ACAM2000 (smallpox (vaccinia) live vaccine) / Emergent Biosolutions - LARVOL DELTA

Re-emergence and clinical management of monkeypox: insights into viral biology, therapeutics, and vaccination. (PubMed, Mol Biol Rep) - "Antiviral therapies such as tecovirimat (TPOXX), cidofovir, and brincidofovir are under consideration, with tecovirimat showing the most clinical promise...Currently approved vaccines include ACAM2000, LC16 KMB, and JYNNEOS (MVA-BN), with JYNNEOS preferred due to its safety profile, especially for immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. Preventive strategies, public education, and international surveillance are essential to mitigate further outbreaks. Understanding the biology, clinical behavior, and control measures of Mpox is critical for informing future responses and improving global preparedness."

Journal • Review • Fatigue • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain

Emerging threats of monkeypox virus in 2024: current insights and future directions. (PubMed, Future Sci OA) - "The study synthesizes current evidence on the virus's evolving epidemiology, diagnostic advances such as CRISPR and PCR techniques, and progress in vaccine development, focusing on JYNNEOS and ACAM2000...Our findings underscore the importance of sustained genomic surveillance, integrative One Health strategies that unite human, animal, and environmental health data, and robust global collaboration. Addressing these gaps is vital for curbing monkeypox and preparing for future zoonotic threats."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Comparison of ELISA with the Multiplex Fluorescent Microsphere Assay for Anti-Orthopoxvirus IgG detection (ASTMH 2025) - "We evaluated this multiplex assay by testing 494 samples collected from various regions of the world, including those from Clade I or Clade II MPXV-infected persons, and from individuals who received smallpox (Dryvax and ACAM2000) or mpox (JYNNEOS) vaccination, for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to 7 different antigens...We analyzed the IgG reactivity profiles to different antigens and found them to be unique for individuals and groups. This multiplex profiling offers significant benefits over current ELISA-based assays for serosurveillance and immunoprobing for vaccines and infections."

Late-breaking abstract • Infectious Disease

Pandemic Preparedness: Comparative Analysis of COVID-19, Mpox, Nipah, and Smallpox (ASA 2025) - "For analysis of smallpox vaccine complications, data were pooled using a random-effects model, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess risk differences between ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS... R0 AnalysisCOVID-19 demonstrated the highest R0 (mean 6.0), significantly higher than Nipah virus (RO mean: 0.45, p < 0.05). Mpox and Smallpox exhibited moderate R0 values; Smallpox RO 1.75 and MPOX RO 4.5, respectively. The variance in transmissibility highlights the urgent need for containment strategies tailored to each pathogen's characteristics."

Anesthesia • Infectious Disease • Measles • Novel Coronavirus Disease

Genomic variability and immunological aspects involved in response to MPXV infection. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "Although smallpox vaccines like MVA-BN and ACAM2000 provide cross-protection against Mpox, the MVA-BN vaccine showed a more favourable safety profile, but variable effectiveness compared to replicating vaccines. Antiviral agents such as tecovirimat and cidofovir have been used off-label, but emerging resistance and limited clinical efficacy highlight an urgent need for MPXV-specific therapeutics...This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular biology, clinical features, the current drugs used to treat Mpox infection and the vaccines used to prevent the infection. It also discussing the limitations of these therapeutic tools and the improvements needed to enhance their efficacy."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Evolving Threats: Adaptive Mechanisms of Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) in the 2022 Global Outbreak and Their Implications for Vaccine Strategies. (PubMed, Viruses) - "At the same time, we systematically evaluate the cross-protective efficacy and limitations of existing vaccines (ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and LC16), as well as recent advances in novel vaccine platforms, especially mRNA vaccines, in inducing superior immune responses...The core of this paper is to elucidate the dynamic game between viral evolution and prevention and control strategies (especially vaccines). The key to addressing the long-term epidemiological challenges of MPXV in the future lies in continuously strengthening global surveillance of viral evolution (early warning of highly transmissible/pathogenic variants), accelerating the development of next-generation vaccines based on new mechanisms and platforms (e.g., multivalent mRNAs), and resolving the vaccine accessibility gap through global collaboration to build an integrated defense system of "Surveillance, Research and Development, and Equitable Vaccination," through global collaboration to address the..."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Potential of MRNA vaccines for mpox prevention: current evidence and future directions. (PubMed, Ann Med Surg (Lond)) - "At present, JYNNEOS (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic), showing favorable safety, and ACAM2000, a live attenuated virus with a high risk of side effects, are two vaccines that are indicated for mpox immunization...This paper elucidates the potential of mRNA technology to address the unmet needs in mpox prevention. It also highlights the need for genomic surveillance, immunological insights, and innovative delivery systems."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

