teriflunomide / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

NX210c Demonstrates Therapeutic Potential to Restore Blood-Brain Barrier in a QSP Model of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Particularly when administered alongside one of five commonly used MS therapies (interferon β-1a, teriflunomide, cladribine, natalizumab, ocrelizumab), in the highly active subpopulation, the model on average predicted a reduction in relapse frequency in the 10 mg NX210c-treated group versus untreated group from four to no relapses over two years. These findings suggest that NX210c may enhance therapeutic efficacy in RRMS by promoting BBB restoration and modulating immune responses, offering a promising avenue for combination treatment strategies."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Multiple Sclerosis • IFNB1

Efficacy and Safety of Tolebrutinib Versus Placebo in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Results From the Phase 3 PERSEUS Trial (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - P3 | "In phase 3 pivotal trials, tolebrutinib treatment reduced the risk of disability accumulation versus placebo in non-relapsing secondary progressive MS and versus teriflunomide in relapsing MS...Enrollment criteria included age 18-55 years, diagnosis of PPMS according to the 2017 McDonald criteria, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 2.0-6.5 at screening, positive cerebrospinal fluid findings (oligoclonal bands and/or elevated immunoglobulin G index), and either no access, intolerance, or perceived lack of efficacy to ocrelizumab... The presented PERSEUS trial results will provide an assessment of tolebrutinib efficacy and safety in people with PPMS."

Clinical • Late-breaking abstract • P3 data • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Real-world Effectiveness and Safety Outcomes of Ofatumumab as First-line Treatment in Early RMS (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Background & Objectives: Ofatumumab demonstrated superior efficacy and comparable safety versus teriflunomide in Phase 3 ASCLEPIOS I/II overall relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) population and in various subgroups...This prospective, multicenter non-interventional study (NIS) evaluates ofatumumab, interferon beta 1 (IFN) or glatiramer acetate (GA) in treatment-naive people living with RMS (pwRMS) without highly active disease in routine care in Germany... This interim analysis of real-world data on ofatumumab use in treatment-naive pwRMS without highly active disease aligns with findings from pivotal clinical trials and supports the favorable benefit-risk profile of ofatumumab as a first-line therapy. By combining clinical outcomes with patient-reported measures, the study offers deeper insights into the RMS population treated with various self-administered first-line therapies. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of RMS management in..."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world effectiveness • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis

Real-World Infusion Experience with Ublituximab in ENABLE: the First Phase 4 Observational Study for Patients with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Initiating Ublituximab (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - P | "In Phase 3 studies (ULTIMATE I and II) ublituximab demonstrated significant reduction in MS disease activity versus teriflunomide...About 32% were treatment-naïve at the start of ENABLE and 28% transitioned to ublituximab from a B-cell therapy- ocrelizumab, ofatumumab or rituximab, followed by 19% from natalizumab...Premedication included corticosteroids (methylprednisolone, 88.5% of patients), antipyretic (paracetamol, 79.8%), and antihistamines (diphenhydramine, 77.6%; cetirizine, 12.8%)... ENABLE patients experienced lower IRRs at the first dose compared to ULTIMATE. IRRs continued to decrease at subsequent doses, and infusions were completed within the specified time. Overall, ublituximab infusions were well-tolerated in this real-world observational study."

Clinical • Observational data • P4 data • Real-world • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Dermatology • Multiple Sclerosis • Pruritus

Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Cladribine Tablets in Patients with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis after Suboptimal Response to Prior Oral or Infusion Disease-Modifying Therapy: 24‑Month Analysis from the US-Based Phase 4 MASTER-2 Study (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - P | "The most common prior DMTs were ocrelizumab (28.2%), dimethyl fumarate (20.7%), teriflunomide (16.0%), fingolimod (15.4%), and natalizumab (13.3%)... This 24-month real-world analysis showed sustained low relapse rates, high self-reported treatment adherence, and favorable tolerability, with no new or unexpected safety findings with CladT in patients with RMS who switched from oral or infusion DMTs."

Clinical • P4 data • Real-world • Real-world effectiveness • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • Novel Coronavirus Disease

Comparative Assessment of Switching, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Cost Outcomes for Cladribine Tablets Versus Other Oral Disease-Modifying Therapies Among US Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Over 4 Years (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "This study aimed to evaluate treatment switching, HCRU, and cost outcomes among US patients with MS (PwMS) treated with CladT versus fingolimod (FTY), dimethyl fumarate (DMF), and teriflunomide (TER) over a 4-year period. This retrospective study used US claims data from the Komodo Healthcare Map Database between April 1, 2018, and March 31, 2024... PwMS treated with CladT had significantly fewer treatment switches, reduced outpatient visits, and lower medical costs than those treated with FTY, DMF, and TER."

