ACAM2000 (smallpox (vaccinia) live vaccine) / Emergent Biosolutions - LARVOL DELTA

ACAM2000 vaccine safety and immunogenicity considerations for smallpox and mpox. (PubMed, Expert Rev Vaccines) - "ACAM2000 remains a critical medical countermeasure for smallpox preparedness and a valuable, though selective, tool for mpox prevention. Its high immunogenicity, rapid protection, and broad orthopoxvirus coverage must be balanced against a well-characterized safety risk profile."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Effectiveness and safety of mpox vaccines in people living with HIV: a living systematic review and meta-analysis (AIDS 2026) - "Most pooled effectiveness estimates were derived from studies of the MVA-BN vaccine used for pre-exposure prophylaxis; additional vaccine platforms (including LC16m8 and ACAM2000) and post-exposure strategies were included in the living review but had insufficient data for pooled estimates... Mpox vaccines provide moderate protection against confirmed infection and near-complete protection against hospitalization among PLWHIV, with no serious safety signals identified. This living systematic review provides the first pooled effectiveness and safety estimates of mpox vaccination in PLWHIV and, through continuous real-time evidence updating, offers a sustainable framework to guide mpox prevention strategies in HIV care as new data emerge."

Retrospective data • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain

Mpox Outbreaks Beyond Historically Endemic Regions: A Clinical Review of Vaccination Strategies and Public Health Challenges. (PubMed, Dermatology) - "Despite demonstrated efficacy, vaccination coverage remains globally inequitable, with disparities shaped by structural and social determinants, including race, socioeconomic status, and geography. Dermatologists play a pivotal role in early detection, patient counseling, and vaccine advocacy. Strengthening coordinated, evidence-based vaccination strategies is essential to improving outbreak preparedness and advancing global health equity."

Journal • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Rethinking mpox: epidemiology, clinical variants, diagnosis, and response. (PubMed, Osong Public Health Res Perspect) - "It also assesses diagnostic approaches, including molecular and point-of-care techniques, and evaluates the efficacy and limitations of current and emerging vaccines, such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000. Future priorities include improving global surveillance, refining case definitions, expanding diagnostic access, and ensuring equitable vaccine distribution. Understanding the expanding clinical and epidemiological profile of mpox is essential for timely diagnosis, containment, and preparedness against future outbreaks."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Emergent BioSolutions Receives Saudi Food and Drug Authority Approval for ACAM2000 [Smallpox and Mpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live] (The Manila Times) - "This follows Emergent’s recent announcement that Singapore’s Health Sciences Authority (HSA) has approved an expanded indication for ACAM2000 [Smallpox and Mpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live] to include prevention of mpox disease in adults determined to be at high risk for mpox infection."

Approval • Infectious Disease

Maternal and Pediatric Use of Vaccines for Mpox: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Safety and Effectiveness. (PubMed, Drug Saf) - "Vaccinia-based vaccines appear generally safe in pregnancy and children. However, evidence on the safety and effectiveness of third-generation mpox vaccines is still scarce. High-quality prospective studies and strengthened pharmacovigilance are urgently needed to inform policy and clinical decision making."

Journal • Retrospective data • Review • Infectious Disease • Pediatrics

The evolving mpox threat (2022-2024): clade dynamics, immune evasion, and escalating global health challenges. (PubMed, Front Cell Infect Microbiol) - "We evaluate current diagnostic standards, such as PCR, alongside emerging techniques, and assess the efficacy of antiviral therapies, including tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir. The status of vaccination, from second-generation (ACAM2000) to third-generation (MVA-BN and LC16m8) platforms, is critically appraised for its role in outbreak control. Furthermore, we explore the successes and hurdles of public health strategies, including surveillance, contact tracing, and community engagement, in managing stigma and ensuring equity. The review concludes by outlining future perspectives, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, accessible countermeasures, and research into broad-spectrum antivirals and vaccines to prepare for the ongoing threat of MPXV."

Journal • Review

Insights into Monkeypox Virus: Host Immunity, Viral Immune Evasion, Recent Advances in Vaccines, Therapeutic Development, and Future Perspectives. (PubMed, Microorganisms) - "Alternative drugs like tecovirimat and brincidofovir have demonstrated potential for treating smallpox, but there is scanty evidence on their efficacy against MPXV. Most recent advancements in the study of vaccines have resulted in the creation and introduction of MVA-BN (JYNNEOS/Imvanex/Imvamune) and ACAM2000 vaccines, which conferred cross-protection against MPXV...The discovery of novel vaccine candidates and antiviral treatments will be needed to prevent future outbreaks and reduce the global health burden of Mpox. This review focuses on the characterization of MPXV, summarizing current knowledge on its genomic structure, pathogenesis, replication, potential targets of anti-MPXV drugs, clinical features, and epidemiological patterns, along with recent advances in vaccine development."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

From Surge to Stability: Navigating MPOX Epidemics Across the Globe With Genomic Insights, Paving the Way for Effective Management Plan. (PubMed, Rev Med Virol) - "Treatments include antiviral agents such as tecovirimat, bocindofovir and cidofovir in addition to standard supportive therapy for severe cases or immunocompromised patients. Vaccines such as ACAM2000, JYNNEOS and LC16m8 are available, although they are linked with some risks such as myopericarditis in certain patients. Ongoing global spread and virus mutations highlight the urgent need to accelerate research focused on early MPOX detection, novel treatment options and prevention in order to properly handle potential long-term challenges such as drug-resistant strains and future outbreaks. Prioritising the development of targeted, efficient, and less resistance-prone anti-MPOX medicines and rapid response systems for effective MPOX management."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain

A phase 4, open-label, single arm, multi-center study to evaluate the safety of a smallpox vaccine in previously vaccinated individuals. (PubMed, Vaccine) - P4 | "Out of 3032 vaccinated participants, 65 had potential symptoms of myocarditis/pericarditis (myopericarditis) which were resolved, and there were no diagnoses of myopericarditis. Administration of ACAM2000 vaccine was well tolerated in this population of previously vaccinated participants."

Journal • P4 data • Cardiovascular • Infectious Disease • Inflammation

Monkey pox (Mpox): pathogenesis, genetic shifts, vaccination strategies and clinical insights. (PubMed, Arch Microbiol) - "Third-generation vaccines such as MVA-BN/JYNNEOS, are showing good safety profiles, moderate to high efficacy in comparison to older vaccines like the ACAM2000, with other platforms being under clinical development. Knowledge of clade-specific viral evolution, immune resistance and vaccine efficacy is crucial to the optimization of vaccination response, the prioritization of susceptible population, and preparedness to future outbreaks of ortho poxvirus."

Journal • Preclinical • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Understanding Monkeypox Virus Evolution, Host-Pathogen Interactions, and Therapeutic Advances. (PubMed, Rev Med Virol) - "In addition, we discuss recent advancements in the development of prophylactic vaccine for Mpox, including ACAM2000, LC16m8, JYNNEOS (MVA), and others. Future research directions include exploiting the conserved Mpox antigens to develop safer and more broadly protective vaccines. There is also an urgent need for international collaborations in surveillance, rapid response systems and comprehensive OMICS studies for understanding the viral evolution and mutations, which will greatly aid vaccine design and therapeutic strategies to combat Mpox."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Pain

Re-emergence and clinical management of monkeypox: insights into viral biology, therapeutics, and vaccination. (PubMed, Mol Biol Rep) - "Antiviral therapies such as tecovirimat (TPOXX), cidofovir, and brincidofovir are under consideration, with tecovirimat showing the most clinical promise...Currently approved vaccines include ACAM2000, LC16 KMB, and JYNNEOS (MVA-BN), with JYNNEOS preferred due to its safety profile, especially for immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. Preventive strategies, public education, and international surveillance are essential to mitigate further outbreaks. Understanding the biology, clinical behavior, and control measures of Mpox is critical for informing future responses and improving global preparedness."

Journal • Review • Fatigue • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain

Emerging threats of monkeypox virus in 2024: current insights and future directions. (PubMed, Future Sci OA) - "The study synthesizes current evidence on the virus's evolving epidemiology, diagnostic advances such as CRISPR and PCR techniques, and progress in vaccine development, focusing on JYNNEOS and ACAM2000...Our findings underscore the importance of sustained genomic surveillance, integrative One Health strategies that unite human, animal, and environmental health data, and robust global collaboration. Addressing these gaps is vital for curbing monkeypox and preparing for future zoonotic threats."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Comparison of ELISA with the Multiplex Fluorescent Microsphere Assay for Anti-Orthopoxvirus IgG detection (ASTMH 2025) - "We evaluated this multiplex assay by testing 494 samples collected from various regions of the world, including those from Clade I or Clade II MPXV-infected persons, and from individuals who received smallpox (Dryvax and ACAM2000) or mpox (JYNNEOS) vaccination, for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to 7 different antigens...We analyzed the IgG reactivity profiles to different antigens and found them to be unique for individuals and groups. This multiplex profiling offers significant benefits over current ELISA-based assays for serosurveillance and immunoprobing for vaccines and infections."

Late-breaking abstract • Infectious Disease

Pandemic Preparedness: Comparative Analysis of COVID-19, Mpox, Nipah, and Smallpox (ASA 2025) - "For analysis of smallpox vaccine complications, data were pooled using a random-effects model, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess risk differences between ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS... R0 AnalysisCOVID-19 demonstrated the highest R0 (mean 6.0), significantly higher than Nipah virus (RO mean: 0.45, p < 0.05). Mpox and Smallpox exhibited moderate R0 values; Smallpox RO 1.75 and MPOX RO 4.5, respectively. The variance in transmissibility highlights the urgent need for containment strategies tailored to each pathogen's characteristics."

