chlorpromazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Application of acoustic ejection mass spectrometry for plasma protein binding assay using flux dialysis. (PubMed, Drug Metab Dispos) - "Herein, we validated this approach using 10 commercially available compounds with known fu values-imipramine, indomethacin, itraconazole, lapatinib, nicardipine, warfarin, chlorpromazine, rivastigmine, zonisamide, and ritonavir-with a wide fu range covering from very high binding (fu ≤ 0.01) to low binding (fu > 0.10) in human plasma. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study bridges the gap between flux dialysis and acoustic ejection mass spectrometry by creating a synergistic analytical framework for plasma protein binding assays, addressing limitations of both methods and enabling high-throughput applications with improved accuracy and efficiency. The combination of flux dialysis and acoustic ejection mass spectrometry will make a positive contribution to the development of high-throughput in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion assays in drug discovery."

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Dopaminergic tone inhibits spontaneous glutamate release and augments homeostatic synaptic plasticity. (PubMed, Mol Psychiatry) - "Notably, chronic antagonism of both D1 and D2 receptors using selective antagonists, as well as long-term treatment with first- and second-generation antipsychotics haloperidol, chlorpromazine, olanzapine, clozapine, and aripiprazole, promoted robust synaptic upscaling. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of action for antipsychotic medications and suggest that antipsychotics do not solely act on counteracting hyperdopaminergia, but also tune glutamatergic neurotransmission by activating homeostatic plasticity mechanisms."

Journal • CNS Disorders

Peripheral IV Catheter-Associated Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Patient with Psychiatric Illness: A Case Report and Literature Review. (PubMed, Int Med Case Rep J) - "We report a 44-year-old man with bipolar affective disorder on haloperidol, promethazine, and carbamazepine...The patient was initially started on low molecular weight heparin, later transitioned to apixaban...Antipsychotics, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, may further elevate thrombosis risk. Clinicians must maintain vigilance for UEDVT in patients with unilateral arm swelling post-cannulation, recognizing that prompt ultrasound evaluation and guideline-based anticoagulation are essential to prevent complications."

Journal • Bipolar Disorder • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Mental Retardation • Pain • Psychiatry • Thrombosis • Venous Thromboembolism • Venous Ulcer

2025 guideline update to acute treatment of migraine for adults in the emergency department: The American Headache Society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies. (PubMed, Headache) - "Prochlorperazine IV and GONB must be offered to eligible adults presenting to the ED with a migraine attack for treatment of headache requiring parenteral therapy (level A - must offer) in those without contraindications, while hydromorphone IV must not be offered (level A - must not offer). Treatments that should be offered when appropriate (level B - should offer) include dexketoprofen IV, ketorolac IV, metoclopramide IV, sumatriptan SC, and SONB. Chlorpromazine IV, dexamethasone IV, and valproate IV may be offered (level C - may offer). Paracetamol IV may not be offered (level C - should not offer). Eptinezumab should be offered (level B) only for patients matching the clinical trial population but is rated level U - no recommendation for an ED-specific population. Additional evidence is needed for caffeine, granisetron, ibuprofen, ketamine, lidocaine, normal saline, propofol, and SPG blocks, all currently rated level U - no recommendation."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

A deep representation learning algorithm on drug-target interaction to screen novel drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease. (PubMed, Artif Intell Med) - "Our results identified that several drugs could be promising for AD treatment, including human C1-esterase inhibitor, quetiapine, dasatinib, miconazole, aniracetam, chlorpromazine, hypericin, entrectinib, torcetrapib, bosutinib, sunitinib, aniracetam, rosiglitazone, tarenflurbil, milrinone, and MITO-4509. Results from this study also provided insights for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AD. As a systematic and versatile method, our approach can also be applied to identify efficacious therapies for other complex diseases."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Acute confusional migraine in adults – A case report (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Diazepam, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine were administered, but agitation persisted...Lumbar puncture was performed, and empiric antibiotics plus acyclovir were started but discontinued within hours after normal CSF and negative viral PCR...Although self-limiting, no abortive treatment is available; however, valproic acid and topiramate may be used to treat and prevent recurrences. The absence of formal criteria and the diagnosis being one of exclusion hinder clinical recognition."

Case report • Clinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Hypertension • Migraine • Pain

Haloperidol-induced liver injury in pregnancy: A rare case report and review of drug-induced hepatitis. (PubMed, Radiol Case Rep) - "Haloperidol was discontinued and replaced with Chlorpromazine, leading to normalization of liver function within 1 month and favorable maternal and fetal outcomes. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of idiosyncratic DILI during pregnancy and underscores the importance of regular liver function monitoring in patients on long-term antipsychotics, as well as careful multidisciplinary management when hepatic adverse effects occur."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Hepatology • Inflammation • Liver Failure • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Associations between negative symptoms and thermal pain perception in bipolar I disorder. (PubMed, Int J Bipolar Disord) - "This preliminary study points to the relationship among negative symptom severity and the perception of pain in adults with BD. These findings suggest that thermal pain hypoalgesia in patients with BD may serve as a behavioral marker of negative symptoms, particularly in the MAP domain, potentially reflecting disruptions in sensory-affective integration. Further research with larger samples is warranted to clarify underlying neurobehavioral mechanisms."