Clinical • HEOR • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Multiple Sclerosis

Efficacy and Safety of Ofatumumab in Treatment-Naive People With Early RMS and Low Clinical Disease Activity (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Background & Objectives: Ofatumumab (OMB), a fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody approved for self-administration, has demonstrated sustained efficacy and a favorable safety profile compared to teriflunomide (TER) in people living with relapsing multiple sclerosis (plwRMS), including treatment-naive plwRMS... In this subgroup of treatment-naive people with early RMS and low clinical disease activity, the safety profile of OMB was consistent with that of the overall study population, and treatment with OMB was associated with more than two-fold higher odds of remaining free of disease activity in Year 1 and nearly 20-fold in Year 2, compared to TER. Results support first-line use of OMB in plwRMS with low disease activity and reinforce the benefit of early OMB initiation in this population."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • NEFL

Efficacy of Ofatumumab Versus Teriflunomide Based on MRI-Verified Relapses: A Post-hoc Analysis from ASCLEPIOS I/II (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "In this analysis, the reduction in ARR with OMB compared to TER based on MRI-verified relapses was greater than the ARR difference reported in the pivotal ASCLEPIOS I/II trials. This suggests that MRI-verified relapses may serve as a more specific composite endpoint that more accurately reflects disease activity and enhances the ability to detect treatment differences in ARR. Conversely, unverified relapses (which may include pseudo-relapses) may potentially be a marker of impending disability worsening."

Clinical • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Utility in Multiple Sclerosis clinic: Real-World Retrospective Data (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "DMTs were classified as low efficacy (LeDMT: teriflunomide, fumarates, interferons, glatiramer acetate), moderate efficacy (MeDMT: S1P modulators, cladribine), high efficacy (HeDMT: B-cell therapy, natalizumab), and no DMT. sNfL levels correlate with efficacy of DMTs and potentially duration of therapy, since patients on rituximab (one of the longest used DMTs) had a lower average sNfL, compared to ublituximab (a more recently approved DMT). Patients with high sNfL levels despite HeDMT, have high MRI brain disease burden and cervical spine lesions, potentially suggesting the need for closer monitoring. Comorbidities and variable test techniques limit the generalisability of sNfL in current practice."

Real-world • Real-world evidence • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • NEFL

Interventional studies targeting the prodromal or preclinical phase of immune-mediated disease to benefit patient outcomes: a scoping review. (PubMed, J Autoimmun) - "Interventions targeting preclinical or prodromal phases of immune-mediated diseases can delay clinical onset, particularly in RA, T1D, and MS. Progress will require harmonized preclinical definitions, improved risk stratification, longer follow-up, and dedicated efforts in underrepresented diseases such as SLE."

Journal • Preclinical • Review • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Metabolic Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Rheumatology • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Co-disruption of GPX4 and DHODH Ferroptosis Defense Systems via Excipient-Free Self-Assembled Nanoassemblies for Enhanced Ferroptosis Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. (PubMed, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces) - "Here, doxorubicin (DOX) and teriflunomide (Tfm) were used as therapeutic building blocks for the self-assembly of tumor-targeting, excipient-free nanoassemblies (DoT) that enhance ferroptosis induction in TNBC. Simultaneously, Tfm further devastated the intracellular ferroptosis defense system by suppressing DHODH and crippling the radical-trapping antioxidant capacity, thus evoking robust ferroptotic cell death in TNBC cells. The work presents a synergistic co-disruption strategy against dual ferroptosis defense systems, exhibiting significant potential for clinical applications."

Journal • Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Triple Negative Breast Cancer • GPX4

Multiple sclerosis and the risk of dementia: a real-world, nationwide cohort study. (PubMed, Front Neurol) - "The usage of the DMDs, including interferon-β-1a, interferon-β-1b, natalizumab, and teriflunomide was associated with the reduced risk of other degenerative dementias, and the teriflunomide was also linked to a lower Alzheimer's risk of disease. The findings underscore the importance of the early cognitive monitoring, the comprehensive comorbidity management, and the optimal pharmacologic intervention. The DMD usage may be associated with a reduced risk of dementia, thereby warranting further prospective investigation."

Journal • Real-world evidence • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia • Immunology • Multiple Sclerosis • IFNB1

REMODEL-2: Efficacy and Safety of Remibrutinib Compared to Teriflunomide in Participants With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (RMS) (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=1011 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Recruiting ➔ Active, not recruiting

Enrollment closed • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

REMODEL-1: Efficacy and Safety of Remibrutinib Compared to Teriflunomide in Participants With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (RMS) (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=1001 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Recruiting ➔ Active, not recruiting

Enrollment closed • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Cladribine for people with multiple sclerosis. (PubMed, Cochrane Database Syst Rev) - "We included 15 studies: nine RCTs (follow-up 52-96 weeks; 2571 participants), two medium-term follow-up OLEs (24-96 weeks; 915 participants), two long-term follow-up OLEs (9.5-11.4 years), one NRSI with one year of follow-up (37 participants in cladribine group vs 599 in interferon beta [IFN-β], fingolimod, and natalizumab groups), and one NRSI with three years of follow-up (633 participants in cladribine group vs 2842 in fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, and teriflunomide groups)...This Cochrane review had no dedicated funding. Protocol available via https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013524."

Clinical • Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Immunology • Inflammation • Multiple Sclerosis • Rare Diseases • IFNB1

Efficacy and safety of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors compared to Teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed, Mult Scler Relat Disord) - "Compared with teriflunomide, BTK inhibitors were associated with a reduced risk of short-term disability progression, whereas no differences were observed in relapse rates, MRI activity, or safety outcomes."