The Role of Public Health Interventions and Control Measures During Mpox Outbreaks: Enhancing Strategies for Disease Prevention and Management. (PubMed, Public Health Chall) - "Oral and intravenous antivirals like tecovirimat and cidofovir are used only in emergency settings, as the clinical trials on their efficacy are still in progress...ACAM 2000, IMVAMUNE, and Dryvax are the available vaccines. Non-pharmacological interventions like hand hygiene, social distancing, and personal protective equipment can significantly reduce viral transmission, whereas early diagnosis can limit the prevalence by providing timely public health interventions."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Pain

Current and emerging Mpox vaccine strategies: A comprehensive review. (PubMed, Vaccine) - "Approved vaccines such as ACAM2000 and MVA-BN demonstrate efficacy in preventing MPXV infection, with MVA-BN offering a safer profile, particularly for immunocompromised individuals. Current vaccination strategies against MPXV provide foundational tools for outbreak control; however, gaps remain in accessibility, safety, and scalability. Equitable vaccine distribution and investment in research are essential to address the global mpox threat effectively."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence and Innovative Vaccines for Mpox Diagnosis and Control: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. (PubMed, J Prim Care Community Health) - "AI has proven to be significant in mpox detection, treatment, and prevention. Future directions should be focused on healthcare professionals to establish the validity and reliability of the models, a measure of the algorithm's robustness, and the continuous auditing of AI systems."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Mpox unveiled: Global epidemiology, treatment advances, and prevention strategies. (PubMed, One Health) - "Current treatments rely on therapies designed for smallpox, including antivirals like tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir...Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, confirmed by PCR testing of skin lesions or swabs, while HIV testing is recommended for adults with Mpox. Preventive measures, including isolation and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), are essential, alongside the use of two available vaccines, Jynneos and ACAM2000, which show partial efficacy against Mpox."

Journal • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

A new attenuated and highly immunogenic orthopoxvirus vaccine protects against mpox in mice and macaques. (PubMed, NPJ Vaccines) - "Smallpox vaccines ACAM2000 and MVA-BN were approved for mpox prevention in several countries. Importantly, single dose of dBTF vaccination effectively protects mice and cynomolgus macaques from mpox virus challenge. These results support the development of dBTF into a new generation of mpox and orthopoxvirus vaccines."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Safety and Efficacy of Repurposed Smallpox Vaccines Against Mpox: A Critical Review of ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and LC16. (PubMed, J Epidemiol Glob Health) - "The authors therefore emphasize balancing vaccine efficacy with safety risks, particularly in vulnerable populations. Further research and surveillance are essential to optimize vaccination strategies and control Mpox outbreaks worldwide."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Infectious Disease • Inflammation

Monkeypox: Prevention Strategies and Challenges: Updated Review. (PubMed, Health Sci Rep) - "The JYNNEOS vaccine, ACAM2000 vaccine, and MVABN also known as Imvamune vaccinations have now been investigated and authorized for usage during mpox epidemics in different locations. Tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir which had previously shown promise against OPXV were used as antivirals during the 2022 outbreak...To effectively reduce the global transmission of mpox, the WHO should prioritize strategies that enhance early detection of the illness, careful administration of antiviral treatments, and focused vaccination initiatives for high-risk groups or wider immunization in areas where the disease is common. Furthermore, it is crucial to establish preventive measures, conduct educational outreach, and implement robust healthcare policies."

Journal • Allergy • Atopic Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Measles • Varicella Zoster

Mpox: Global epidemic situation and countermeasures. (PubMed, Virulence) - "Several vaccines (such as ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, LC16m8, and genetically engineered vaccines) and antiviral drugs (such as tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir, and varicella immunoglobulin intravenous injection) have been developed and marketed to prevent and control this disease. This review aims to introduce the epidemic situation, epidemiological characteristics, physiological and pathological characteristics, and preventive measures for mpox in detail, to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mpox viruses worldwide."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Varicella Zoster

Navigating monkeypox: identifying risks and implementing solutions. (PubMed, Open Vet J) - "Three major orthopoxvirus vaccines have been approved to serve as a preventive measure against monkeypox: LC16, JYNNEOS, and ACAM2000...Research and studies are still being conducted to gain a deeper understanding of this zoonotic viral disease. This review is therefore focused on deciphering monkeypox, its etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, and control."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Pain

Pandemic Preparedness: A Meta-Analysis of Transmission, Mortality, and Vaccination Strategies for COVID-19, Mpox, Nipah, and Smallpox (IARS-SOCCA 2025) - "For analysis of smallpox vaccine complications, data were pooled using a random-effects model, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess risk differences between ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS... This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the transmission, mortality, and vaccination strategies for COVID-19, Mpox, Nipah, and Smallpox. It also offers an in-depth review of smallpox vaccine complications in vulnerable populations. The findings emphasize the need for tailored vaccination strategies based on the risk profiles of each population group, particularly when considering vaccines with differing safety and efficacy profiles."

Retrospective data • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Pediatrics

Examining homology between MPXV and immunogenic VACV-derived peptides. (PubMed, Vaccine) - "Current vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis against MPXV consists of live vaccinia whole virus-based vaccines including ACAM2000®, JYNNEOS™, and LC16m8 originally developed against smallpox...Our results also suggest the utility of VACV-derived peptides for an mpox peptide-based vaccine candidate. The development of peptide-based vaccines against MPXV could offer significant advantages over currently available vaccines, such as no cold chain requirement, stability, and reduced manufacturing costs."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Short-Lived Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Monkeypox Virus in Smallpox Vaccine-Naive Persons after JYNNEOS Vaccination. (PubMed, Emerg Infect Dis) - "One donor previously received the ACAM2000 vaccine; 7 donors were smallpox vaccine-naive. MPXV PRNT titers were especially low; no naive donors demonstrated 90% plaque reduction. These data indicate a need for improved correlates of MPXV immunity to enable MVA-BN durability studies, given that recent clinical data support MVA-BN vaccine efficacy against MPXV despite low antibody responses."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Recombinant chimeric horsepox virus (TNX-801) is attenuated relative to vaccinia virus strains in both in vitro and in vivo models. (PubMed, mSphere) - "The two FDA-approved vaccines, ACAM-2000 and JYNNEOS, have important advantages and disadvantages...Here, we show that TNX-801 is >10- to 1,000-fold attenuated in in vitro and in vivo models including human primary cells and immunocompromised murine models than vaccine strains utilized in smallpox eradication. The natural attenuation of TNX-801 and its ability to induce protective immunity via a single vaccination are promising and warrants further development."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • IFNAR1

Mpox-diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and prognosis (PubMed, Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed) - "Treatment is primarily supportive, although antiviral agents such as tecovirimat and cidofovir have shown a certain efficacy. Vaccination is an important protective measure; MVA-BN and ACAM2000 are among the available vaccines. Prognosis depends on the clade, the access to medical care, and the underlying health status. Immunocompromised persons and children are at a higher risk of a severe course."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain • Varicella Zoster

Update on Mpox Management: Epidemiology, Vaccines and Therapeutics, and Regulatory Changes. (PubMed, Drugs) - "There are two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines for the prevention of mpox disease, JynneosTM and ACAM2000®...Tecovirimat, while FDA-approved for smallpox and available in the European Union for mpox, has shown mixed results in recent trials, with new data suggesting limited effectiveness in Clade I infections and emergence of new mutations with resistance to this drug. Brincidofovir and Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous offer additional treatment options, particularly for severe cases, although their use is constrained by regulatory and logistical challenges...These updates underscore the critical need for continued research to enhance therapeutic outcomes and adapt public health strategies. Ensuring equitable access to vaccines, treatments, and diagnostics remains a significant challenge as the global community responds to the evolving mpox situation."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Mpox global health emergency: Insights into the virus, immune responses, and advancements in vaccines PART II: Insights into the advancements in vaccines. (PubMed, Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol) - "Current Mpox vaccines are all live-attenuated, previously approved for smallpox, and are classified into non-replicating (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic or MVA-BN) and replicating vaccines (Lister clone16m8 KM Biologic or LC16m8KMB and Acambis2000 or ACAM2000). Importantly, the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of addressing vaccine disparities and improving global access. Transformative approaches are being explored to overcome this challenge and to enhance access in low- and middle-income countries."

Journal • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of Virology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment, and Artificial Intelligence Applications. (PubMed, Arch Acad Emerg Med) - "JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 are among the vaccines most commonly recommended for the prevention of Mpox. Brincidofovir, Cidofovir, and Tecovirimat are the primary treatments for Mpox cases. Similar to other viral infections, the best approach to managing Mpox is prevention. This can, in part, be achieved through measures such as reducing contact with individuals displaying symptoms, maintaining personal safety, and adhering to practices commonly used to prevent sexually transmitted infections."

Journal • Review • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

Pathological skin manifestations following smallpox vaccination (ACAM2000) in US military personnel, 2009-2023: a systematic review. (PubMed, Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)) - "Although rare, clinically significant skin lesions can occur after ACAM2000 administration. A feared complication of progressive vaccinia has been reported; however, to determine its causal relationship, further clinical trials are required to provide universal guidelines."

Journal • Review • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Vasculitis