Journal • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Pain • Psychiatry

Cognitive functions in euthymic bipolar I and II patients: a cross sectional study. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were conducted to compare group performance, adjusting for age, illness duration, number of depressive episodes, hospitalizations, and chlorpromazine-equivalent doses of antipsychotics and mood stabilizers...Verbal episodic memory represents a robust and subtype-specific cognitive impairment in BD-I, whereas other cognitive differences between BD-I and BD-II are primarily attributable to modifiable clinical factors. These findings underscore the importance of integrating cognitive evaluation into routine care and suggest that cognitive profiles may inform personalized interventions and diagnostic clarification in bipolar disorder."

Journal • Observational data • Alzheimer's Disease • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. (PubMed, JAMA) - "A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials reported a small but significant reduction in nausea and vomiting from various causes (eg, chemotherapy, cancer) when comparing prescribed cannabinoids (eg, dronabinol, nabilone) with placebo or active comparators (eg, alizapride, chlorpromazine; standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.29 [95% CI, -0.39 to -0.18]). Clear guidance from clinicians is essential to support safe, evidence-based decision-making. Clinicians should weigh benefits against risks when engaging patients in informed discussions about cannabis or cannabinoid use."

Clinical • Journal • Anorexia • Cardiovascular • Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting • CNS Disorders • Coronary Artery Disease • Epilepsy • General Anxiety Disorder • Heart Failure • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Myocardial Infarction • Oncology • Pain • Pediatrics • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • Sleep Disorder • Substance Abuse

Isolation-free manufacturing of lipophilic API-ionic liquids (API-ILs) and their solidified products for oral solid dosage formulations. (PubMed, Int J Pharm) - "Applied to BCS Class III and IV drugs-specifically metformin and chlorpromazine-this method addresses the handling challenges associated with the physical properties of API-ILs and supports their clinical translation. The purified API-IL stream was then directly spray-encapsulated to produce powders with high drug loadings (up to 60%), suitable for standard OSD manufacturing. This work highlights a scalable, cost-effective strategy for the formulation of poorly bioavailable APIs through integrated continuous production, purification, and solidification of API-ILs."

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Short- and long-term associations between antipsychotic treatment patterns and functional outcomes in chronic schizophrenia: A 10-year retrospective study using lagged mixed-effects modeling. (PubMed, J Psychiatr Res) - "Short-term GAF improvement was linked to polypharmacy and use of LAI, whereas higher doses predicted poorer functioning. DUP-based subgroup models showed no significant results overall."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Prescription Patterns of Antiseizure Medication in Adult Patients with Epilepsy in Kazakhstan (2021-2023). (PubMed, Med Sci (Basel)) - "Carbamazepine and valproic acid were most frequently prescribed (64.3% and 45.6% of patients, respectively). Among those with chronic medication data (n = 15,752), nervous-system drugs were common (70.1%), led by psycholeptics (49.7%); frequently dispensed agents included chlorpromazine (n = 5991), clozapine (n = 1875), and risperidone (n = 1642). Cardiovascular agents were recorded in 37.2% (acetylsalicylic acid n = 4056; atorvastatin n = 2235), and diabetes drugs in 12.1% (metformin n = 1430). Epilepsy treatment in Kazakhstan remains dominated by older broad-spectrum ASMs, while the use of lamotrigine and levetiracetam is steadily increasing. The frequent co-prescription of psychotropic and cardiometabolic drugs underscores the need for coordinated, multidisciplinary care and continued monitoring of prescribing patterns to enhance treatment safety and effectiveness."

Journal • Observational data • Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Epilepsy • Metabolic Disorders

Neuroimmune pleiotropy links COVID-19 outcomes to brain structural and functional imaging-derived phenotypes. (PubMed, medRxiv) - "For instance, chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic that appears to also have antiviral and immunomodulatory activity. Overall, the present findings contributed to dissecting the biological mechanisms shared between COVID-19 and brain structure and function, highlighting the systemic nature of their relationship."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Mental Retardation • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Psychiatry

Comparative Analysis of Species-Specific Hepatocyte Function and Drug Effects in a Liver Microphysiological System PhysioMimix LC12 and 96-Well Plates. (PubMed, ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci) - "Also, cells were exposed to species-specific hepatotoxicants such as bosentan (BOS), fialuridine (FIAU), and a common hepatotoxicant for all species, chlorpromazine (CPZ)in both PhysioMimix LC12 and traditional 2D cultures. Still, variability and low throughput are limitations of MPS for prospective studies of species-specific responses. Overall, this study confirms the utility of liver safety studies using PhysioMimix LC12 and also provides suggestions for experimental designs to overcome the limitations of more complex test systems."

Journal • Hepatology • Liver Failure

Nationwide health claims analysis of phenothiazine-associated retinopathy risk in chlorpromazine and perphenazine users. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "In multivariable models, perphenazine use (vs. chlorpromazine), older age, female sex, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were all significant predictors of the outcomes (all P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that both drugs carry a modest risk of retinal toxicity-particularly perphenazine-and support the need for proactive ophthalmic screening in this population."

HEOR • Journal • Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Dyslipidemia • Hypertension • Inherited Retinal Dystrophy • Macular Degeneration • Metabolic Disorders • Ophthalmology • Retinal Disorders • Retinitis Pigmentosa

Managing Agitated Delirium With Neuroleptics and Anti-Epileptics as a Neuroleptic Sparing Strategy (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2/3 | N=42 | Recruiting | Sponsor: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | N=30 ➔ 42

Enrollment change • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Chlorpromazine increases the frequency of EPSC by non-canonical Ca2+ elevation of astrocytes (Neuroscience 2025) - "These findings suggest that astrocytic glutamate releases by chlorpromazine-mediated non-ER Ca2+ elevation enhance the presynaptic glutamate release through the activation of group I mGluR1/5. Our results provide the strategy for reduction of side effect of chlorpromazine."

CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • DRD2

Depolarization affects the bioenergetic state of hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (i.e., NPCs) (Neuroscience 2025) - "Interestingly, treatment with the antipsychotic chlorpromazine (10 uM) prevented reductions in mitochondrial respiration while attenuating membrane depolarization in patient-derived NPCs. Altogether, these preliminary data suggest a new role for graded potentials in regulating the bioenergetic state of NPCs. A mechanistic understanding of this coupling may advance our understanding of developmental disruptions in psychiatric disease."

CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

A fibroblast-specific miRNA functional cluster in remote exosomes aggravates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury via the Rap1b/ERK1/2 axis. (PubMed, Br J Pharmacol) - "Exosomes from non-ischaemic fibroblasts worsen I/R injury by promoting apoptosis of ischaemic cardiomyocytes through a cluster of miRNAs targeting the Rap1b/ERK1/2 pathway, highlighting Rap1b restoration as a potential therapeutic strategy."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Myocardial Infarction • Reperfusion Injury • BCL2 • CLTC • MIR181A1 • MIR494 • MIR708 • MIR92B

MYCT1 Controls Environmental Sensing to Maintain Self-Renewal in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells (ASH 2023) - "Furthermore, maintaining low endocytosis during culture, either by the endocytosis inhibitor chlorpromazine or by sorting HSPCs with lower endocytic internalization of fluorescent dextran, results in the enrichment of immunophenotypic LT-HSCs in culture. Our data show that the moderation of environmental sensing through MYCT1-controlled endocytosis is essential for preserving human HSC self-renewal and engraftment ability. As MYCT1 expression is downregulated in cultured human HSPC, our findings imply that loss of the molecular machinery required for proper sensing of microenvironment signals has far-reaching effects into essential cellular functions required for stemness, and is a key contributor to the functional incompetence of cultured human HSC."

Genetic Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Oncology • CD34 • ITGA3 • MYCT1 • PROCR

Ophthalmology Considerations in End-of-Life Care. (PubMed, Cureus) - "PBEs may be managed with retrobulbar chlorpromazine or alcohol injections, and enucleation or evisceration may be considered when pain persists...Ophthalmologic procedures should be considered viable options in end-of-life care when clinically indicated, with careful ethical review. Restoration of vision contributes meaningfully to the quality of life and deserves thoughtful inclusion in care planning."

Journal • Age-related Macular Degeneration • Cataract • Eye Cancer • Glaucoma • Macular Degeneration • Ocular Melanoma • Oncology • Ophthalmology • Pain • Palliative care • Retinal Disorders

Neuropsychiatric events following high-dose steroid administration during early immune checkpoint therapy are more frequent with extended steroid exposure. (PubMed, Support Care Cancer) - "Extended high-dose steroid use during early ICT was associated with an increased frequency of neuropsychiatric events, highlighting the need to educate patients and medical staff about this risk and to monitor neuropsychiatric events for early recognition and intervention in this population."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Oncology • Psychiatry

A QseBC-like system is involved in motility and biofilm formation responses to catecholamines in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. (PubMed, Microb Pathog) - "Catecholamines hormones, including epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (Dopa), are known to enhance Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 growth, motility, and biofilm formation...In this study, adrenergic and dopaminergic inhibitors (phentolamine, propranolol and chlorpromazine) were used to investigate how P. aeruginosa PAO1 recognizes host-derived catecholamines...Molecular docking using an AlphaFold3 model of PmrB, showed that catecholamines can bind to a cavity at the dimer interface. A ΔpmrAB mutant failed to respond to catecholamine exposure in motility and biofilm experiments, supporting a direct role of the PmrAB TCS in mediating PAO1 responses to host-derived catecholamines."

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Temperature-dependent dopaminergic disruption by chlorpromazine in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus: Evidence from receptor gene expression and population response. (PubMed, Aquat Toxicol) - "These findings highlight the susceptibility of aquatic invertebrates to neuroactive contaminants and the compounding role of thermal stress in amplifying pharmaceutical ecotoxicity. BcDopR1 emerges as a promising molecular biomarker for assessing neuroactive pharmaceutical ecological risks under climate change, and advances understanding of zooplankton adaptation to multiple environmental stressors."

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