Journal • Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

MIGRA-MS: A case series on chronic migraine and multiple sclerosis (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Prior treatments included interferons and glatiramer acetate; current therapies consisted of ocrelizumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab, teriflunomide, or dimethyl fumarate...All received a median of three classic preventives (amitriptyline in all cases) and onabotulinumtoxinA (PREEMPT, 155 IU) with only one responder; two patients received an extended dose (195 IU) without benefit and later CGRP monoclonal antibodies (galcanezumab, erenumab, eptinezumab) with no response, and atogepant with only transient or partial benefit... Migraine is more prevalent in MS patients than in the general population, and their coexistence represents a therapeutic challenge. In this case series of relapsing–remitting MS with chronic resistant migraine, response to onabotulinumtoxinA and antiCGRP therapies was limited, with no drug interactions or adverse effects observed. An individualized approach and further studies are needed to assess emerging treatments in this subgroup."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Multiple Sclerosis • Pain

KRONOS: Early Versus Late Ofatumumab (Kesimpta®) Use in Austrian RMS-Patients Over 2 Years (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=106 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Trial completion date: Mar 2027 ➔ Aug 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2027 ➔ Aug 2026

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

FILAXOS: A Non-interventional Study Evaluating Clinical Utility and Implications on Improved Patient Management of Serum Neurofilament as a Prognostic Marker for Disease Activity in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=900 | Recruiting | Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Trial completion date: Sep 2027 ➔ Nov 2028 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2027 ➔ Nov 2028

Biomarker • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Teriflunomide in HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P1/2 | N=24 | Recruiting | Sponsor: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) | Trial completion date: Aug 2027 ➔ Dec 2029 | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2027 ➔ Dec 2027

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Genetic Disorders

Cellular and humoral vaccination response under immunotherapies-German consensus on vaccination strategies in neurological autoimmune diseases. (PubMed, Ther Adv Neurol Disord) - "The specific humoral and cellular response to vaccination can be compromised under alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, CD19/CD20 antibodies (inebilizumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, rituximab, ublituximab), dimethyl fumarate/diroximel fumarate, FcRn inhibitors (efgartigimod, rozanolixizumab), complement C5 inhibitors (eculizumab, ravulizumab, zilucoplan), interleukin-6 receptor antibodies (tocilizumab, satralizumab), intravenous immunoglobulins, long-term steroid administration, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, teriflunomide, tumor necrosis factor-α blockers, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (fingolimod, ozanimod, ponesimod, siponimod), as well as after autologous stem cell transplantation...However, the humoral and cellular vaccination response may be impaired under immunotherapy necessitating close monitoring. Here, we provide applicable recommendations to optimize immunization for individuals receiving..."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Transplantation • IL6R

Teriflunomide, an oral dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, in immune thrombocytopenia (ASH 2025) - P2 | "ConclusionsTeriflunomide has demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and encouraging clinical efficacy in cases ofrelapse, ineligibility, or failure to respond to steroids among ITP patients and warrants further clinicalevaluation. The dose-escalation portion of the study is complete, and enrollment continues at the RP2Dof 14 mg daily for 24 weeks to confirm the treatment benefit."

Alopecia • CNS Disorders • Dermatology • Hematological Disorders • Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura • Immunology • Multiple Sclerosis • Thrombocytopenia • Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Evaluation of Disease Modifying Therapies and Prognostic Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Progression in a Local Centre of Hong Kong. (PubMed, Pragmat Obs Res) - "Interferons (annualised relapse rate (ARR) reduction 0.492, p <0.001) and fingolimod (ARR reduction 0.557, p = 0.038) had significant ARR reductions in our cohort. Overall treatment persistence were comparable, but teriflunomide had more discontinuation due to side effects and/or intolerance (hazard ratio (HR) 7.50, p = 0.029)...This study illustrated the complexity of managing MS patients. Patients' clinical characteristics, disease activity, risk appetite and treatment side effects should be taken in consideration to reach an informed decision on the use of DMTs in our local MS patients."

Biomarker • Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Cerebellar Subregional Atrophy in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Stage-dependent Dynamics and Pharmacological Modulation. (PubMed, Brain Res Bull) - "This study demonstrated stage-specific patterns of cerebellar atrophy in RRMS and the heterogeneous, stage-dependent effects of DMTs on posterior cerebellar subregions. Lobules IX and VIIIb emerged as critical loci linking pharmacological modulation with cognitive outcomes. These findings suggest that these regions may serve as potential imaging biomarkers of therapeutic response and prognosis in MS."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis

Selected aspects of epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Poland: a multicenter pilot study. (PubMed, Neurol Neurochir Pol) - "This study highlights substantial progress in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of MS in Poland over the past 15 years. The widespread implementation of MRI and CSF analysis, alongside significantly improved access to DMTs, has contributed to notably better clinical outcomes. These improvements are reflected in reduced relapse rates, slower disability progression, and a decreased prevalence of secondary progressive MS."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis