fluphenazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

First-in-class small molecule calmodulin pathway modulators attenuate excess p53 activity and correct erythropoietic defects in models of diamond-blackfan anemia (DBA) (ASH 2025) - "2012) have demonstrated that calmodulin (CaM) inhibitors, including the FDA-approvedanti-psychotic trifluoperazine (TFP), improve anemia in multiple models of DBA by reducing activation ofp53 targets...FTX-1 and FTX-2 significantly rescuedhemoglobin levels at doses of 0.1 µM and 0.001 µM (p < 0.05 - <0.0001), respectively, compared to thepositive control fluphenazine at 10 µM (p < 0.05 - <0.01). Lastly, 1 µM FTX-1 was effective in restoringerythroid development by increasing the BFU-E and CFU-E colonies in RPS19 DBA patient-derived HSPCscompared to vehicle (adjusted p-value < 0.05) as assessed using a colony formation assay. FTX-2 iscurrently being explored in toxicology and safety pharmacology studies in support of an InvestigationalNew Drug (IND) application, with first-in-human studies anticipated in 2026."

Anemia • Aplastic Anemia • Bone Marrow Transplantation • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Hematological Disorders • CD34 • CDKN1A • DRD2 • RPL11 • RPL5 • RPS29

Second generation repurposing of phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs as antifungal lead molecules via optimization of phenoxazine derivatives. (PubMed, Eur J Med Chem) - "Herein, we describe the repurposing and optimization of a series of phenoxazine analogs of the antipsychotic drugs fluphenazine and trifluoperazine as antifungals. In addition, the POZ analogs displayed reduced affinities towards serotonin and dopamine receptors compared to trifluoperazine. However, potent and moderately selective POZ analog 61 failed to demonstrate efficacy in a mouse model of cryptococcosis, demonstrating the need for further optimization."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • GDF15

Unveiling the impact of interferon genes on the immune microenvironment of triple-negative breast cancer: identification of therapeutic targets. (PubMed, Front Bioinform) - "The TNBC prognostic signature comprising four interferon genes (STXBP1, LAMP3, CD276, and POLR2F) was identified, with their expression significantly correlated with the infiltration abundance of multiple immune cells and the drug sensitivity of 30 diverse drugs (ARQ-680, Fluphenazine, and Chelerythrine, etc.). In the prognostic signature and the ceRNA axes, STXBP1, RBPMS-AS1, and FAM198B-AS1 were first reported as potential biomarkers of TNBC. These findings have the potential to provide new insights into the mechanisms driving TNBC tumorigenesis and development."

Journal • Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Triple Negative Breast Cancer • CD276 • CD63 • LAMP3 • LIFR • MIR455 • POLR2F • RBPMS • XBP1

Mechanism-based inhibition of squalene epoxidase by phenothiazines for lipid metabolism disruption using repurposed antipsychotic drugs. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Six compounds-ethopropazine, periciazine, piperacetazine, dixyrazine, fluphenazine and trifluoperazine-were prioritized for detailed MD simulations and MM/PBSA evaluation. In vitro assays confirmed potent SQLE inhibition, with IC₅₀ values of 1.69 ± 0.06 µM, 1.55 ± 0.13 µM and 1.44 ± 0.04 µM, respectively; kinetic studies established competitive inhibition with Ki values of 0.65-0.69 µM. The strong correlation between computational predictions and experimental data underscores the effectiveness of our integrated approach and identifies ethopropazine, periciazine and piperacetazine as promising lead compounds for further optimization and pre-clinical development as SQLE inhibitors."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Metabolic Disorders

Scopolamine-induced Tardive Dyskinesia: A Case Report (MDS Congress 2025) - "He was then prescribed fluphenazine and deutetrabenazine for the diagnosis of tics and experienced drug-induced parkinsonism as a side effect with the onset of shuffling gait and right upper extremity rest tremor...He was started on valbenazine with significant improvement in his TD and minimal side effects of parkinsonism at the 60mg daily dosage. Although exacerbation of TD by anticholinergics is well documented in the literature, there are few cases of anticholinergic-associated TD documented. Further investigation is essential to determine the interplay between the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems, given the frequent use of anticholinergic medications for common disorders, including nausea, COPD, urinary frequency, and asthma."

