zidovudine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Determinants and outcomes of adverse drug reactions among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria. (PubMed, BMC Infect Dis) - "On multivariate analysis, factors associated with development of neuropsychiatric disorders were female were female gender (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI (1.20-1.71): p  50 years AOR = 2.77; 95% CI: (1.36-5.63); p-value: 0.005] Use of Tenofovir [AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: (1.20-2.30); p-value: 0.002], and Zidovudine [AOR = 1.44; 95% CI: (1.13-1.85); p-value: 0.003] were associated with cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Anaemia was associated with the use of Zidovudine [AOR = 32.56; 95% CI: (4.41 - 7.05); p-value: <0.001], but was inversely associated with cotrimoxazole use [AOR = 0.58; 95% CI: (0.42- 0.79); p-value: 0.001]. Some (22%) of the patients recovered from ADRs; 1.2% were fatal, while 71.5% outcomes were unknown. ADRs were common among ART patients in Nigeria., with female gender, older age and types of ART regimen being major determinants of ADRs Active surveillance is necessary to ensure early detection of ADRs among patients on ART and thereby prevent ART-associated..."

Adverse drug reaction • Journal • CNS Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Mental Retardation • Musculoskeletal Diseases • Pain • Psychiatry

Epigenetic activation of EBV BGLF4 determines antiviral-based regimen response in EBV+CNS lymphoproliferative disease. (PubMed, Blood Neoplasia) - "We previously reported durable responses in patients with PCNSL who were treated with the antivirals ganciclovir and azidothymidine, plus rituximab and dexamethasone (GARD). Lastly, TET knockout and the expression of TET1/2-suppressive mutant IDH1 in a latent HEK293 EBV model indicated that active demethylation is necessary for the activity of BGLF4 promoters. We detailed the epigenetic basis of BGLF4 expression in CNSL via locus-specific promoter activation, which may hold value for determining GARD sensitivity."

Journal • CNS Disorders • CNS Lymphoma • Epstein-Barr Virus Infections • Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma • IDH1 • TET1

Belinostat Therapy With Zidovudine for Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=15 | Completed | Sponsor: University of Miami | Active, not recruiting ➔ Completed

Trial completion • Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma • Hematological Malignancies • Leukemia • Lymphoma • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology • IFNA1

Body Composition Changes in Children Living With HIV Initiated on Dolutegravir or Protease Inhibitors in the CHAPAS-4 Trial. (PubMed, Pediatr Infect Dis J) - "DTG and ATV/r were associated with greater gains in fat-free mass and muscle mass than LPV/r, while DRV/r, TAF and prior nevirapine exposure were associated with fat mass accrual. Fat gain may initially reflect return to health but sustained increases may have metabolic implications. These findings suggest the need to monitor fat compartments with long-term exposure."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • CD4

Oral Lamivudine for Extended HIV Postnatal Prophylaxis. (PubMed, Paediatr Drugs) - "The antiretroviral drugs most commonly studied as ePNP, either alone or in combination, are lamivudine, nevirapine, lopinavir/ritonavir and zidovudine. Guided by maternal HIV viral load, ePNP may be particularly indicated, as it could ensure that the prophylaxis provides the greatest benefit/risk to children at highest risk. Long-acting injectable antiretroviral drugs and broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) have yet to be fully evaluated in neonates, infants and children; however, they may offer new alternatives in the future."

Journal • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Pediatrics

HIV and Pregnancy in Türkiye: Gaps and Gains in the Era of Modern ART: A Multicenter Cohort Study. (PubMed, AIDS Behav) - "The most chosen ART combination during pregnancy was tenofovir/emtricitabine+raltegravir...Regarding newborn prophylaxis, 137 (88.4%) received zidovudine and 34 received nevirapine...The findings highlight that the absence of ART and breastfeeding remain critical risk factors for perinatal HIV transmission. This large real-world cohort, reflecting Turkish clinicians' practices, helps define major gaps in MTCT prevention in the modern ART era and provides valuable evidence to inform clinicians, policy makers, and public health strategies."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density among children living with HIV over 96 weeks following switch to second-line antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. (PubMed, PLOS Glob Public Health) - "CLWH aged 3-15 years switched to second-line ART including tenofovir alafenamide fumarate-emtricitabine (TAF/FTC) or standard-of-care (SOC) (abacavir (ABC) or zidovudine (ZDV) with dolutegravir (DTG), atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r), darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) or lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)...-0.30,95% CI: -0.46, -0.15], p < 0.001) and first-line nevirapine (NVP) exposure (-0.25,95% CI: -0.43, -0.06, p = 0.009)...Smaller declines in TBLH BMD were associated with higher baseline fat mass, higher LS HA BMD, and use of DRV/r, DTG, or ATV/r compared with LPV/r. These findings emphasize the importance of ART selection and body composition in supporting bone health among CLWH."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • CD4

