hyoscine butylbromide oral / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Behavioral, Biochemical, and In Silico Evidence for Extraction-Dependent Neuroprotective Effects of Citrus limon Leaf Essential Oils in Scopolamine-Challenged Zebrafish. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - " This study demonstrates that the extraction method influences the neuroprotective efficacy of C. limon leaf EOs. While both CEH and CEM exert antioxidant and cholinergic modulatory effects, CEM shows enhanced neuroprotective potential in a zebrafish model of SCOP-induced cognitive impairment, supporting the relevance of extraction-dependent biological profiling in EO-based neurotherapeutic research."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • Cognitive Disorders • Inflammation • Mood Disorders • Pain • Psychiatry

Development and Characterization of Heparin-Pullulan Liposomal Nano-Gel for Enhanced Silymarin Delivery in Dementia Therapy: In Vivo Evaluation in Albino Mice. (PubMed, Pharmaceutics) - "Behavioral studies in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice (elevated plus maze, hole board, and light/dark paradigms) demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.001) improvements in learning and memory retention... Overall, the HPSL-2 formulation effectively enhanced silymarin delivery across the BBB, demonstrating potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cholinergic modulatory effects. These findings suggest that HPSL-2 represents a promising nano-carrier system for the management of dementia and other oxidative-stress-related neurological disorders."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Inflammation • Pain

Electrospun PLA/PVP K90 Biphasic-Release Sublingual Film for Motion Sickness Treatment. (PubMed, Biomolecules) - "The sheath layer is composed of highly hydrophilic PVP K90, loaded with the antihistamine diphenhydramine (DPH). The core layer, composed of biodegradable PLA with excellent sustained-release properties, carries the anticholinergic drug scopolamine hydrobromide (SH)...Cytotoxicity and vital/necrotic staining experiments mutually corroborated that cell viability remained above 80%, further validating the safety and efficacy of PLA/PVP as a combined drug delivery carrier. This study provides a novel delivery system for motion sickness treatment, offering significant theoretical value and broad clinical application prospects."

Journal

EEG Time-Frequency Clustering Reveals Spectral Signatures of Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Activities and Their Interrelations. (PubMed, Biomedicines) - "Scopolamine, blocking muscarinic cholinoreceptors, weakened the effects of physostigmine...The results demonstrate the EEG biomarkers of glutamatergic and cholinergic systems, as well as the specificity of interactions between them at the intracerebral level. The developed EEG time-frequency clustering is a potentially useful approach for the clinical evaluation of glutamatergic/cholinergic pathology and its correction by corresponding substances penetrating the BBB."

Journal • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders

What's in a Name: Interesting and Challenging Entities of the Tubular GI Tract (USCAP 2026) - "She was diagnosed with likely irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and treated with amitriptyline and Buscopan...She was also prescribed a combination tablet of naproxen and esomeprozole to take during menstrual cycles...Examples from each of these categories will be reviewed with an emphasis on pitfalls that my lead to an erroneous diagnosis of IBD. Evening Specialty Presentation (PDF): Click to View"

Constipation • Crohn's disease • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis • IL17A

ROLE OF VEMURAFENIB ON NECROPTOTIC CELL DEATH IN SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO MODELS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (ADPD 2026) - "Vemurafenib demonstrated neuroprotective effects by inhibiting necroptosis, reducing oxidative stress, and improving cognitive function in AD models. These findings support its potential as a repurposed therapeutic agent for AD, warranting further investigation into long-term efficacy and clinical translation."

Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Inflammation • Neuroblastoma • Solid Tumor • IL1B • IL6 • MLKL • RIPK1 • RIPK3 • TNFA

New and emerging treatments for anxiety disorders. (PubMed, BMJ) - "Novel treatment augmentation strategies all aim to improve exposure therapy, which include new behavioral techniques (inhibitory retrieval model of exposure therapy, behavioral experiments targeting intolerance of uncertainty) or pharmacological agents (D-cycloserine, scopolamine)...Most of these treatments have shown at least some efficacy. Some novel treatments can be implemented clinically, while others await further testing."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Heat-Killed Bifidobacterium longum KABP-042 and Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum KABP-051 Prevent Scopolamine-Induced BDNF Reduction and Memory Impairment in Mice. (PubMed, Cell Biochem Biophys) - No abstract available

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • BDNF

Gut-Brain Metabolic Remodeling Mediates the Neuroprotective Effects of Combined Shrimp and Corn Peptides in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment. (PubMed, Foods) - "In the gut, peptides were hydrolyzed into glutamate- and proline-rich fragments, which influenced brain amino acid balance by elevating glutamate and proline levels while reducing NH3-related signaling. (4) These results highlight the ratio-dependent efficacy of QMDDQ-AGLPM combinations and provide evidence for a gut peptide remodeling-brain metabolic link relevant to cognitive impairment."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Pain • Solid Tumor • NGF • NTF3

Naringenin-loaded nanoparticles ameliorate scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - No abstract available

Journal • Inflammation

Increase in BACE1 Phosphorylation in the Rat Hippocampus and Phytosphingosine in Plasma After Chronic Administration of Scopolamine. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "In addition, despite the fact that an increase in P-BACE1-T252 expression by Western blot was observed in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, it was more in the hippocampus; notably, this result correlates with the PKA expression and activity which was reduced in the hippocampus (p < 0.05) but not in the prefrontal cortex. Identification of some metabolites that has been reported during the administration of Aβ and could be present in the scopolamine model were carried out by UHPLC-MS/MS, finding elevated plasma phytosphingosine and decreased acetylcarnitine, suggesting disrupted lipid metabolism associated with scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • APP • BACE1

Neuroprotective Effect of the Combined Extract of Mentha piperita and Cornus officinalis Against Neuronal Cell Death and Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Specifically, MC upregulated hippocampal BDNF expression and enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase B (AKT), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the MC extract possesses potent neuroprotective and learning- and memory-enhancing effects, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for managing age-related cognitive decline and MCI."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • ANXA5

Toxic Risks of Nightshade Species: A comprehensive review of the documented toxicity of Atropa belladonna, Solanum dulcamara, and Solanum nigrum. (PubMed, Planta Med) - "A. belladonna contains potent tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine) and is widely utilized in modern pharmacology, although accidental poisonings still occur, often due to confusion with edible plants or the misuse of herbal and homeopathic preparations...A review of the literature identified 41 studies reporting poisoning cases associated with these plants, primarily resulting from berry ingestion. Poisoning typically produces anticholinergic syndrome, underscoring the importance of accurate identification and prompt treatment."

Journal • Inflammation • Pain

Integrated computational, pharmacological and molecular investigations of piperitone in mitigating Alzheimer disease pathology by targeting cholinesterases, β-secretase and neuroinflammation. (PubMed, Inflammopharmacology) - "In-vivo assessment of spatial memory in scopolamine-induced rat model was identified by behavioral assays with donepezil as a reference standard...Piperitone demonstrated favorable PK properties & docking scores comparable to Donepezil, Tacrine & QUD...Piperitone showed significant neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement benefits by modulating cholinergic signaling, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. These multitarget actions advocate piperitone as a prospective lead candidate for the development of disease modifying treatments for AD."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Inflammation • Oncology • Pain • CAT • IL18 • NLRP3 • TNFA

Machine Learning-Integrated Pharmacophore, DFT Analysis, and molecular dynamics of Diosmetin as a potent ache inhibitor with neuroprotective activity in a Scopolamine-Induced alzheimer's zebrafish model. (PubMed, J Comput Aided Mol Des) - "Biochemistry revealed that diosmetin counteracted the scopolamine-induced increase in AChE activity, increased oxidative stress, increased myeloperoxidase inflammatory markers, decreased antioxidant activity, and restored normal histology in the brains of the zebrafish. Most importantly, high-dose diosmetin demonstrated comparable neuroprotective efficacy to donepezil in behavioral and biochemical assays while exhibiting weaker molecular binding affinity toward AChE, as indicated by MM-PBSA analysis, underscoring that similar in vivo outcomes do not necessarily imply molecular equivalence at the binding level."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Pain • MPO

Crocin Mitigates Glutamate Excitotoxicity and Tau Hyperphosphorylation by Modulating EAAT2 and Akt/Tau Pathway in a Scopolamine-induced Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. (PubMed, Neurochem Res) - "Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by glutamatergic dysregulation and excitotoxicity, largely associated with impaired activity of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2). In contrast, crocin treatment, either alone or in combination with memantine, restored neurotransmitter balance, downregulated NMDAR, upregulated EAAT2, increased p-Akt expression level and reduced tau phosphorylation. Histological analysis further confirmed notable structural recovery of hippocampal neurons."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Enhanced brain delivery of oleanolic acid by GSH-PEGylated liposomes and its amelioration of scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction via multi-target regulation. (PubMed, Int J Pharm X) - "Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable interactions between OA and key signaling targets-specifically PKC, PI3Kγ, MEK, and IP3R-suggesting a multi-targeted mechanism of action. Collectively, these results highlight GSH-PEG-OA-LIP as an efficient brain-targeted delivery system and a promising therapeutic strategy for cognitive disorders."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Developmental Disorders • CHAT • PIK3CG

Therapeutic relevance of an EU-GMP certified Cannabis sativa L. strain in a dual in vivo model of cognitive impairment and chronic neuropathic pain. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "The study evaluated the effects of an EU-GMP certified Cannabis sativa L. strain (5 mg/kg, Cannabixir® Medium Flos) on neurobiological alterations in a rat model designed to explore mechanistic interactions between scopolamine-induced transient cognitive impairment and chronic neuropathic pain induced by unilateral sciatic nerve ligation...Cannabixir® Medium Flos induced robust, time-dependent analgesia in thermal nociceptive tests, with the combination of the Cannabis sativa L. strain, donepezil and tramadol producing significantly longer response latencies than tramadol alone...Its multi-target action - alleviating thermal nociception, reducing neuroinflammation, limiting apoptosis and preserving neuronal and peripheral nerve integrity-supports its potential as an adjunct therapy in managing dementia with comorbid chronic neuropathic pain. Future studies should explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects and assess long-term safety and..."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia • Inflammation • Neuralgia • Pain • CASP3 • GFAP • IL6

