Cerebrate (pinitol) / Humanetics - LARVOL DELTA

Cerebral complications after unilateral biportal endoscopic surgery: A case report. (PubMed, World J Clin Cases) - "Cerebral complications emerging during the general anesthesia awakening period following UBE surgery are not entirely due to increased intracranial pressure. Pneumocephalus induced by dural injury may also be a potential cause."

Journal • Anesthesia • Cardiovascular • Hypertension • Musculoskeletal Diseases

d-Pinitol protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via modulation of AFT4-CHOP/GRP78 and caspase-3 signaling pathways. (PubMed, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol) - "Pinitol offered protection against endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, thereby inhibiting AFT4-CHOP/GRP78 signaling response and caspase-3 induced hepatocellular apoptosis during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion insults. Thus, Pinitol can be considered as a viable option for the management of hepatic IRI."

Journal • Hepatology • Liver Failure • Reperfusion Injury • Transplantation • CASP3 • CASP9 • HSPA5 • XBP1

Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Rat Hypothalamus Induced by an Acute Oral Administration of D-Pinitol. (PubMed, Nutrients) - "Overall, the present study shows the pharmacological action of DPIN in the hypothalamus through the PI3K/Akt pathway when giving in fasted animals. These findings suggest that DPIN might be a candidate to treat brain insulin-resistance associated disorders by activating insulin response beyond the insulin receptor."

Journal • Preclinical • IR

Identification and quantification of cyclitols and sugars isolated from different morphological parts of Raphanus sativus L. (PubMed, Nat Prod Res) - "The obtained results, allowed for quantification of eight targets, i.e., three cyclitols (D-pinitol, allo-inositol and scyllo-inositol) and five sugars (xylose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-glucose and sucrose) that were determined simultaneously using a single analysis. The developed method can be applied in industry as a routine method for analysis of sugars and cyclitols from different sources."

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Isolation, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Compounds from Sophora mollis (Royle) Graham Ex Baker. (PubMed, ACS Omega) - "The Sophora mollis is one of the best anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancerous plant; therefore, the isolated chemical constituents, that is, scopoletin (1), pinitol (2), 2-propenoic acid, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-octacosyl ester (3), betulin (4), and β-sitosterol glucoside (5) were tested for these folklores...Compound 1 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effect as it reduced edema of the paw (83.98%), which is more potent than the standard drug (ibuprofen) (which showed an inhibition percentage of 73.22% a), followed by compound 3...Evaluation of anticancer activity of isolated compounds reveals weak effect against HeLa and 3T3 cell lines. Docking studies of the most active compound into the binding sites of cyclooxygenase isoforms showed a better antagonistic potential against COX-1 than the COX-2 isoform."

Journal • Oncology

Silicon-induced mitigation of drought stress in peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) through ion homeostasis, modulations of antioxidative defense system, and metabolic regulations. (PubMed, Plant Physiol Biochem) - "Silicon-induced higher accumulation of metabolites mainly sugars and sugar alcohols (talose, mannose, fructose, sucrose, cellobiose, trehalose, pinitol, and myo-inositol), amino acids (glutamic acid, serine, histidine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine) in GG7 genotype as compared to TG26, provides osmo-protection...Our findings provide comprehensive information on physiological, biochemical, and metabolic dynamics associated with Si-mediated water stress tolerance in peanut. This study indicates that the drought tolerance efficacy of peanut genotypes can be improved by Si application."

Journal • CAT

A multi-analytical strategy for evaluation of quality and authenticity of artichoke food supplements for overweight control. (PubMed, J Chromatogr A) - "Low concentrations of bioactives, and the presence of other compounds probably related to heat treatment during manufacturing (difructosyl anhydrides, 3-deoxyglucosone), or to the addition of caloric additives (maltose, maltotriose) or non-declared plants (e.g. pinitol, disaccharides, silybin derivatives) were also detected in some FSOC by either GC-MS or HPLC-UV-MS. Application of Principal Component Analysis to the combined GC-MS + HPLC-UV data matrix, proved that this multi-analytical strategy provides advantages over single analytical techniques for the detection of the wide variety of fraudulent practices affecting authenticity of artichoke FSOC and for assessment of their quality."

Journal • Genetic Disorders • Obesity

Sugar Containing Compounds and Biological Activities of Lagochilus setulosus. (PubMed, Molecules) - "Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of Lagochilus setulosus (Lamiaceae) afforded the new compound 1-methoxy-3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-α-l-oliose (1) together with five known glycosides, namely sitosterol-3-O-β-glucoside (2), stigmasterol-3-O-β-glucoside (3), pinitol (4), 6β-hydroxyl-7-epi-loganin (5), and chlorotuberoside (6)...The anthelmintic potential was determined against Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Neither the extract nor the isolated compounds showed promising activity in all the bioassays."