Recent Developments in HIV Antivirals: The Prospect of Prophylactic Drugs to Change the Pandemic. (PubMed, Microb Biotechnol) - "Four years later, the first HIV-1 antiviral drug was approved: the nucleoside analog zidovudine inhibiting the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). The development of injectable long-acting antiviral drugs based on the integrase inhibitor cabotegravir, which needs an injection every 2 months, or the viral capsid inhibitor lenacapavir, injected every half year, showed impressive results in prevention trials with men and women at high risk of infection. The present article describes aspects of HIV antiviral drug development, the outcome of pertinent clinical trials, and discusses economic and political hurdles for injected long-acting antivirals to become a gamechanger for the HIV pandemic."

Journal • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Mitochondrial DNA Variation, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Incidence of Diabetes Among Men With and Without HIV. (PubMed, Open Forum Infect Dis) - "Exposure to mitochondrial-toxic ART (D-drugs or zidovudine) was categorized as a binary variable based on ever or never exposed...The African mtDNA haplogroup L3 increased the risk of incident DM in men with HIV. In PWH, D-drugs independently increased the risk of DM."

Journal • Diabetes • Hepatitis B • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders

Repurposing of FDA-Approved Antiviral Drugs Against Monkeypox Virus: Comparative In Vitro Screening and Structure Based In Silico Studies. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Twenty-three FDA-approved drugs, including Abacavir, Acyclovir, Amantadine, Chloroquine, Daclatasvir, Dolutegravir, Entecavir, Favipiravir, Hydroxychloroquine, Lamivudine, Molnupiravir, Nevirapine, Oseltamivir, Penciclovir, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir, Tenofovir, Valaciclovir, Valganciclovir, Velpatasvir, Zanamivir, and Zidovudine, were screened for potential anti-monkeypox activity in vitro...The employed computational methods indicate that remdesivir demonstrated superior binding patterns with elevated scores and stable complexes throughout the simulation. Our findings showed that Remdesivir therapeutic compound is potent against the tested strain of MPXV, and exhibited a robust binding affinity for Thymidylate Kinase, A42R Profilin-Like Protein, and VACV D13 enzymes, and thus may potentially be utilized as antiviral for the treatment of monkeypox virus."

FDA event • Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

HIV Treatment Paradigm Shifts over the Past 40 Years. (PubMed, Jugan Geongang Gwa Jilbyeong) - "Key milestones in HIV therapy were examined through a narrative review, beginning with the introduction of zidovudine in 1987 and extending to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and recent long-acting injectable agents...In addition, the implementation of the "Treat All" strategy and the "U=U (Undetectable=Untransmittable)" principle has enhanced individual health and supported broader epidemic control. Current HIV therapy continues to evolve beyond viral suppression toward patient-centered approaches, including two-drug regimens and long-acting injectables, to address unmet needs and enhance quality of life."

Journal • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

CD14- CD16+ monocyte PD-L1 prevents early tuberculosis progression and constrains reactivation under immune checkpoint therapy. (PubMed, Front Cell Infect Microbiol) - "Analysis of the FAERS database revealed that the PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab is significantly associated with TB-related adverse events (reporting odds ratio = 7.81; 95% CI: 4.43-13.78; P = 1.10×10-18)...In silico drug prediction and molecular docking suggested several PD-L1-modulating compounds, including ruthenium, pomalidomide, zidovudine, and lycorine...Together, our findings define a mechanistic axis in CD14- CD16+ monocytes that underpins early TB control and is vulnerable to PD-L1 blockade. Collectively, these findings align with the established notion that assessing latent tuberculosis infection before initiating immune-modulating therapies is essential for minimizing reactivation risk, and propose tractable molecular targets for preventing TB reactivation in immunocompromised hosts."

IO biomarker • Journal • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis • CD14 • LMO2 • PD-L1

Differential Analysis of Neonatal Adverse Drug Events from Intrauterine and Extrauterine Exposure: Insights into Administration Routes Using the FAERS Database. (PubMed, Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol) - "The top maternal exposure drugs included venlafaxine, sertraline, quetiapine, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam. For intravenous use, levetiracetam, zidovudine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and vancomycin were most common...Serious AEs were mainly linked to maternal drug exposure during pregnancy.These results showed that the use of antidepressants, antiepileptics, and antivirals during pregnancy represents a significant risk factor for neonatal adverse reactions, particularly congenital malformations. Consequently, it is imperative to implement precise prevention strategies tailored to specific exposure stages and to advocate for the establishment of an international pharmacovigilance network for neonates."