Protective effects of a highly water-soluble rutin on cognitive dysfunction in mice. (PubMed, J Pharmacol Sci) - "The oral administration of wsRutin solution significantly improved scopolamine- and MK-801-induced cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition test. wsRutin solution also enhanced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-related proteins in the hippocampus, including BDNF pro-peptide, p-TrkB, p-CREB, PKCα, NR1, HO-1 and NQO1. These findings suggest that wsRutin improves cognitive function via activating BDNF/TrkB signaling or antioxidant mechanism and may represent a preventive agent for dementia."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia • NQO1

Design, Synthesis, In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidine-Based Derivatives as Promising Multitarget Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease. (PubMed, Drug Dev Res) - "Compound 8b (IC50 = 0.346 μM) and 9a (IC50 = 0.168 μM) are the most potent inhibitors of AChE relative to donepezil (IC50 = 0.213 μM)...The in vivo investigation of the most potent compounds (8b and 9a) revealed a significant improvement in scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in animals...Finally, In silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics prediction analyses were performed, and the findings were well aligned with their corresponding in vitro results. Overall, the results highlight 8b and 9a as potential multifunctional candidates for AD."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Pain

Hyperforin Attenuates Scopolamine Induced Alzheimer's Pathology in Rat Model: Abrogation of Caspase-1/11 Mediated Pyroptosis via Inhibition of HMGB1-Mediated RAGE Pathway. (PubMed, J Biochem Mol Toxicol) - "Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control (saline), scopolamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), scopolamine + hyperforin (10 mg/kg, p.o. for 7 days), and scopolamine + donepezil. In addition, HPF reduced Aβ formation by downregulating BACE1 and blocking the activity of inflammasomes composed of canonical and non-canonical caspase-1/11. HPF appears to be a potential therapeutic candidate for neurodegeneration associated with AD, given that hyperforin actively demonstrated neuroprotective effects in a scopolamine-induced AD model, most likely through blocking the HMGB1/RAGE signaling pathway, mitigating neuroinflammation and pyroptosis, and inhibiting Aβ synthesis."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • BACE1 • HMGB1 • IL18 • IL1B

Enhancement of Memory and Synaptic Plasticity by Celastrus paniculatus Seed Extract: Upregulation of pSer831-GluA1 Trafficking and Arc/PSD-95 Expression in the Hippocampus of Male Rats. (PubMed, ScientificWorldJournal) - "Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control, CP (80 mg/kg), donepezil (1.5 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg), and scopolamine followed by CP. CP seed extract enhances spatial memory and synaptic plasticity by modulating critical molecular components of the glutamatergic synapse. These findings suggest that CP may support memory performance in both baseline conditions and in animals with scopolamine-induced deficits."

Journal • Preclinical • Cognitive Disorders

Design and development of 1,5-diarylpyrazole-based multitarget-directed ligands as dual COX-2/HDAC6 inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease therapy: Molecular dynamics and experimental insights. (PubMed, Eur J Med Chem) - "Behavioral studies in a scopolamine-induced AD mouse model demonstrated substantial improvements in learning and memory. These findings establish 11e as a potent dual COX-2/HDAC6 inhibitor and a promising multitarget scaffold for developing disease-modifying therapies for AD and related neurodegenerative disorders."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • IL1B • IL6 • SYP • TNFA

Antonio Austregesilo: Founder Father of Brazilian Neurology and a Pioneer in Movement Disorder Research (AAN 2026) - "In 1945, he advocated the use of atropine and scopolamine to relieve rigidity and tremor in Parkinsonian patients...Modern antiparkinsonian therapy still employs central anticholinergic agents such as trihexyphenidyl and biperiden, following the same physiological rationale Austregesilo first proposed, decades before dopamine's role in motor control was elucidated. Austregesilo's clinical reasoning anticipated modern neurochemical models of basal ganglia pathways. His work allowed an intersection between classical neurological semiology and emerging neurophysiology concepts, with a major contribution to what was established as the intellectual and institutional foundations of Brazilian neurology and movement disorder research."

CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

A Review of the History and Pharmacology of Anti- Nausea Medications (AAN 2026) - "Muscarinic receptor antagonists including atropine and hyoscine derived from nightshades and may affect the area post rami directly2. Histamine Receptor Antagonists such as dimenhydrinate and diphenhydramine tested on US Troops in 1948 and which often contain stimulating medication to offset sedating effect.3. Dopamine Receptor Antagonists including Phenothiazines such as Promethazine in 1947 and chlorpromazine in 1950...Benzodiazepines such as lorazepam which does not directly affect the area post rami but enhances GABA which reduces anxiety, produce sedative effect with potential for anterograde amnesia.5. Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine, (5HT3) receptor antagonists such as metoclopramide originally developed to offset emetic effect from cisplatin at those receptors and leading to selective agents such as granisetron.6... The 20th century had seen great advances in the management of nausea. Prior to World War 2, options were limited to natural plant derivatives and..."

Review • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders