dimethyl fumarate / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

NF-κB is a potential therapeutic target for histone deacetylase inhibitor-resistant cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (ASH 2025) - "Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, including vorinostat and romidepsin, are used clinically to restore the expression of tumor suppressor genes known to be epigenetically suppressed in CTCL...Finally, we confirmed that HDAC inhibitor-resistant cell lines displayed heightened sensitivity to inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor that prevents IκB degradation and thereby blocks NF-κB activation, and dimethyl fumarate, an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory drug that suppresses NF-κB signaling by reducing the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of p65. Conclusion : These findings suggest that aberrant NF-κB activation is a central driver of HDAC inhibitor resistance in CTCL. Our results provide a strong rationale for exploring NF-κB inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to restore or enhance the efficacy of HDAC-inhibitor-based therapies, overcome HDAC inhibitor resistance, and improve the outcomes of patients with CTCL."

Epigenetic controller • Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma • Targeted Protein Degradation • BCL3 • EGR1 • EP300 • GATA3 • HDAC1 • HDAC2 • HDAC3 • HIC1 • RELA • SOX2 • STAT3

Metabolomic and epigenetic signatures of hemin-induced stress in sickle cell erythroblasts (ASH 2025) - "By suppressing TCA cycle activity and promoting L2HG accumulation, hemin inducesferroptosis through altered redox homeostasis and epigenetic modifications. These deleterious effectscan be partially reversed by TCA cycle metabolite derivatives. NRF2 plays a critical compensatory role inregulating the ferroptosis induced by hemin."

Genetic Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Inflammation • Sickle Cell Disease • CD34 • GLUL • GPX4 • NFE2L2 • SLC3A2 • SLC7A11

BH25 Alopecia in a patient undergoing multiple treatments for multiple sclerosis: a rare presentation and case review. (PubMed, Br J Dermatol) - "She was initiated on glatiramer acetate (GA) in 2019...Following this, monthly infusions of natalizumab (eight doses) were administered in 2024...Most recently, she was prescribed cladribine, which caused scalp irritation, including burning and itching a week after each course...Br J Dermatol 2023; 188 (Suppl. 4): ljad113.167]."

Journal • Review • Alopecia • Anorexia • Bulimia • CNS Disorders • Endocrine Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Multiple Sclerosis

E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM47 Promotes Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Progression by Ubiquitinating Fumarate Hydratase and Modulating Macrophage Polarization. (PubMed, J Biol Chem) - "FH overexpression restored the effects of TRIM47. Collectively, the observations demonstrate that TRIM47 accelerates the progression of ICC by interacting with FH and ubiquitinating FH, indicating that TRIM47/FH axis may be potential target for ICC treatment."

Journal • Biliary Cancer • Cholangiocarcinoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Targeted Protein Degradation • FH • TRIM4 • TRIM47

Cerebellar Subregional Atrophy in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Stage-dependent Dynamics and Pharmacological Modulation. (PubMed, Brain Res Bull) - "This study demonstrated stage-specific patterns of cerebellar atrophy in RRMS and the heterogeneous, stage-dependent effects of DMTs on posterior cerebellar subregions. Lobules IX and VIIIb emerged as critical loci linking pharmacological modulation with cognitive outcomes. These findings suggest that these regions may serve as potential imaging biomarkers of therapeutic response and prognosis in MS."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Luteolin rescues myelin integrity and cognitive-motor function via Nrf2 pathway activation: a natural candidate vs. dimethyl fumarate in cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis. (PubMed, Nutr Neurosci) - "Molecular docking indicated that LUT possessed stronger binding affinity to the target protein Keap1 and a lower potential for off-target toxicity compared to the primary active metabolite of DMF. Luteolin exerts significant neuroprotective effects, primarily via Nrf2 pathway activation, with efficacy parallel to DMF but a superior safety profile. These findings identify LUT as a promising natural compound, bridging functional foods and MS therapy, and provide a foundation for developing LUT-enriched dietary regimens as an adjunct treatment strategy for MS."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • CAT • KEAP1 • MBP • NQO1

Selected aspects of epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Poland: a multicenter pilot study. (PubMed, Neurol Neurochir Pol) - "This study highlights substantial progress in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of MS in Poland over the past 15 years. The widespread implementation of MRI and CSF analysis, alongside significantly improved access to DMTs, has contributed to notably better clinical outcomes. These improvements are reflected in reduced relapse rates, slower disability progression, and a decreased prevalence of secondary progressive MS."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Sex differences in multiple sclerosis treatment with disease modifying drugs: a step towards gender neurology. (PubMed, Mult Scler Relat Disord) - "Our results show limited differences in response to DMTs between men and women for the drugs we took into account. Interpretation of these findings is challenging due to limited evidence available about this topic and to sexual dysmorphism involving many aspects of the disease. Small sample size, preventing the analysis of other DMTs (especially high-efficacy ones) and disease courses, is the main limit of this study. Further evidence will be needed in the future."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Pulmonary Disease

Clinical Study for Dimethyl Fumarate in Preserving Islet β-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=90 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Nanjing Medical University

New P3 trial • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Predictive factors of response to anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Mainly used DMTs were ocrelizumab (25.5%), natalizumab (19.1%), and dimethyl fumarate (17.0%), while anti-CGRP treatments included anti-CGRP mAbs (95%) and atogepant (5%)...We confirm the safety of combined DMT and CGRP treatments in patients with both conditions. Timely and tailored therapy should be planned early in MS disease course to achieve the best outcomes."

Biomarker • Clinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Multiple Sclerosis

Disease-Modifying Treatment Options in Very Early Onset Multiple Sclerosis-What Choices Are There for Onset Under 5 Years of Age? A Systematic Review. (PubMed, J Clin Med) - "Among those treated, acute steroid therapy was administered; 11 received the DMTs interferon, Glatiramer acetate, Dimethyl fumarate, and Azathioprine (three), with only two high-efficacy therapies (Natalizumab and Rituximab). Our patient had partial remission under interferon, relapses when stopped and replaced by immunoglobulin and 9 years relapse-free interval when Natalizumab was introduced. Early treatment with high-efficiency DMTs should be considered in very early POMS; association with known increased neuroplasticity at this age may improve prognosis, allowing good recovery of acquired disability."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Multiple Sclerosis • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Optic Neuritis • Pediatrics

MIGRA-MS: A case series on chronic migraine and multiple sclerosis (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Prior treatments included interferons and glatiramer acetate; current therapies consisted of ocrelizumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab, teriflunomide, or dimethyl fumarate...All received a median of three classic preventives (amitriptyline in all cases) and onabotulinumtoxinA (PREEMPT, 155 IU) with only one responder; two patients received an extended dose (195 IU) without benefit and later CGRP monoclonal antibodies (galcanezumab, erenumab, eptinezumab) with no response, and atogepant with only transient or partial benefit...In this case series of relapsing–remitting MS with chronic resistant migraine, response to onabotulinumtoxinA and anti-CGRP therapies was limited, with no drug interactions or adverse effects observed. An individualized approach and further studies are needed to assess emerging treatments in this subgroup."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Multiple Sclerosis • Pain

Paradoxical Psoriasiform Eruption during Long-Term Dupilumab Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis (ISDS 2025) - "Despite systemic immunomodulators including cyclosporine, control remained inadequate...As lesions expanded, oral dimethyl fumarate was initiated, and dupilumab was subsequently replaced with the JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib...In such cases, switching to a JAK1 inhibitor can be considered, as it targets a broader range of inflammatory cytokines involved in Th17/Th1-driven psoriasiform inflammation. Thus, when psoriasiform eruption arises after prolonged dupilumab use, switching to a JAK1 inhibitor may be a reasonable therapeutic option."

Atopic Dermatitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Pruritus • IL13 • IL23A • IL4

The Age-Related Efficacy of Dimethyl Fumarate in Naive Versus Switcher Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Multicenter Population-Based Study. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Finally, logistic regression analysis indicated age as an independent and predictive variable with respect to EDSS. We conclude that age is the main contributor to disability progression and the primary predictive factor for treatment effectiveness for DMF in both naive and switcher MS patients."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

A Retrospective Study of 116 Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Dimethyl Fumarate Treatment in a Single Institution in Japan. (PubMed, Intern Med) - "Conclusion Continuous monitoring is essential after initiating DMF treatment because patients may require transition to other therapies. Overall, 47% of the MS patients were effectively managed with DMF, with favorable outcomes observed in 54.7% of the RRMS patients."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis

STHENOS: Open Label Randomized Multicenter to Assess Efficacy & Tolerability of Ofatumumab 20mg vs. First Line DMT in RMS (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=185 | Completed | Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Active, not recruiting ➔ Completed | Trial completion date: Feb 2026 ➔ Nov 2025

Trial completion • Trial completion date • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

A Randomised, Double-Blind Study Comparing the Gastrointestinal Tolerability of Tegomil Fumarate Versus Dimethyl Fumarate in Healthy Volunteers. (PubMed, Neurol Ther) - "The between-group difference for the AUC of MOGISS abdominal pain score was not statistically different. However, compared with DMF, TMF showed improved GI tolerability profile in terms of self-assessed GI events and GI AEs leading to discontinuation."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Pain

TERIFAB-MS: Real-world Experience of Oral Agents On Fatigability in Multiple Sclerosis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=100 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: TC Erciyes University | Trial completion date: Jan 2027 ➔ Jun 2027 | Initiation date: Mar 2025 ➔ Nov 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2027 ➔ Jun 2027

Real-world evidence • Trial completion date • Trial initiation date • Trial primary completion date • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Enhanced Ferroptosis Induction Susceptibility in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma through Rocaglate-Mediated Translation Inhibition (ASH 2023) - "Additionally, we quantified reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and synergy with ferroptosis inducers (e.g., erastin, RSL3) to elucidate the mechanism of rocaglates in enhancing susceptibility to the ferroptosis pathway...Correspondingly, there was strong synergy between the clinical rocaglate zotatifin and different ferroptosis inducers (Bliss δ synergy score > 10) and antagonism with ferroptosis inhibitors (Bliss δ synergy score < -10)... In conclusion, rocaglate-induced stress upregulates multiple ferroptosis suppressors, suggesting that cap-dependent translation disruption triggers a protective response against ferroptosis. Strikingly, these factors did not protect DLBCL tumors from ferroptosis inducers, which synergized remarkably with rocaglates, yielding promising new combination drug strategies. The proteomic basis for ferroptosis sensitization by rocaglate therapy remains under active investigation."

B Cell Lymphoma • Brain Cancer • CNS Tumor • Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma • Glioblastoma • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Targeted Protein Degradation • ATF2 • GPX4 • MYSM1 • NRF1 • SDHB • SLC3A2 • TNFA

Sustained Activation of Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway by Flexible Liposome Based on Low Phase Transition Temperature to Delay Skin Aging. (PubMed, Adv Healthc Mater) - "FL@SC significantly enhanced the penetration and retention of DMF in the dermis, thereby inhibiting hallmarks of skin aging, including structural disorganization, flattening of epidermal rete ridges, and collagen degradation. Collectively, this study presents a viable strategy for delaying skin aging by alleviating oxidative stress in dermal fibroblasts via the targeted delivery of Nrf2 agonists using flexible liposomes."

Journal • Dermatology

Safety of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: real-world data from the Austrian MS Treatment Registry (AMSTR). (PubMed, J Neurol) - "The safety data from the AMSTR do not reveal any new safety issues, particularly regarding neoplasms and infections. Hence, people with MS as well as their treating neurologists are reassured to continue treatment with DMT, as the benefit-risk profile of DMT could be reaffirmed."

Journal • Real-world evidence • Basal Cell Carcinoma • CNS Disorders • Endocrine Disorders • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • Non-melanoma Skin Cancer • Oncology

Effectiveness and safety of ofatumumab in treatment-naive and oral DMT-switched multiple sclerosis patients: a multicenter observational study in China. (PubMed, Mult Scler Relat Disord) - "This real-world study revealed a significant decrease in disease activity and progression among MS patients treated with ofatumumab, both in treatment-naïve and oral DMTs-switched patients, while maintaining a well-tolerated safety profile."

Journal • Observational data • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Cuprizone Administered Via Oral Gavage Versus in Food. A Better Way to Model Acute Demyelination in Mice. A Translational Tool for Early-Stage Multiple Sclerosis Drug Development (Neuroscience 2025) - "This internal validation study establishes a more reliable and reproducible oral gavage-based CPZ model for acute demyelination in mice. The model effectively recapitulates key pathological features of MS as a result of CPZ administration via other means and provides a practical platform for evaluating demyelination and neuroinflammation, independent of dietary variability."

Preclinical • CNS Disorders • GFAP • OLIG2

Synergistic Induction of Neuronal-Like Cell Death by Extracellular beta-Amyloid and Intracellular Glutathione Deficiency via Ferroptosis (Neuroscience 2025) - "On the other hand, Caspase-3 was not found to have been activated, nor the pan caspase inhibitors rescued the cells in any of the approaches. These findings suggest that Aβ accumulation in combination with reduced intracellular GSH, may induce neuron-like cell death via lipid peroxidation-dependent mechanism, consistent with ferroptsis."

Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • APP • CASP3

Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates amyloid-beta generated cognitive deficits by inhibiting necroptosis in rats (Neuroscience 2025) - "Our results indicate the cognitive improvement and neuroprotective effects of DMF in Aβ-induced AD model by modulating the necroptosis signalling. We suggest that the selective targeting of necroptosis process may open new treatment avenues for AD."

Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • ANXA5 • CAT • IL6 • MLKL • RIPK1 • TNFA