Adverse events • Journal • Perinatal Disorders

Trials that have changed maternal care. (PubMed, Semin Perinatol) - "The first found that the rate of perinatal HIV transmission was reduced in women with HIV in pregnancy with treatment of zidovudine in the antepartum, intrapartum, and neonatal periods. The second found that postoperative infections and use of resources were reduced in women who received a single intravenous dose of azithromycin in addition to their standard preoperative antibiotics for cesarean delivery. The third study did not find any benefit in treating subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia in pregnancy preventing routine use of levothyroxine for these patients. The fourth showed that the treatment of non-severe chronic hypertension in pregnancy safely resulted in improved pregnancy outcomes."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Endocrine Disorders • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Hypertension • Infectious Disease

Molecular docking analysis of zidovudine triphosphate with conserved residues from NS3 protein. (PubMed, Bioinformation) - "MD simulation studies showed that the NS3-ZDV-TP complex had no major conformational instability with an approximately linear trajectory up to 200 ns simulation. ZDV-TP was well anchored at its binding position and minimized the compactness as compared to NS3 protein only, indicating high affinity for NS3."

Journal • Dengue Fever • Infectious Disease

Rare cancer, rare survivors: A 20-year single-center review of adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia treatment outcomes (ASH 2025) - "Among acute ATLL pts (n=25), initial therapy included CHOP or CHOEP (40%), hyperCVAD (28%), and Zidovudine + interferon a (AZT+IFN) (20%)...Among lymphomatous subtypes pts (n=24), the majority received CHOP-based regimens initially (79%), followed by salvage with ICE, pralatrexate, or romidepsin...A small number of long-term survivors were observed in acute ATLL with limited tumor burden in the lymph node involvement, associated with early use of AZT+IFN, followed by mogamulizumab, or AlloHCT...Unfortunately, we currently lack highly effective frontline treatment options, which makes consolidative strategies such as transplantation difficult to execute. These findings underscore the urgent need for earlier recognition, subtype-adapted therapy, and suggest the incorporation of antiviral and immune-based strategies to improve ATLL outcomes."

Clinical • Review • Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma • Endocrine Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Infectious Disease • Leukemia • Lymphoma • Metabolic Disorders • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology • T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A Phase 2 trial of AI-BEL (AZT/Interferon-α plus Belinostat) for HTLV-1 related adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Final safety and efficacy Results (ASH 2025) - "Our pre-clinical work using patient derived ATL modelsdemonstrated that belinostat (BEL), a pan-HDAC inhibitor, reactivates HTLV-1 (Tax protein) expressionin ATL cells in a dose-dependent manner, an effect that was augmented by azidothymidine (AZT, orzidovudine). AI-BEL showed good efficacy in patients with aggressive ATL resulting in CMR in blood compartment,which occured after treatment discontinuation in multiple subjects. The overall results comparefavorably to those observed in historical trials for ATL that included previously treated or relapsedpatients. Judicious use of HDAC inhibitors in combination with AZT/interferon-α based treatment canprovoke sustained immunologic effects resulting in deep molecular responses."

Clinical • P2 data • Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma • Agranulocytosis • Febrile Neutropenia • Granulocytopenia • Hematological Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Leukemia • Lymphoma • Neutropenia • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Thrombocytopenia • CD8

Cardiotoxicity in Contemporary Treatments: New Issues, Mechanisms, and Preventive Techniques. (PubMed, Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi) - "A thorough understanding of drug-receptor interactions and cardiotoxic pathways is essential to reduce the incidence of drug-induced cardiac injury. Implementing multidisciplinary approaches can help minimize cardiovascular risks without compromising therapeutic efficacy. Continued research on cardioprotective interventions and early diagnostic strategies will enhance patient safety and ensure the long-term success of modern pharmacotherapy."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Congestive Heart Failure • Heart Failure

Maternal and health worker preferences for paediatric antiretroviral formulations in neonates exposed to HIV. (PubMed, AIDS Care) - P1/2 | "Oral liquid formulations of zidovudine (ZDV) and nevirapine (NVP) are the main antiretrovirals (ARVs) for neonates born to mothers living with HIV, but they have limitations including poor palatability, short shelf-life, frequent dosing and supply challenges...Within the PETITE-DTG trial in South Africa (NCT05590325), evaluating the pharmacokinetics, safety and acceptability of novel dolutegravir (DTG) formulations in neonates, we explored ARV preferences among mothers (n = 28) and health workers (n = 6)...Transdermal patches were least favoured, with concerns regarding the comfort of neonates, impact of water exposure and effectiveness. These findings underscore strong support for innovative ARV options, emphasizing usability, ease of administration and reduced dosing frequency for the treatment of neonates."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Pediatrics

