nalidixic acid / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Hidden carriers: multidrug-resistant bacteria in hedgehogs from a wildlife rescue centre. (PubMed, Front Vet Sci) - "coli isolates were obtained on MacConkey agar (MCA) and MCA with cefotaxime and confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS...More than half of the isolates (37/69; 54%) were multidrug-resistant, with resistance most frequently observed to ampicillin and nalidixic acid...The presence of sequence types and resistance genes commonly associated with human and veterinary infections further supports the relevance of rehabilitated wildlife to the broader epidemiology of AMR. Enhancing biosafety practices and antimicrobial stewardship in wildlife rescue operations is therefore essential to mitigate zoonotic risks within a One Health framework."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Psychiatry

Analysis of chromosomal genes and proteins of gyrA and gyrB from Indonesian Local-Strain Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. (PubMed, J Infect Dev Ctries) - "Some variations and protein secondary structure alterations were found in the gyrA and gyrB among local strains of S. Typhi, which might be associated with fluoroquinolone susceptibility."

Journal • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Infectious Disease

Incidence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of main bacterial isolates from patients with communityacquired urinary tract infections in North of Iraq. (PubMed, Arch Ital Urol Androl) - "Community-acquired UTI pathogens in Sulaimani  showed high resistance to widely used oral antibiotics, while carbapenems and nitrofurantoin remained effective. Higher resistance was especially noted among older adults, men, and patients with diabetes or renal disease. These findings highlight the need for improved empirical therapy and ongoing resistance surveillance."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Hypertension • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

Frequent carriage of enterococci and other Lactobacillales with OptrA and PoxtA ribosomal protection resistance mechanisms among children from rural areas of Bolivia. (PubMed, Int J Infect Dis) - "Present findings report the highest prevalence of faecal carriage of optrA- and poxtA-positive commensals so far observed in healthy subjects, raising concerns about the potential clinical and epidemiological implications."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Isolation and whole-genome sequencing of antibiotic-resistant bacteria revealed the reservoir for indigenous antibiotic resistance genes in the deepest ocean sediment of the Challenger Deep. (PubMed, Mar Pollut Bull) - "Resistance was most common to ampicillin (73.2%), followed by sulfadiazine (30.1%) and nalidixic acid (4.9%). This study offers the first culture-based evidence of ARB and ARGs in the Challenger Deep, suggesting that resistance may represent an adaptive trait to extreme conditions and underscoring its ancient, intrinsic origin. Our findings provide critical implications for understanding the revolution and dissemination of resistance in deep-sea environments."

Journal • Gene Therapies

Prevalence, Characterization and Genetic Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Raw Salmon (Salmo salar) and Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Products. (PubMed, Foods) - "All isolates were resistant to cefuroxime sodium, ceftriaxone, cefepime and nalidixic acid, and 13% showed resistance to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The five highly virulent isolates exhibited the highest genetic similarity to J2-031 (GCA_000438645.1) and C1-387 (GCA_000438605.1). The results provided valuable information for Chinese regulatory authorities to strengthen the risk monitoring of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat raw salmon and trout products."

Journal

Analysis of Multi-Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in U.S. Foodborne Pathogens (2015-2025) Using Data from the NCBI Pathogen Isolates Browser. (PubMed, Pathogens) - "Six antimicrobials-tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin-were identified through PCA-guided clustering and frequency profiling as the principal axes of co-resistance across pathogens. Gene analyses revealed a progressive, modular accumulation of resistance determinants, led by efflux pumps (mdsA, mdsB), tetracycline genes (tetA/B/O), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide genes (sul1/sul2), quinolone resistance determinants (gyrA, acrF, mdtM), and β-lactamases (blaEC, blaOXA, blaCTX). Together, these results demonstrate that multidrug resistance in U.S. foodborne pathogens evolves through coordinated gene-drug-pathogen interactions rather than isolated events, underscoring the need for integrated surveillance and targeted stewardship strategies focused on the dominant antimicrobials and high-risk foodborne pathogens."