Case report • Clinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Huntington disease in a Patient with Extensive Psychiatric History (MDS Congress 2025) - "Patient received more social support and symptoms are managed by Valbenazine, clonidine, fluphenazine, duloxetine. The delayed diagnosis of Huntington's Disease in this young patient, due to confounding factors and initial psychiatric symptoms, underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach. This case serves to remind clinicians of the diverse clinical manifestations of HD and the need for early consideration in differential diagnoses. Figure 1: Brain MRI"

Clinical • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Alzheimer's Disease • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Depression • Mental Retardation • Movement Disorders • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder • Psychiatry • Suicidal Ideation

Challenges in the management of untreated chronic psychosis: a case report (ECNP 2025) - "Initial treatment included fluphenazine as the main antipsychotic, along with clozapine, biperiden, and nitrazepam. Lorazepam was later added to manage anxiety. As therapy progressed, the fluphenazine dose was reduced, and amitriptyline was introduced to address residual and negative symptoms...Her prolonged hospitalization and slow progress reflect the complex challenges associated with treating psychosis that has remained untreated for many years. This case also highlights how psychiatric illness can go unrecognized or untreated in families for extended periods, sometimes resulting in multi-generational patterns of dysfunction and avoidance of care."

Case report • Clinical • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical presentation in a West African population with psychiatric disorders (ECNP 2025) - "Among Haloperidol users, 82% also received Chlorpromazine and 51% Carbamazepine; among Fluphenazine users, 82% took Chlorpromazine and 88% Carbamazepine. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight significant mental health challenges in Togo, shedding light on a population that remains under-studied, burdened by considerable stigma surrounding mental illness, and facing substantial barriers to accessing psychiatric care. These insights provide valuable guidance for enhancing mental healthcare delivery in resource-limited settings."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Prescribing patterns of antipsychotic monotherapy and polypharmacy in patients with psychotic disorders (ECNP 2025) - "Among monotherapy patients, olanzapine was most frequently prescribed (33.3%), followed by risperidone and haloperidol (both 18.2%), quetiapine (15.2%), aripiprazole (9.1%), and clozapine (6.1%)...Less frequently prescribed in polytherapy were aripiprazole (10.4%), risperidone (7.3%), levomepromazine and zuclopenthixol (both 6.3%), fluphenazine (4.2%), and amisulpride and sulpiride (both 1.0%)... Despite guideline recommendations that advocate for antipsychotic monotherapy whenever possible [1,3], this study found that polypharmacy remains prevalent in clinical practice. Olanzapine emerged as the most common choice in monotherapy regimens, while haloperidol and promazine were more frequently used in polytherapy. Clozapine, despite its well-established role in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, was more commonly prescribed as part of combination therapy (16.7%) than as monotherapy (6.1%)."

Clinical • Monotherapy • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Use of TLC and Computational Methods to Determine Lipophilicity Parameters of Selected Neuroleptics: Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Studies. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Aim: Taking into account the importance of this parameter, we aimed to assess and compare the utility of a hybrid procedure based on calculation methods and an experimental one for rapid and simple estimation of the lipophilicity of selected neuroleptics such as fluphenazine, triflupromazine, trifluoperazine, flupentixol and zuclopenthixol and their potential new derivatives. Our results provide a confident proposal of optimal chromatographic conditions to experimentally determine the lipophilicity of neuroleptic drugs, including new derivatives. Additionally, for the first time, the paper shows the application of selected topological indices in determining lipophilicity factors and other ADMET parameters of neuroleptics and, in the future, the newly synthesized quinoline derivatives of the studied compounds."

Journal

Utilization of psychotropic drugs in Serbia from 2006 to 2021: Patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "The COVID-19 pandemic did not contribute to change in consumption of psychotropic drugs in Serbia. Still, the use of antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics, anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics, anti-dementia drugs and gabapentinoids increased from 2006 to 2021."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Infectious Disease • Mental Retardation • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Psychiatry

Phenothiazine Derivatives and Their Impact on the Apoptosis Processes: A Review. (PubMed, J Appl Toxicol) - "Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, levomepromazine, mepazine, perphenazine, promazine, promethazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, and trifluoperazine analog (3dc) more often induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines, human hepatocytes, and lymphocytes, and the final effect depends on the type and concentration of drug used, the type of cell line, and the methodology used. The obtained results allow for a better understanding of the biological action of phenothiazine derivatives and will help reposition this group of drugs to cancer treatment, resulting in faster, safer, easier, and cheaper therapy."

Journal • Review • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Oncology • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Fluphenazine, an antipsychotic compound, ameliorates Alzheimer's disease by clearing amyloid beta accumulation in C. elegans. (PubMed, Geroscience) - "In this study, we utilized the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to screen a library of 1760 FDA-approved compounds, both with and without rapamycin, to assess potential synergistic effects on yeast growth. Although these findings were obtained in yeast and C. elegans models, further validation in mammalian systems is required to confirm their translational relevance. Nevertheless, the results underscore the significant potential of repurposed drugs to accelerate the discovery of therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Fluconazole resistance and CDR1 expression in Candida albicans mediated by the hyperactive Tac1-5 transcriptional activator requires Tlo proteins. (PubMed, Microbiology (Reading)) - "qRT-PCR analysis revealed that tloΔ-TAC1-5 had reduced basal and fluphenazine-induced CDR1 expression relative to WT-TAC1-5 strains and exhibited reduced levels of resistance to fluconazole and terbinafine. These data have identified that the TLO gene family is required for the expression of Tac1-mediated fluconazole resistance. However, this effect is confined to members of the alpha and beta, but not the gamma, TLO clades."

Journal • Candidiasis • Infectious Disease

Considerations for Augmenting Aripiprazole Long-Acting Injectables with Other Antipsychotics: A Mini-Review. (PubMed, Diseases) - "Current literature on Ki values indicates that fluphenazine, pimozide, thiothixene, trifluoperazine, and perphenazine bind more strongly to dopamine D2 receptors than aripiprazole...Additionally, the muscarinic effects of aripiprazole suggest the possibility of augmentation with clozapine or xanomeline-trospium, albeit the peer-reviewed literature on this was also limited. Overall, it is difficult to draw conclusions regarding best clinical practices for these scenarios, as the existing literature is contradictory. Nonetheless, the application of the dopamine and muscarinic pathway theories for schizophrenia opens venues for future research and consideration."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • DRD2

Sexual dysfunctions related to use of antipsychotics: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "The antipsychotic medications of interest are amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, chlorpromazine, clopenthixol, clozapine, droperidol, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, haloperidol, iloperidone, levomepromazine, loxapine, lurasidone, molindone, olanzapine, paliperidone, penfluridol, perphenazine, perazine, pimozide, prochlorperazine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, thiothixene, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, ziprasidone, zuclopenthixol and zotepine. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and RoB 2.0 will be used to assess the risk of bias in studies. We will evaluate the quality of the evidence contributing to network estimates for the primary outcomes using the GRADE framework, and key factors that may affect the observed effects will be analysed for consistency across studies."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Sexual Disorders • PRL

Hyperprolactinemia and Delusion of Pregnancy in Association With Fluphenazine Monotherapy: A Case of a Patient With Schizoaffective Disorder. (PubMed, Prim Care Companion CNS Disord) - No abstract available

Journal • Monotherapy • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Impact of Early Antipsychotic Prescription Choice on Weight Gain in the First 5 Years of Psychotic Illness: a Retrospective Cohort Study. (PubMed, Neurol Ther) - "Younger women were at elevated risk for weight gain as were people prescribed multiple antipsychotics in the 1st year. Some older antipsychotics associated with as much weight gain as the newer prescribed agents. More than 40% of people did not put on weight."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Obesity • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Understanding Cataract Development in Patients on Antipsychotic Medications: A Review of Evidence and Risk Factors (APA 2025) - "Notably, atypical antipsychotics like clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine have been implicated. Our research team observed cataract development in a young patient on fluphenazine, a typical antipsychotic, suggesting a potential link between first-generation antipsychotics and cataracts as well...Clinicians should be aware of these risks and implement appropriate monitoring strategies. Educating patients about the potential side effects of their medication and the importance of regular eye check-ups is essential in managing and preventing cataract development."

Clinical • Review • Bipolar Disorder • Cataract • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Metabolic Disorders • Mood Disorders • Ophthalmology • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • LEP

Treatment-Resistant Psychosis Secondary to Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Improved Psychiatric Symptoms After Parathyroidectomy (APA 2025) - "Patient had a long history of treatment resistant psychosis, and has been on trials of Fluphenazine, Clozapine, Valproic acid, Ziprasidone, Risperidone and Aripiprazole...Patient was restarted on Haloperidol, however symptoms did not improve with titration up to 30 mg per day... This case underscores the notable association between primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The successful resolution of psychotic symptoms following parathyroidectomy strengthens the hypothesis of an association between hypercalcemia and psychiatric manifestations. Despite the frequent occurrence of these symptoms in PHPT patients, they are often underdiagnosed."

Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Endocrine Cancer • Endocrine Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • Solid Tumor

Knowledge Gap in Understanding the Relationship Between Fluphenazine Decanoate Dosing and Timing With Fluphenazine Serum Levels (APA 2025) - "This may also help identify how plasma levels relate to clinical response, what drug doses may cause side effects, how dosing varies among patients, and how different metabolites have an impact (12-13). Although it is an older medication, it's still being prescribed, and we are calling attention to this matter for better patient care and clinical decision making."

CNS Disorders • Psychiatry

Unsupervised Graph Clustering Reveals a Clinical Taxonomy of Antipsychotics (APA 2025) - "Cluster 1 contained Aripiprazole, Brexpiprazole, Cariprazine, Lurasidone, Sertindole, and Ziprasidone, and was characterized by an excellent side-effect profile but also with the lowest efficacy. Cluster 2 contained Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Loxapine, Molindone, Perphenazine, and Thiothixene, and showed strong efficacy in positive symptoms, but also had a high-risk for EPS, QTc prolongation and seizures. Cluster 3 contained Clozapine, Iloperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Thioridazine, and Zotepine, and showed strong overall efficacy but carried the highest risk for sedation and metabolic side effects. Cluster 4 contained Amisulpride, Asenapine, Paliperidone, Risperidone, and Sulpride, and showed excellent positive and negative symptom efficacy but carried the highest risk of hyperprolactinemia. Cluster 5 contained Flupentixol, Fluphenazine, Pimozide, and Trifluoperazine and showed the lowest efficacy with a high risk of causing EPS. Conclusion Despite traditional..."

Clinical • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Hypotension • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

An in-depth exploration of the association between olanzapine, quetiapine and acute pancreatitis based on real-world datasets and network toxicology analysis. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "The signal intensity of AP was statistically significant in olanzapine, quetiapine, and fluphenazine. The pharmacovigilance analysis investigated the signal intensity, clinical features, risk factors, and onset time of AP associated with olanzapine and quetiapine. Network toxicology analysis suggested that the toxic effects of olanzapine and quetiapine may be related to their hub genes."

Journal • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Pancreatitis

Advancements in toxicological risk assessment: integrating Ferguson's principle, computational models, and drug safety guidelines, a comprehensive framework for improving risk assessment and resource management in toxicology. (PubMed, Toxicol Res (Camb)) - "The study investigates, evaluates, and interprets drugs such as: H|chlorpromazine (New England Nuclear [NEN]), diazepam Roche, C|diclofenac (Ciba-Geigy, 6.6 mCi/mmol, K-277), diclofenac (Ciba-Geigy, 0.1317), digoxin (Wellcome, 11725), fluphenazine (Squibb 12240), phenytoin (NEN, 46 Ci/mmol, 2315-061), phenytoin (Parke-Davis 5419972), pirenzepine (Boehringer-Ingelheim-660206), H|prednisolone (Amersham, 67.4 Ci/mmol, 88), warfarin (Amersham, 46 mCi/mmol, 30), outlining and assessing their transferability and perils notably presented. Progress in 3D-QSAR modelling augmented its role in forecasting chemical toxicity, while advancements in toxicogenomics and the application of ODE models have contributed to toxicological research. Hence, the shift toward alternate toxicity assessment methodologies was driven by ethical concerns, budgetary limits, and the demand for more human-relevant data without sacrificing an animal life, which was a concern of the..."

Journal

Should we be Prescribing Fluphenazine Long-Acting Injectable Formulation? (PubMed, Curr Psychiatry Rep) - "Its prescribing is disproportionately influenced by healthcare inequities and resource limitations. Clinicians should employ a rigorous, individualized approach to antipsychotic selection, incorporating shared decision-making and patient education to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia