract available

Retrospective data • Review • Infectious Disease • Septic Shock

Thymalfasin (Thymosin Alpha 1; Ta1) as an Enhancer of Vaccine Response Among Older Adults Receiving Booster Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine (clinicaltrials.gov) - P1 | N=75 | Recruiting | Sponsor: The Methodist Hospital Research Institute | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 ➔ Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 ➔ Dec 2026

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

PraG therapy with QL1706 in combination with Thymalfasin as second-line therapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma:A single-arm, open-label, prospective phase II clinical study (ChiCTR) - P2 | N=30 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University

New P2 trial • Hepatocellular Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Clinical study of sintilimab combined with albumin-bound paclitaxel, gemcitabine and thymalfasin in the preoperative treatment of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer/locally advanced pancreatic cancer (ChiCTR) - P=N/A | N=27 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University

New trial • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Solid Tumor

Interferon-α and thymosin-α1 plus tislelizumab enhance CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity toward pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. (PubMed, iScience) - "Moreover, the growth of PDAC tumors was inhibited by CD8+ T cells with high efficacy under the combination treatment. Thus, IFN-α and Tα1 plus tislelizumab enhance the anticancer activity of CD8+ T cells toward PDAC, representing an alternative strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy."

Journal • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma • CD8 • IFNA1

Unveiling lymphocyte dynamics: Navigating postoperative immune landscapes in gastric cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic D2 gastrectomy. (PubMed, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol) - "By postoperative day 7, we observed median decreases in T cells, B cells, NK cells, and memory T cells of -26.1%, -30.8%, -44.8%, and -2.3%, respectively. In contrast, naive T cells and regulatory T cells increased by 6.0% and 15.0%. Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) treatment proved to be a protective factor, significantly reducing the decline in T and B cell counts (p = 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified higher Interleukin-1β levels (HR = 3.66, p = 0.01), longer operation times (HR = 2.98, p = 0.02), and Tα1 therapy (HR = 0.15, p = 0.01) as independent predictors of T cell reduction. These findings highlight Tα1's potential as a therapeutic intervention to mitigate lymphocyte depletion, suggesting its incorporation into postoperative care could enhance immune recovery and patient outcomes. This study illuminates key immunological changes following gastric cancer surgery, offering pathways to improve postoperative management and patient health."

Journal • Retrospective data • Gastric Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • IL1B