Journal

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Haemolytic Escherichia coli in Colombian Pig Farms. (PubMed, Antibiotics (Basel)) - "All isolates exhibited resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes (MDR), with high levels of resistance to tetracycline (98.0%), neomycin (97.3%), chloramphenicol (95.9%), sulfamethoxazole (93.9%), trimethoprim (91.9%), ampicillin (91.9%), nalidixic acid (82.4%), and ciprofloxacin (79.7%). Colistin resistance was observed in 5.4% of isolates, mediated by mcr1 or mcr3, while cefotaxime resistance (8.8%) was extensively associated with blaCTX-M. These findings reveal a concerning burden of MDR E. coli in Colombia's pig-producing regions and indicate that haemolysis alone is a poor indicator of ETEC. Integrating farm-level antimicrobial use data with genomic analyses will be essential to identify drivers of AMR and guide effective stewardship in the Colombian pig industry."

Journal • Hematological Disorders

Role of microplastics in the survival and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni. (PubMed, Front Microbiol) - "Similarly, the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants aligned with the phenotypic resistance, and only one strain (ST-6209/CC464) exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline. The findings indicate that MPs can facilitate the persistence of C. jejuni in the environment while simultaneously increasing their susceptibility to antibiotics. Further research with larger cohorts is needed to validate these preliminary observations in order to support the development of effective policies addressing MP pollution and food safety."

Journal • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Infectious Disease

Description on the prevalence of Proteus mirabilis through an integrated sampling framework for health, food, and environment in Northeast India and an integrative review with reference to one health context. (PubMed, Front Microbiol) - "The majority of the P. mirabilis isolates from market foods were resistant to nalidixic acid (92.6%), erythromycin (81.5%), tetracycline, and doxycycline (77.8% each)...Meropenem resistance has also been recorded in isolates from market foods and state-specific foods (7.4% and 37.5%, respectively)...WGS analysis has identified SPI-1 for the first time in P. mirabilis, with other virulence genes associated with diarrhea. Considering its presence in several sources, strengthening the One Health approach is important to implement strategies in order to control P. mirabilis-mediated infections."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Nephrology

Freeze-Dried Bacterial Cellulose-Based Point-of-Care Device for Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST). (PubMed, Macromol Biosci) - "Using this platform, susceptibility to ampicillin and resistance to nalidixic acid become visually distinguishable within a single doubling time. An unsupervised K-means clustering algorithm is employed to segment colorimetric outputs and quantify viability-driven changes in the assay. This study presents freeze-dried bacterial cellulose devices that provide a clear visual distinction between susceptibility and resistance within a single bacterial doubling time."

Journal

Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnant women: which culture-based detection method is best? (PubMed, J Med Microbiol) - "Samples were analysed in parallel in six study arms using (i) colistin nalidixic acid (CNA) agar, (ii) chromogenic S. agalactiae selective agar, (iii) CNA agar after enrichment in thioglycolate broth, (iv) chromogenic agar after enrichment in thioglycolate broth, (v) CNA agar after enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth and (vi) chromogenic agar after enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth. Each study arm had a specificity of 100%, while the sensitivity varied between 81% (CNA agar alone, study arm i) and 98% (Todd-Hewitt broth for enrichment followed by subculture on chromogenic agar, study arm vi).Conclusion. Enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth followed by subculture on chromogenic agar had the highest sensitivity (98%, specificity: 100%) for the detection of S. agalactiae in pregnant women."

Clinical • Journal • Infectious Disease

Genome sequence data of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis HMTZ24 carrying multiple virulence factors, isolated from a urinary tract infection in Mosul, Iraq. (PubMed, Data Brief) - "The genome harbors six antimicrobial resistance genes confirming resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, rifampin, trimethoprim, lincomycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. The dataset provides a valuable genomic resource for comparative analyses of E. faecalis strains, supporting studies on antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and regional epidemiology. The draft genome sequence of strain HMTZ24 has been deposited in NCBI under the accession number JBISBO000000000.1."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Nephrology • YAP1

Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli on Neck Skin in Slaughtered Broilers Raised on Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Farms. (PubMed, Pathogens) - "Conventional broilers showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (73.8%), sulfonamides (72.5%), and fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid, 62.5%; ciprofloxacin, 67.5%), while organic and ATB-free systems showed significantly lower levels. Intermediate resistance occurred for trimethoprim (21.4-47.9%) and tetracycline (36-54%), and low prevalence (<10%) was found for gentamicin, tigecycline, and third-generation cephalosporins. No relevant resistance was detected to colistin or carbapenems (≤1.2%)...ATB-free flocks processed after conventional batches displayed higher resistance, indicating possible cross-contamination during slaughter. These results highlight the influence of farming practices and slaughterhouse hygiene on AMR dissemination, underscoring the need for integrated farm-to-slaughter control strategies."