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Valle Agricola Chickpeas: Nutritional Profile and Metabolomics Traits of a Typical Landrace Legume from Southern Italy. (PubMed, Foods) - "In particular, a di-galactosylglycerol, a pinitol digalactoside, and a galactosylciceritol were found as constitutive, together with different raffinose-series oligosaccharides...Valle Agricola chickpeas showed very good levels of several mineral nutrients, especially magnesium (164 mg/100 g), potassium (748 mg/100 g), calcium (200 mg/100 g), zinc (4.20 mg/100 g) and manganese (0.45 mg/100 g). The boiling process favorably decreases anti-trypsin and anti-chymotrypsin activities, depleting this precious seed of its intrinsic antinutritional factors."

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Renal protective effect of pinitol in experimental diabetes. (PubMed, Eur J Pharmacol) - "Natriuresis due to high renal perfusion pressure increased 7-fold in control animals but was blocked in 16-week diabetic rats and remarkably pinitol partially restored pressure natriuresis (3-fold increase in sodium excretion during pressure natriuresis). Pinitol prevents and ameliorates albuminuria, glomerular expansion, impairment of pressure-natriuresis, renal structural alterations and changes of renal markers and has the potential to be tested for the prevention of diabetic kidney disease."

Journal • Diabetes • Diabetic Nephropathy • Glomerulonephritis • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease • TGFB1

Establishment of a Cell Suspension Culture of Eysenhardtia platycarpa: Phytochemical Screening of Extracts and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity. (PubMed, Plants (Basel)) - "Methanolic leaf extracts showed mostly sugars and some polyols, mainly D-pinitol (74.3%)...The maximum inhibition for Rhizoctonia solani was with fatty hexane extracts of the sapwood (51.4%). Our study suggests that CSC extracts could be used as a possible complementary alternative to synthetic fungicides."

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The faecal metabolome in COVID-19 patients is altered and associated with clinical features and gut microbes. (PubMed, Anal Chim Acta) - "The results showed that, the faeces of COVID-19 patients were enriched with important nutrients that should be metabolized or absorbed, such as sucrose and 2-palmitoyl-glycerol; diet-related components that cannot be synthesized by humans, such as 1,5-anhydroglucitol and D-pinitol; and harmful metabolites, such as oxalate, were also detected...Therefore, alterations in the faecal metabolome of COVID-19 patients may reflect malnutrition and intestinal inflammation and warrant greater attention. The results of present study provide new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19."

Clinical • Journal • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Therapeutic role of D-pinitol on experimental colitis via activating Nrf2/ARE and PPAR-γ/NF-κB signaling pathways. (PubMed, Food Funct) - "In conclusion, d-pinitol exhibited a dramatic anti-colitis efficacy by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway and PPAR-γ. Hence, d-pinitol may be a promising therapeutic drug against UC in the future."

Journal • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis • NQO1

Effects of D-pinitol on myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in streptozocin-induced aging-accelerated mice. (PubMed, J Food Biochem) - "The molecular mechanisms are related to regulating oxidative stress, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway involving cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis. DP can prevent and/or delay the onset of DCM."

Journal • Cardiomyopathy • Cardiovascular • Congestive Heart Failure • Diabetes • Fibrosis • Heart Failure • Immunology • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology

Preparation of Curdlan sulphate - Chitosan nanoparticles as a drug carrier to target Mycobacterium smegmatis infected macrophages. (PubMed, Carbohydr Polym) - "The drug release kinetics followed a Weibull model with initial burst release (48 % Rifampicin and 27 % d-Pinitol within 6 h), followed by a sustained release. Expression of TGF- β1 gene also increased when treated with CSC: d-PIN + RIF (13.00 ± 0.19 fold) which provided the immunomodulatory activity of the encapsulated CSC NPs. Thus, curdlan sulphate - chitosan polyelectrolyte complex can be a potential nanocarrier matrix for intracellular delivery of multiple drugs."

Journal • Immune Modulation • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis • IL10 • TNFA

Elucidation of the mechanism of action of pinitol against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in an animal model of aortic stenosis. (PubMed, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem) - "Cardiac hypertrophy was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats by abdominal aortic constriction and treated with lisinopril (15 mg/kg) or pinitol (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg). The upregulated mRNA expressions of cardiac ANP, BNP, cTn-I, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Bax, Caspase-3, collagen-I, and cardiac apoptosis were markedly downregulated by pinitol. In conclusion, pinitol ameliorated pressure overload-induced LVH and fibrosis via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotic, and antiapoptotic potential in experimental AS."

Journal • Preclinical • Fibrosis • Immunology • CASP3 • IL1B • IL6 • TNFA

Microwave Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Carbohydrates from Different Morphological Parts of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). (PubMed, Foods) - "Pinitol was the most abundant inositol of leaves and stems (24.2-31.0 mg·g and 15.5-22.5 mg·g, respectively) while seed extracts were rich in α-GOS, mainly in stachyose (48.8-84.7 mg·g). In addition, inositols and α-GOS concentrations of lyophilized MAE extracts were stable for up to 26 days at 50 °C. These findings demonstrate that alfalfa is a valuable source of bioactive carbohydrates and MAE a promising alternative technique to obtain functional extracts."

Journal • Inflammatory Arthritis

Myo-inositol transport and metabolism participate in salt tolerance of halophyte ice plant seedlings. (PubMed, Physiol Plant) - "Myo-inositol and its metabolic derivatives such as pinitol, galactinol, and raffinose affect growth and development and are also involved in stress adaptation...The expression of pinitol biosynthesis gene IMT1 was induced by salt and myo-inositol, and their combination had a synergistic effect on the accumulation of pinitol. Supply of myo-inositol to salt-treated seedlings alleviated the detrimental effects by maintaining a low root Na/K ratio and providing precursors for the synthesis of compatible solute to maintain the osmotic balance."

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Polyphenol-rich Indian ginger cultivars ameliorate GLUT4 activity in C2C12 cells, inhibit diabetes-related enzymes and LPS-induced inflammation: An in vitro study. (PubMed, J Food Biochem) - "Major active compounds such as shogaol and gingerol derivatives, curcumene, zingiberone were identified through GC-ESI/MS analysis and D-pinitol (cyclitol) was identified through HPLC analysis in this variety...Ginger cultivar, especially MPT variety can be used as an adjuvant therapy for treating diabetes. Therefore, our study indicates that polyphenols rich ginger cultivar has major application in functional food product development."

Journal • Preclinical • Diabetes • Immunology • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders

An UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of D-pinitol in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study. (PubMed, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci) - "After intravenous (5.0 mg/kg) administration, V was 325.2 ± 107.8 L/kg and AUC was 693.0 ± 89.9 µg/L*h. Our study indicated D-pinitol had a slow elimination phase and might be the high affinity binding to blood protein in vivo, which are helpful for its further drug development and clinical application."

Journal • PK/PD data • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders

Comparative Fecal Metabolomes of Silkworms Being Fed Mulberry Leaf and Artificial Diet. (PubMed, Insects) - "In contrast, the urea, citric acid, D-pinitol, D-(+)-cellobiose and N-acetyl glucosamine levels were relatively higher in the silkworm feeding on the artificial diets. The findings of this study help clarify the association between diet and metabolic profiling."

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D-Pinitol Increases Insulin Secretion and Regulates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Msg-Obese Mice. (PubMed, An Acad Bras Cienc) - "Furthermore, D-pinitol enhanced insulin secretion in MPIN and CPIN groups. Therefore, D-pinitol enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion, which may account to enhances hepatic lipogenesis and TG deposition in MPIN mice."

Journal • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • FASN

Inositol and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review on Deficiencies and Supplementation. (PubMed, Nutrients) - "Pinitol significantly reduced liver fat, post-prandial triglycerides, AST levels, lipid peroxidation increasing glutathione peroxidase activity. These results, despite being limited, indicate the need for further evaluation of INS in NAFLD in larger clinical trials."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Hepatology • Metabolic Disorders • Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

[VIRTUAL] A PRECLINICAL RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY OF ACUTE CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA TREATED WITH GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACTS: ARE COMPLEX COMPONENTS BENEFICIAL TO ACUTE STROKE? (ESO-WSO 2020) - "Here, we performed a preclinical randomized, controlled trail (pRCT) to evaluate the effect of a novel GBEs (nGBEs，include pinitol), traditional GBEs (tGBEs) and pinitol on acute permanent and transient stroke in mice...It is worth exploring whether complex components are beneficial to stroke when compared to single component. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81701138, 81471209)."

Cardiovascular • Ischemic stroke

Selective manipulation of the inositol metabolic pathway for induction of salt-tolerance in indica rice variety. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Comparison of inositol and/or pinitol pool in three types of transgenic plants suggests that plants whose inositol production remains uninterrupted under stress by the functional PcINO1 protein, showed normal growth as in the wild-type plants without stress. It is conceivable that inositol itself acts as a stress-ameliorator and/or as a switch for a number of other pathways important for imparting salt-tolerance. Such selective manipulation of the inositol metabolic pathway may be one of the ways to combat salt stress in plants."

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