fluphenazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

A conserved conformation-dependent mechanism for the TREK two-pore domain potassium channel inhibitors carvedilol and fluphenazine. (PubMed, Mol Pharmacol) - "Modulation of these channels has been proposed for potential antiarrhythmic and antidepressant effects. This study defined the off-target molecular mechanism of action of the clinically used drugs carvedilol and fluphenazine on TREK channels and identify the TREK channel fenestration as a promiscuous binding site for inhibitory drugs."

Journal • CNS Disorders

Employment trajectories following the diagnosis and after long-acting injectable antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia: A nationwide study. (PubMed, Aust N Z J Psychiatry) - "Employment outcomes in schizophrenia appear shaped by diagnostic and treatment-related transitions rather than static disease status. Stabilization after long-acting injectable initiation may be linked to incremental improvements in employment trajectories for some subgroups, but optimizing long-term vocational outcomes likely requires integrated psychosocial and vocational support."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Laryngospasm and Generalized Dystonia After Risperidone ER in the Setting of Fluphenazine Therapy. (PubMed, J Clin Psychopharmacol) - No abstract available

Journal • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Movement Disorders

Vitiligo as a Potential Overlooked Comorbidity in Schizophrenia: Insights From Two Case Reports. (PubMed, Cureus) - "The first patient, a 38-year-old man, presented with acrofacial vitiligo evolving over 11 years under long-acting injectable fluphenazine. The second patient, a 43-year-old man with a dark skin phototype, exhibited predominantly acral vitiligo with islands of repigmentation, evolving over 17 years, with exposure to haloperidol and chlorpromazine for 24 years...A holistic, interdisciplinary approach involving both dermatologists and psychiatrists is essential for the optimal management of patients presenting with both conditions. Further prospective and mechanistic studies are needed to better characterize the nature of this association and to identify potential shared therapeutic strategies."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Dermatology • Immunology • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • Vitiligo

Twenty-Year Trends in Antipsychotic Utilization in Serbia: A Nationwide Drug Utilization Study. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Marked increases were observed for olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, paliperidone, risperidone, and clozapine, while chlorpromazine and fluphenazine declined. These findings demonstrate a substantial increase in overall antipsychotic utilization in Serbia and a pronounced structural shift toward atypical agents, highlighting the need for continued monitoring of prescribing trends, safety outcomes, and population-level treatment patterns."

Journal • CNS Disorders

D2 Partial Agonists vs Full Antagonists in Young Adults with Early SMI and Co-Occurring Substance Use (APA 2026) - " This IRB-approved retrospective chart review examined 106 psychiatric inpatients =25 years old with =2 hospitalizations and co-morbid substance use who received either a partial agonist (aripiprazole) (N=31) or a full antagonist (risperidone, paliperidone, haloperidol, fluphenazine) (N=75) LAI. In patients with early SMI and substance use, D2 partial agonists may be more frequently used for primary mood disturbance or suicidal behavior rather than psychosis, and full D2 antagonists may be more often prescribed to those with greater history of contact with psychiatric emergency services. Further, D2 partial agonists may be better tolerated in this population compared to full antagonists. Most importantly, receiving a partial agonist LAI may increase time to readmission."

Clinical • CNS Disorders

Determinants of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Selection in Serious Mental Illness: A Multivariable Analysis of Clinical and Demographic Factors (APA 2026) - "Of these, 313 received an SGA (205 Paliperidone palmitate, 108 Aripiprazole lauroxil) and 57 received an FGA (43 haloperidol decanoate, 14 fluphenazine decanoate). Several variables were not associated with choice of LAI agent, including insurance status, age, or employment status. This study suggests that choice of LAI agent requires further clinical exploration to determine treatment that is most efficacious and tailored to patient characteristics and clinical needs."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Schizophrenia

Beyond medication choice: Predictors of psychiatric readmission after inpatient initiation of long-acting injectable antipsychotics. (PubMed, J Psychiatr Res) - "Psychiatric readmission following inpatient LAI initiation was independently associated with both LAI formulation and markers of illness severity and discharge complexity. Associations with FGA LAIs may reflect confounding by indication. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive discharge planning and individualized risk stratification alongside LAI initiation."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Extrapyramidal and anticholinergic reactions in an adolescent patient: a case for pharmacogenetic consideration. (PubMed, Biochem Med (Zagreb)) - "This case report presents a 17.5-year-old female adolescent who developed extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) following the addition of fluphenazine to her therapy, which had been modified due to deteriorating psychiatric symptoms...Pharmacogenetic testing showed genetic variations associated with modified drug and dopamine metabolism, which may have contributed to her increased predisposition to drug adverse effects. This case highlights the complexity of psychopharmacological management in adolescents with multidimensional symptomatology and emphasizes the potential value of integrating pharmacogenetic data to guide optimal treatment strategies."