Anesthesia • Infectious Disease • Measles • Novel Coronavirus Disease

Genomic variability and immunological aspects involved in response to MPXV infection. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "Although smallpox vaccines like MVA-BN and ACAM2000 provide cross-protection against Mpox, the MVA-BN vaccine showed a more favourable safety profile, but variable effectiveness compared to replicating vaccines. Antiviral agents such as tecovirimat and cidofovir have been used off-label, but emerging resistance and limited clinical efficacy highlight an urgent need for MPXV-specific therapeutics...This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular biology, clinical features, the current drugs used to treat Mpox infection and the vaccines used to prevent the infection. It also discussing the limitations of these therapeutic tools and the improvements needed to enhance their efficacy."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Evolving Threats: Adaptive Mechanisms of Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) in the 2022 Global Outbreak and Their Implications for Vaccine Strategies. (PubMed, Viruses) - "At the same time, we systematically evaluate the cross-protective efficacy and limitations of existing vaccines (ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and LC16), as well as recent advances in novel vaccine platforms, especially mRNA vaccines, in inducing superior immune responses...The core of this paper is to elucidate the dynamic game between viral evolution and prevention and control strategies (especially vaccines). The key to addressing the long-term epidemiological challenges of MPXV in the future lies in continuously strengthening global surveillance of viral evolution (early warning of highly transmissible/pathogenic variants), accelerating the development of next-generation vaccines based on new mechanisms and platforms (e.g., multivalent mRNAs), and resolving the vaccine accessibility gap through global collaboration to build an integrated defense system of "Surveillance, Research and Development, and Equitable Vaccination," through global collaboration to address the..."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Potential of MRNA vaccines for mpox prevention: current evidence and future directions. (PubMed, Ann Med Surg (Lond)) - "At present, JYNNEOS (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic), showing favorable safety, and ACAM2000, a live attenuated virus with a high risk of side effects, are two vaccines that are indicated for mpox immunization...This paper elucidates the potential of mRNA technology to address the unmet needs in mpox prevention. It also highlights the need for genomic surveillance, immunological insights, and innovative delivery systems."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

The Role of Public Health Interventions and Control Measures During Mpox Outbreaks: Enhancing Strategies for Disease Prevention and Management. (PubMed, Public Health Chall) - "Oral and intravenous antivirals like tecovirimat and cidofovir are used only in emergency settings, as the clinical trials on their efficacy are still in progress...ACAM 2000, IMVAMUNE, and Dryvax are the available vaccines. Non-pharmacological interventions like hand hygiene, social distancing, and personal protective equipment can significantly reduce viral transmission, whereas early diagnosis can limit the prevalence by providing timely public health interventions."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Pain

Current and emerging Mpox vaccine strategies: A comprehensive review. (PubMed, Vaccine) - "Approved vaccines such as ACAM2000 and MVA-BN demonstrate efficacy in preventing MPXV infection, with MVA-BN offering a safer profile, particularly for immunocompromised individuals. Current vaccination strategies against MPXV provide foundational tools for outbreak control; however, gaps remain in accessibility, safety, and scalability. Equitable vaccine distribution and investment in research are essential to address the global mpox threat effectively."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence and Innovative Vaccines for Mpox Diagnosis and Control: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. (PubMed, J Prim Care Community Health) - "AI has proven to be significant in mpox detection, treatment, and prevention. Future directions should be focused on healthcare professionals to establish the validity and reliability of the models, a measure of the algorithm's robustness, and the continuous auditing of AI systems."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Mpox unveiled: Global epidemiology, treatment advances, and prevention strategies. (PubMed, One Health) - "Current treatments rely on therapies designed for smallpox, including antivirals like tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir...Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, confirmed by PCR testing of skin lesions or swabs, while HIV testing is recommended for adults with Mpox. Preventive measures, including isolation and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), are essential, alongside the use of two available vaccines, Jynneos and ACAM2000, which show partial efficacy against Mpox."

Journal • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

A new attenuated and highly immunogenic orthopoxvirus vaccine protects against mpox in mice and macaques. (PubMed, NPJ Vaccines) - "Smallpox vaccines ACAM2000 and MVA-BN were approved for mpox prevention in several countries. Importantly, single dose of dBTF vaccination effectively protects mice and cynomolgus macaques from mpox virus challenge. These results support the development of dBTF into a new generation of mpox and orthopoxvirus vaccines."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Safety and Efficacy of Repurposed Smallpox Vaccines Against Mpox: A Critical Review of ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and LC16. (PubMed, J Epidemiol Glob Health) - "The authors therefore emphasize balancing vaccine efficacy with safety risks, particularly in vulnerable populations. Further research and surveillance are essential to optimize vaccination strategies and control Mpox outbreaks worldwide."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Infectious Disease • Inflammation