Journal

Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter Species Isolated From Foods, Animals and Humans in Iran Through One Health Approach: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (PubMed, Vet Med Sci) - "isolates in Iran have high resistance proportions to beta-lactams (including cefixime (0.97), cephalothin (0.84), ceftriaxone (0.76), cephalexin (0.63), ceftazidime (0.53) and carbenicillin (0.38)), fluoroquinolones (including ofloxacin (0.79), nalidixic acid (0.51) and ciprofloxacin (0.52)), sulfonamides like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (0.68) (potentiated sulfonamides), florfenicol (0.62), tetracycline (0.57) and macrolides (including erythromycin (0.12) and azithromycin (0.17))...showed low resistance rates to aminoglycosides (including neomycin (0.08), amikacin (0.08), meropenem (0.06), spectinomycin (0.04), gentamicin (0.04) and imipenem (0.02)) and chloramphenicol (0.07). Regarding Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolates, resistance to erythromycin (0.18-0.09), and gentamycin (0.08-0.04) was higher in C. coli than C. jejuni isolates, respectively, whereas resistance to ciprofloxacin (0.56) and tetracycline (0.56) was higher in C. jejuni...were tetO..."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • Review

Gut Resistome and Hearing Loss in Young Adults: A Preliminary Study on the Interplay Between Microbial Resistance and Auditory Health. (PubMed, Antibiotics (Basel)) - "Participants with HL exhibited significantly higher MICs for nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin, as well as trends toward increased MIC variability for several other agents. qPCR analyses demonstrated that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance was significantly higher in individuals with HL and in those exhibiting greater resistance to amoxicillin. These findings provide preliminary evidence connecting the gut resistome with auditory function, supporting the emerging concept of a gut-ear-brain axis and underscoring the need for further research into microbiome-related mechanisms underlying HL."

Journal • Otorhinolaryngology

Colistin and Biofilm-Related Genes of Positive Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle (Bos taurus) Carcasses Antibiotic Resistance Profiles, Biofilm and Molecular Characterisation of Isolates. (PubMed, Vet Med Sci) - "Nine (10%), 6 (6%), 28 (31%), 24 (26%), 5 (5%), 8 (8.8%), 4 (4%) and 6 (6%) tetracyclines, erythromycin, gentamicin, azithromycin, imipenem, ampicillin and nalidixic acid were found to be resistant, respectively. According to Congo red agar, two E. coli isolates were found to have strong biofilm formation ability, while three E. coli isolates were found to have moderate biofilm formation ability. The results of this study, due to the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and biofilm formation abilities of the strains, emphasize that these strains pose a significant risk to public health because they are associated with foodborne diseases and that this situation poses a danger of spreading the resistance gene in the environment."

Journal

Characterization and vaccine-induced immunogenicity of a re-emerging Neisseria meningitidis serogroup Y in Tianjin, China. (PubMed, Vaccine) - "Compared with MPSV4, MCV4 generated stronger bactericidal antibody responses and provided superior protective immunity against serogroup Y in a mouse model, which lays the groundwork for further development of meningococcal vaccines. Moving forward, studies should incorporate a broader range of bacterial strains, larger sample sizes, and ultimately human clinical trials to confirm and extend these findings."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Meningococcal Infections

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. Causing human gastroenteritis in Iran (2000-2025): a systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed, BMC Infect Dis) - "This systematic review and meta-analysis highlight a moderate but rising prevalence of gastroenteric Campylobacter infections in Iran, with C. jejuni being the predominant species. Increasing resistance to quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides poses a serious threat to treatment, especially in C. coli. While gentamicin shows sustained low resistance, its parenteral administration restricts routine use, limiting its role to severe cases. Strengthened national surveillance, standardized diagnostics, and robust antimicrobial stewardship, particularly in poultry-the main source of human disease-are urgently needed."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • Review • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Infectious Disease

Genomic characteristics of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O139 in Henan Province, 2001-2024 (PubMed, Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi) - " All 11 strains were multi-drug resistant strains, resistant to all three antimicrobial drugs, polymyxin, nalidixic acid, and streptomycin, and all of them carried multi-drug resistant genes; all strains were ST69-type, and all of them carried the ctxA/B genes, sequence of CTXΦ phage, the VSP-Ⅰ gene island, VSP-Ⅱ gene island, the VPI-1 pathogenicity island, and the virulence genes ctxB, tcpA, and rstR carried by the strain are all of the El Tor type; the analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) evolutionary tree revealed that 11 Vibrio cholerae strains were most closely related to Vibrio cholerae O139 strains in Taiwan. Using whole genome sequencing technology, it was revealed that all the outbreak strains of cholera in different regions of Henan Province carry multiple drug resistance and virulence genes, with highly similar genomic features and minor SNP differences between strains. It suggests that strengthened surveillance and early warning mechanisms..."

Journal • Cholera

Laboratory epidemiology of Salmonella infections and multi-drug resistance profiles in Nigeria: Barriers, challenges and proposed solutions. (PubMed, One Health) - "AMR remained entrenched: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ≥90%, fluoroquinolones ≥69 %, and nalidixic acid 91 %; cephalosporin resistance climbed from 60 % to 88 %. Limited stool culture and escalating multi-drug resistance jeopardize the empirical therapy for Salmonella infections. Our study offers immediate, scalable interventions to strengthen One-Health Salmonella infections AMR control in Nigeria."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Molecular Epidemiology of Multi-Drug Resistant E. coli Isolated from Poultry Birds in Six Agroclimatic Zones of West Bengal, India: A Cross-Sectional Study. (PubMed, Indian J Microbiol) - "Resistance to ampicillin (47.1%), ceftriaxone (27.0%), aztreonam (25.2%), tetracycline (20.0%), enrofloxacin (19.6%), and nalidixic acid (18.8%) was quite frequent, however, majority of the isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (97%), chloramphenicol (97.5%) and imipenem (> 98%)...Likewise, the isolates from old alluvial zone were significantly and more frequently associated with ESBL production (OR: 2.04 (95% CI 1.04, 4.02), p < 0.001), ceftazidime (OR: 2.06 (95% CI 1.06, 4.04), p < 0.001) and quinolone [NAL: (OR: 2.42 (95% CI 1.23, 4.73), p < 0.01); ENR: (OR: 3.72 (95% CI 1.30, 6.72), p < 0.001)] resistance...Our findings highlight that there might be other factors contributing to AMR, in addition to the usage of antibiotics, in a particular sector. Therefore, a comprehensive approach through enhanced biosecurity and identification of loopholes that permit resistant elements to expand is needed, to tackle AMR in poultry sector."

Journal • Observational data

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Campylobacter isolated from retail duck meat in Southern China. (PubMed, Int J Food Microbiol) - "Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates to Erythromycin (96.7 %), Streptomycin (93.4 %), Nalidixic Acid (93.4 %), Ampicillin (78.7 %), and Gentamicin (78.7 %). In addition to antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene analysis revealed a high prevalence of cdtB (59.0 %) and cadF (57.4 %), with C. jejuni carrying a significantly higher number of virulence genes compared to C. coli. The study highlights the significant public health risk posed by MDR Campylobacter in duck meat, emphasizing the need for stricter regulations on antibiotic use in livestock and continuous monitoring to mitigate the spread of resistant strains through the food chain."

Journal

Machine learning-guided repurposing of FDA-approved quinolones as dual cholinesterase inhibitors: A multi-level docking, molecular dynamics, DFT, and SHAP-based analysis. (PubMed, J Mol Graph Model) - "In this study, we computationally repurposed four FDA-approved quinolone antibiotics, Norfloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and Nalidixic acid, as potential dual-site cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors using a hybrid in vitro/in silico workflow. Finally, systems-level enrichment (STRING, GeneCards) provided a qualitative network context linking ACHE and BCHE to neurodegeneration. Together, these data position Norfloxacin and Sparfloxacin as computationally prioritised candidates whose ChE-related repurposing potential warrants further validation in dedicated cellular and in vivo models."

FDA event • Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Pain

Antibiotic resistance profile of Campylobacter species recovered from some freshwater milieu in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. (PubMed, BMC Microbiol) - "The study shows that antimicrobial-resistant and potentially virulent Campylobacter strains are present in the freshwater environments in the Eastern Cape Province, posing a potential public health risk. However, surveillance systems and public awareness about campylobacteriosis and its transmission routes can reduce infection rates."

Journal • Infectious Disease