Biomarker • Journal • Psychiatry

Congenital malformation risk following prenatal antipsychotic exposure: a systematic safety surveillance approach. (PubMed, BMJ Ment Health) - "The potential risk increase observed for some less-severe malformations and some antipsychotics needs to be weighed against the high potential for relapse and mental health deterioration following treatment discontinuation. While no consistent patterns suggesting a strong teratogenic effect have emerged thus far for newer antipsychotics, continued monitoring of these medications is important."

Journal • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

LAMP: Long-acting Injectable Antipsychotics for Mental Ill-Health in Pregnancy and Postpartum (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=168 | Completed | Sponsor: University of Liverpool | Recruiting ➔ Completed | N=125 ➔ 168 | Trial completion date: Jun 2026 ➔ Nov 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2026 ➔ Nov 2025

Enrollment change • Trial completion • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Clozapine Withdrawal-Induced Catatonia with Overlapping Features of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: a Case Report. (PubMed, Med Arch) - "This report describes a male patient with schizophrenia who developed malignant catatonia with overlapping NMS features following abrupt clozapine withdrawal and initiation of fluphenazine. The case underscores the importance of cautious antipsychotic transitions and early recognition of catatonia and NMS."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Novel 8-trifluoromethylquinobenzothiazines-Synthesis and Evaluation for Antiproliferative and Antibacterial Activity. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Objectives: The present study aimed to develop an efficient synthesis of 8-trifluoromethylquinobenzothiazines and to evaluate the anticancer and antibacterial potential of their N-substituted analogues inspired by triflupromazine, trifluoperazine, and fluphenazine. The obtained results identify 8-trifluoromethylquinobenzothiazines as a promising class of multifunctional compounds. Selected derivatives combine anticancer activity with acceptable selectivity or display potent antibacterial effects against clinically relevant Gram-positive pathogens."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Solid Tumor

The multifunctional RNA helicase DDX39A drives glioblastoma progression by modulating WISP1 alternative splicing that induces an immunosuppressive macrophage polarization. (PubMed, Oncogene) - "Additionally, we demonstrate that Fluphenazine hydrochloride binds to and inhibits DDX39A, thereby suppressing GB growth, invasion, and the immunosuppressive function of macrophages. DDX39A thus represents a potential candidate for glioma-targeted therapy."

Journal • Brain Cancer • Glioblastoma • Glioma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • DDX39A

LAMP: Long-acting Injectable Antipsychotics for Mental Ill-Health in Pregnancy and Postpartum (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=125 | Recruiting | Sponsor: University of Liverpool | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 ➔ Jun 2026

Trial primary completion date • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Case Report: Oral Fluphenazine for Treatment of Chronic Sacral Pain. (PubMed, J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother) - "Prescribed medications included amitriptyline, celecoxib, duloxetine, gabapentin, muscle relaxants, opioids, and quetiapine. He then underwent an outpatient, nine-month course of oral fluphenazine, in which his pain was controlled successfully, resulting in resumption of normal sleep and daily activities per the patient. This case suggests fluphenazine as a monotherapy for refractory chronic pain."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Musculoskeletal Pain • Neuralgia • Pain

Gut microbiota modulates aversive learning and memory of honeybees (Apis mellifera). (PubMed, Nat Commun) - "Conversely, applying fluphenazine, which decreases brain dopamine levels, weakens aversive learning and memory of honeybees in normal hives. These findings provide insights into the role of gut bacteria in regulating aversive learning and memory in honeybees, highlighting beneficial effects of the gut microbiota on the cognitive behaviors of social insects."

Journal • Dermatology • Urticaria

First-in-class small molecule calmodulin pathway modulators attenuate excess p53 activity and correct erythropoietic defects in models of diamond-blackfan anemia (DBA) (ASH 2025) - "2012) have demonstrated that calmodulin (CaM) inhibitors, including the FDA-approvedanti-psychotic trifluoperazine (TFP), improve anemia in multiple models of DBA by reducing activation ofp53 targets...FTX-1 and FTX-2 significantly rescuedhemoglobin levels at doses of 0.1 µM and 0.001 µM (p < 0.05 - <0.0001), respectively, compared to thepositive control fluphenazine at 10 µM (p < 0.05 - <0.01). Lastly, 1 µM FTX-1 was effective in restoringerythroid development by increasing the BFU-E and CFU-E colonies in RPS19 DBA patient-derived HSPCscompared to vehicle (adjusted p-value < 0.05) as assessed using a colony formation assay. FTX-2 iscurrently being explored in toxicology and safety pharmacology studies in support of an InvestigationalNew Drug (IND) application, with first-in-human studies anticipated in 2026."

