didanosine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Multiple origins and functions: evolutionary pathways of HSP70 proteins in viruses. (PubMed, J Gen Virol) - "In this study, we conducted a comprehensive search of viral protein databases and identified HSP70 homologues in viruses beyond those with ssRNA genomes, including examples with dsDNA genomes in the class Megaviricete...In contrast, ssRNA virus HSP70s formed a distinct, highly divergent group. Our findings suggest multiple independent acquisitions of HSP70 genes by viruses and provide new insights into their evolutionary trajectories and potential functional adaptations."

Journal • Gene Therapies • Infectious Disease • SPA1L

A Polinton-like Virus of C. parva Inhibits the Population Growth of a Newly Isolated Relative of Tethysvirus ontarioense. (PubMed, Viruses) - "Purification of C. parva viruses to enable co-infection experiments led to the discovery of a previously unknown virus, CpV-BQ3, which, based on sequence information and electron microscopy, is a species of Tethysvirus, a genus within the Megaviricetes...Conversely, high levels of Moe relative to BQ3 provided greater protection for C. parva, allowing enhanced cell survival, whereas low doses of Moe did not prevent cell lysis. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated the intimate relationship of CpV-PLV Moe with the newly discovered virus, CpV-BQ3, and C. parva, and illustrate the complex ecology of algal viruses."

Journal • Infectious Disease • ARVA

ABCA4-associated retinopathy complicated by didanosine-associated retinal toxicity. (PubMed, Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep) - "This case suggests that prior mitochondrial-toxic drug exposure may exacerbate the course of inherited retinal dystrophies, producing unusually severe panretinal degeneration. Clinicians should review medication history in patients with inherited retinal diseases and consider long-term retinal monitoring even years after discontinuing potentially toxic agents."

Journal • Age-related Macular Degeneration • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Inherited Retinal Dystrophy • Macular Degeneration • Ophthalmology • Retinal Disorders

ProHistoneDB: A database of prokaryotic and viral histones. (PubMed, J Mol Biol) - "In eukaryotes and megaviruses, they form nucleosome structures that wrap DNA...For each category, interactive phylogenetic trees and HMM profile logos are available to identify conserved residues and explore the relative evolutionary relationships of histones. ProHistoneDB can be accessed athttps://prohistonedb.org/."

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Chronic HIV infection complicated by pancreatitis, pancreatic tail pseudocyst and atraumatic splenic rupture: a case report. (PubMed, AIDS Res Ther) - "This case illustrates a plausible "pancreas-spleen axis" in which chronic pancreatitis with a pancreatic tail pseudocyst leads to local vascular and parenchymal fragility, predisposing to ASR in a patient with chronic HIV infection and incomplete immune reconstitution. It emphasizes the need to consider ASR in PLWH presenting with acute abdomen, particularly when imaging shows pancreatic tail pathology. Early CT, prompt surgical decision-making, and multidisciplinary management between infectious disease specialists and surgeons are critical for favorable outcomes."

Journal • Dyslipidemia • Gastroenterology • Hematological Disorders • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Hypertriglyceridemia • Hypotension • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Pain • Pancreatitis • Thrombocytosis

Diversity and potential environmental risks of DNA viruses on international ships' ballast water at Shanghai port, China. (PubMed, Mar Pollut Bull) - "Although Caudoviricetes was the dominant viral group, the abundances of Megaviricetes and Faserviricetes were also relatively high, albeit showing variations among different routes...In summary, the results of our research have uncovered the virus diversity and potential risks associated with different routes. This underscores the imperative of implementing targeted management strategies for each individual route."

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A systematic review assessing body mass index and waist circumference as predictors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. (PubMed, BMC Infect Dis) - "Body Mass Index is a consistent and potential predictor of T2DM among PLWH on ART, while the role of WC appears variable and context dependent. These findings support the inclusion of BMI monitoring in HIV care, though further research is needed to clarify the predictive utility of WC and refine screening thresholds for this population."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The association of the rumen virome with methane emissions in dairy cattle. (PubMed, Commun Biol) - "We identify 8933 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs), including bacteriophages, archaeophages, megaviruses, and virophages...Associations between viruses and microorganisms might suggest viruses influence methane emissions by modulating key microbial populations. Although mechanisms remain unclear, rumen viruses could serve as biomarkers for selecting low-emission animals or developing microbial interventions."

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NRTI-Induced Pancreatitis Second to Viral-Induced Acute Liver Failure (ACG 2025) - "Initiation of antiviral therapy with tenofovir or entecavir monotherapy as well as evaluation for liver transplant is the standard of care.Case Description/ A 47 year old woman with no PMH presented for one week history of worsening malaise, nausea, vomiting, and worsening jaundice...Vitamin K, lactulose, Tenofovir, and NAC were initiated...Further workup was halted due to acceptance to transplant institute. NRTI-induced pancreatitis has been described in HIV patient's receiving combination NRTI regimens including didanosine + tenofovir and bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir...Common, alternative etiologies were ruled out. We see here an interesting presentation of NRTI-induced pancreatitis in the setting of ALF.Figure: Massively inflamed body and tail of pancreas on CT with infiltration of the surrounding fat"

CNS Disorders • Gastroenterology • Hepatitis B • Hepatology • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Lipodystrophy • Liver Failure • Metabolic Disorders • Myositis • Pancreatitis

Viral ecogenomics across oxic and anoxic zones of the Yongle Blue Hole. (PubMed, Environ Microbiome) - "Together, these findings highlight the potential ecological roles and diversity of viral communities within YBH and shedding light on niche-separated viral speciation."

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Co-infection of phylogenetically distinct nucleocytoviruses in Acanthamoeba castellanii cells. (PubMed, FEMS Microbiol Lett) - "Furthermore, transcription levels of cedratvirus and megavirus genes in the co-infected culture were significantly lower than those in the mono-infected culture based on time-course experiments, suggesting that distinct nucleocytoviruses may compete for viral reproduction. This is the first report experimentally demonstrating that co-infection of distinct nucleocytoviruses occurs in A. castellanii cell."

Journal • Gene Therapies • Infectious Disease

Bacteriophage and megaviruses from outdoor microalgae ponds in Mesa, Arizona. (PubMed, Microbiol Resour Announc) - "However, little is known about the presence and impacts of viruses in outdoor cultivation ponds. We present sequences of bacteriophage and potential megavirus genomes from metagenomic sequencing of microalgae ponds in Mesa, Arizona, USA."

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Unravelling drug-induced hepatic steatosis: Clinical sub-phenotypes, outcome prediction, and identification of high-concern drugs and hazardous chemical attributes. (PubMed, Biomed Pharmacother) - "Drugs like Didanosine, Zidovudine, Valproate, and Tetracycline were linked to fatal outcome. A predictive model using clinical and chemical features allowed to identify high-concern drugs and hazardous chemical attributes."

Journal • Fibrosis • Hepatology • Immunology • Liver Failure • Metabolic Disorders

Evaluating the Antiviral Activity of Termin-8 and Finio Against a Surrogate ASFV-like Algal Virus. (PubMed, Pathogens) - "Although Termin-8 efficacy did not improve with time, due to its fixing of viral particles and rendering them non-infectious, treatment with Finio showed 100% viable viral inactivation (>5 log10 reduction units) at the lowest concentration after 7 days of exposure. Our results demonstrate that both Termin-8 and Finio can be used as effective chemical mitigants against megaviruses such as EhV and ASFV and can be used as effective preventive or mitigation strategies to prevent the transmission of ASFV by reducing particle viability in contaminated feed, although additional research is warranted."

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Arctic Ocean virus communities and their seasonality, bipolarity, and prokaryotic associations. (PubMed, Nat Commun) - "Among 5662 vOTUs, 98% and 2% are Caudoviricetes and Megaviricetes, respectively...Via global metagenomes, we find that 42% of Fram Strait vOTUs peak in abundance in high latitude regions of both hemispheres, and encode proteins with biochemical signatures of cold adaptation. Our study reveals a rich diversity of polar viruses with pronounced seasonality, providing a foundation for understanding viral regulation and ecosystem impacts in changing polar oceans."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Gene Therapies

Drug resistance mutations and phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 subtypes B and F from mothers and children with vertical transmission. (PubMed, BMC Infect Dis) - "Differences in mutation profiles and antiretroviral resistance for NRTI and NNRTI drug classes were observed in half of the mother-child pairs, emphasising the importance of individualised therapeutic strategies."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Metagenomic analysis of viral communities in the polluted Varuna River reveals site-specific diversity patterns associated with environmental aspects. (PubMed, Int Microbiol) - "The highest species abundance in VR1 and VR2 was Mimivirus, Megavirus, chilensis, while VR3 and VR4 had Hpunavirus and Pseudomonas phage O4, indicating human involvement...On the basis of viral species, ecological, biotechnological aspects were also interpreted. This study concluded that the Negarnaviricota plays a key role in maintaining the overall water quality and there is an urgent need for remediation of the Varuna River especially at site VR4 (25° 19' 46.7″ N 83° 02' 38.3″ E)."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Hybrid sequencing reveals the genome of a Chrysochromulina parva virus and highlight its distinct replication strategy. (PubMed, BMC Genomics) - "The complete CpV-BQ1 genome sequence is 165,454 bp with a GC content of 32.32% and it encodes 193 open reading frames. Phylogenetic analyses of several virus hallmark genes including the polB, the late gene transcription factor (VLTF-3), and the putative A32-like virion packaging ATPase (Viral A32) all demonstrate that CpV-BQ1 is most closely related to other viruses in the phylum Megaviricetes within the order Algavirales, family Phycodnaviridae."

Journal • ARVA • POLG2

Megavirus baoshanense Mb0671 modulates host translation and increases viral fitness. (PubMed, Front Microbiol) - "Furthermore, overexpressing Mb0671 accelerated cell growth and virus replication, whereas reduction of Mb0671 expression by siRNA delayed virus replication. These results suggested that Mb0671 altered cellular translation, possibly through its association with the host translation machinery, and played an important role in enhancing virus adaptability."

Journal • EIF4A1 • EIF4A2

Unilateral drug induced gynecomastia secondary to antiretroviral therapy in an HIV infected patient (ESPE-ESE 2025) - "The patient has been treated for HIV infection for 06 months and is on combination antiretroviral therapy containing Efavirenz600mg /Emtricitabine200mg/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 245mg daily...Treatment with efavirenz and didanosine is associated with the development of gynecomastia...AIDS Res Ther 13, 40 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-016-0121-z"

Clinical • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis

Cytochrome b5 occurrence in giant and other viruses belonging to the phylum Nucleocytoviricota. (PubMed, Npj Viruses) - "Here we report that genes for cytochrome b5 occur broadly among viruses in the class Megaviricetes isolated from the deep ocean, freshwater and terrestrial sources, and human patients...Thus, the origin of cytochrome b5 genes in giant viruses remains unknown. Our findings raise questions regarding the evolution and diversity of cytochrome b5, and about the origin of viral haemoproteins in general."

Journal • CYB5A

Investigations into the Diversity and Distribution of tRNA and Phylogenetics of Translation Factors in Amoebozoa-Infecting Nucleocytoviricota. (PubMed, Viruses) - "Translation factors (TFs) and tRNAs are rare among viruses but are commonly found in giant viruses of the class Megaviricetes...However, phylogenetic analysis of TFs found in giant viruses often position these viruses as sister groups or embedded between different eukaryotic taxa with high statistical support. Overall, our findings reinforce the complexity of key components of the translation apparatus in different members of Nucleocytoviricota isolated from different regions of Earth."

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Screening of RNA methyltransferase NSP16 inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and study of related mechanisms. (PubMed, Am J Transl Res) - "Four drugs with potential inhibitory activity were examined. Among them, cladribine and didanosine have weak inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 and, therefore, are not suitable for clinical application. Sinefungin has the strongest inhibitory effect, and ebselen ranks second. Therefore, they can be regarded as qualified clinical candidates for SARS-CoV-2 treatment."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Respiratory Diseases

A Prospective Cohort of Children With HIV Infection (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=500 | Completed | Sponsor: The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration | Trial completion date: Jun 2024 ➔ Sep 2024 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2024 ➔ Sep 2024 | Active, not recruiting ➔ Completed

Trial completion • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Dissociation-dependent kinetics and distinct pathways for direct photolysis and •OH/SO4•- radical dominated photodegradation of ionizable antiviral drugs in aquatic systems. (PubMed, Water Res) - "We investigated the direct photolysis and •OH/SO4•- dominated kinetics, intermediates and toxicity evolution of three ionizable antiviral drugs (ATVs): tenofovir (TFV), didanosine (DDI), and nevirapine (NVP). Nearly half of the chemical intermediates were demonstrably more toxic than their respective parent ATVs. These results provide new insights into understanding the persistence, fate and hazards associated with applying the UV-assisted AOPs to treat wastewater containing ATVs."

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