Synthesis and Glycosidase Inhibition Studies of Novel Exoglycals Targeting GH3 Family Enzymes: Insights from Comparative Analysis with Macrolide Antibiotics. (PubMed, Chemistry) - "Selected alkyne-containing exoglycals were further functionalized through cycloaddition with azidothymidine...To contextualize the inhibitory potential of exoglycals, we evaluated three clinically relevant macrolide antibiotics-erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin...Our results demonstrate exoglycals as tunable scaffolds for glycosidase inhibition of GH3 glycosidases and provide mechanistic distinctions between carbohydrate mimics and macrolide antibiotics. These insights could guide the development of next-generation glycosidase inhibitors with improved specificity."

Journal

Transferability and Reproducibility of the HepaRG CometChip Assay. (PubMed, Environ Mol Mutagen) - "For 8 of 11 compounds, all four labs generated unanimous test results, with four negative compounds (2-acetylaminofluorene [2-AAF], 2,4-dichlorophenol, eugenol and hydroquinone) and four positive compounds (azidothymidine, benzo(a)pyrene [BP], cyclophosphamide [CP], ethyl methanesulfonate).For the remaining chemicals, three of four labs generated negative calls for amitrole, cadmium chloride, and DMBA. Taken together, for all compounds there was majority agreement in CometChip results across participating laboratories supporting that the endpoint is readily transferable to new labs. Overall, this platform is a promising human-relevant NAM, with a physiologically relevant detoxification process that could be incorporated into rodent replacement strategies."

Journal

A preliminary survey on the use of ART among blood donors in Shenzhen China and its implications to blood safety. (PubMed, BMC Infect Dis) - "ART drugs were detected in 4(4/100) anti-HIV reactive plasma samples screened from 440 000 donations in Shenzhen, which indicated some HIV-infected people who take ART drugs donate blood without disclosing their health and medical histories and this may endanger blood safety because ART may compromise current screening strategies by suppressing HIV RNA replication below the detectable level."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Two Decades of Change: Evolving Maternal Characteristics and Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women Living with HIV. (PubMed, Viruses) - "Obstetric management evolved, with a rise in vaginal deliveries (24.8% to 44.3%, p < 0.001) and a decline in intrapartum zidovudine (93.7% to 54.7%, p < 0.001)...In conclusion, although maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant WLHIV have improved over the past two decades, a high rate of adverse perinatal outcomes related to placental dysfunction (SGA, preeclampsia) persist. Our findings highlight the need for optimized prenatal care and further research to develop targeted interventions for WLHIV."

Journal • Retrospective data • Gynecology • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Obstetrics • Small for Gestational Age

Venetoclax Alone or in Combination Shows Promising Activity in Preclinical Models and Clinical Cases of Relapsed/Refractory North American Adult T-Cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ASH 2024) - "Venetoclax has shown activity in other T-cell malignancies, alone or in combination with hypomethylating agents (HMA), AZT (Zidovudine) with Interferon-alpha has been the backbone of acute ATLL treatment for the past three decades...Results : Preclinical : We observed that both the J-ATLL and NA-ATLL cells are sensitive to BCL-2 inhibitors (Venetoclax & Sonrotoclax) with IC50s in the 1-10uM range...To determine synergy between drugs we tested the combination of Decitabine (hypomethylating agent)-Venetoclax as well as between Biktarvy-Venetoclax...TP53 mutated patients had poorer responses. Given the encouraging preclinical and clinical activity of this agent, a prospective clinical trial is being developed using these agents."

IO biomarker • Preclinical • Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma • Endocrine Disorders • Fatigue • Hematological Malignancies • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Leukemia • Lymphoma • Metabolic Disorders • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology • Septic Shock • IFNA1

Promising Safety and Efficacy Data for Peginterferon Alfa-2a (PEG-IFN) and Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (Biktarvy) in a North American Adult T-Cell Leukemia Lymphoma (NA-ATLL) Cohort of Patients (ASH 2024) - "Zidovudine (AZT) with Interferon-alpha has been the backbone of acute ATLL treatment for the past three decades...This backbone was combined with Venetoclax in one patient and mogamulizumab in another...We propose integrating Biktarvy and PEG-IFN as part of induction or maintenance strategies in ATLL, possibly in combination with other agents. A prospective clinical trial is being designed to evaluate the effect of PEG-IFN and Biktarvy in a larger standardized patient cohort."

Clinical • Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma • Fatigue • Febrile Neutropenia • Hematological Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Leukemia • Lymphoma • Neutropenia • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology • Septic Shock • CD4 • IFNA1