Anemia • Aplastic Anemia • Bone Marrow Transplantation • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Hematological Disorders • CD34 • CDKN1A • DRD2 • RPL11 • RPL5 • RPS29

Second generation repurposing of phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs as antifungal lead molecules via optimization of phenoxazine derivatives. (PubMed, Eur J Med Chem) - "Herein, we describe the repurposing and optimization of a series of phenoxazine analogs of the antipsychotic drugs fluphenazine and trifluoperazine as antifungals. In addition, the POZ analogs displayed reduced affinities towards serotonin and dopamine receptors compared to trifluoperazine. However, potent and moderately selective POZ analog 61 failed to demonstrate efficacy in a mouse model of cryptococcosis, demonstrating the need for further optimization."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • GDF15

Unveiling the impact of interferon genes on the immune microenvironment of triple-negative breast cancer: identification of therapeutic targets. (PubMed, Front Bioinform) - "The TNBC prognostic signature comprising four interferon genes (STXBP1, LAMP3, CD276, and POLR2F) was identified, with their expression significantly correlated with the infiltration abundance of multiple immune cells and the drug sensitivity of 30 diverse drugs (ARQ-680, Fluphenazine, and Chelerythrine, etc.). In the prognostic signature and the ceRNA axes, STXBP1, RBPMS-AS1, and FAM198B-AS1 were first reported as potential biomarkers of TNBC. These findings have the potential to provide new insights into the mechanisms driving TNBC tumorigenesis and development."

Journal • Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Triple Negative Breast Cancer • CD276 • CD63 • LAMP3 • LIFR • MIR455 • POLR2F • RBPMS • XBP1

Mechanism-based inhibition of squalene epoxidase by phenothiazines for lipid metabolism disruption using repurposed antipsychotic drugs. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Six compounds-ethopropazine, periciazine, piperacetazine, dixyrazine, fluphenazine and trifluoperazine-were prioritized for detailed MD simulations and MM/PBSA evaluation. In vitro assays confirmed potent SQLE inhibition, with IC₅₀ values of 1.69 ± 0.06 µM, 1.55 ± 0.13 µM and 1.44 ± 0.04 µM, respectively; kinetic studies established competitive inhibition with Ki values of 0.65-0.69 µM. The strong correlation between computational predictions and experimental data underscores the effectiveness of our integrated approach and identifies ethopropazine, periciazine and piperacetazine as promising lead compounds for further optimization and pre-clinical development as SQLE inhibitors."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Metabolic Disorders

Scopolamine-induced Tardive Dyskinesia: A Case Report (MDS Congress 2025) - "He was then prescribed fluphenazine and deutetrabenazine for the diagnosis of tics and experienced drug-induced parkinsonism as a side effect with the onset of shuffling gait and right upper extremity rest tremor...He was started on valbenazine with significant improvement in his TD and minimal side effects of parkinsonism at the 60mg daily dosage. Although exacerbation of TD by anticholinergics is well documented in the literature, there are few cases of anticholinergic-associated TD documented. Further investigation is essential to determine the interplay between the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems, given the frequent use of anticholinergic medications for common disorders, including nausea, COPD, urinary frequency, and asthma."

Case report • Clinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Huntington disease in a Patient with Extensive Psychiatric History (MDS Congress 2025) - "Patient received more social support and symptoms are managed by Valbenazine, clonidine, fluphenazine, duloxetine. The delayed diagnosis of Huntington's Disease in this young patient, due to confounding factors and initial psychiatric symptoms, underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach. This case serves to remind clinicians of the diverse clinical manifestations of HD and the need for early consideration in differential diagnoses. Figure 1: Brain MRI"

Clinical • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Alzheimer's Disease • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Depression • Mental Retardation • Movement Disorders • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder • Psychiatry • Suicidal Ideation

Challenges in the management of untreated chronic psychosis: a case report (ECNP 2025) - "Initial treatment included fluphenazine as the main antipsychotic, along with clozapine, biperiden, and nitrazepam. Lorazepam was later added to manage anxiety. As therapy progressed, the fluphenazine dose was reduced, and amitriptyline was introduced to address residual and negative symptoms...Her prolonged hospitalization and slow progress reflect the complex challenges associated with treating psychosis that has remained untreated for many years. This case also highlights how psychiatric illness can go unrecognized or untreated in families for extended periods, sometimes resulting in multi-generational patterns of dysfunction and avoidance of care."

Case report • Clinical • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical presentation in a West African population with psychiatric disorders (ECNP 2025) - "Among Haloperidol users, 82% also received Chlorpromazine and 51% Carbamazepine; among Fluphenazine users, 82% took Chlorpromazine and 88% Carbamazepine. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight significant mental health challenges in Togo, shedding light on a population that remains under-studied, burdened by considerable stigma surrounding mental illness, and facing substantial barriers to accessing psychiatric care. These insights provide valuable guidance for enhancing mental healthcare delivery in resource-limited settings."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder