chlorpromazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Integrating multi-omics to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of microfilament cytoskeleton in programmed cell death during seed cryopreservation. (PubMed, Plant Physiol Biochem) - "Conversely, the treatment with microfilaments cytoskeletal depolymerizer (chlorpromazine B) exerted an opposite effect...This indicated that the microfilament cytoskeleton participated in the occurrence of PCD, then affecting the seed viability after cryopreservation. Among them, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and glycerolipid metabolism are the key pathways through which microfilament cytoskeleton participating PCD during seed cryopreservation, and HSP and ALDH may serve as the core action targets in this process."

Journal • Metabolic Disorders • CDC37 • NEIL3

Adverse effect MonoPoly: Antipsychotic monopharmacy vs antipsychotic polypharmacy in the treatment of schizophrenia. (PubMed, Indian J Psychiatry) - "This study compared the adverse effects experienced by patients with schizophrenia (excluding those receiving clozapine) treated with antipsychotic monopharmacy (APM) or APP using both subjective and objective assessments...Compared with the APM group, patients receiving APP had a significantly longer duration of illness (P = 0.004; d = 0.55), lower treatment adherence (P = 0.02; d = 0.25), a higher total chlorpromazine-equivalent dose (P < 0.001; d = 1.21), and a higher rate of trihexyphenidyl use (P = 0.01; φ = 0.23). Overall adverse effects were comparable between the APM and APP groups. However, APP was associated with higher antipsychotic and trihexyphenidyl use; more insomnia, restlessness, constipation, and difficulty concentrating; and poorer treatment adherence."

Adverse events • Journal • CNS Disorders • Constipation • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Insomnia • Pain • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • Sleep Disorder

Sex-related differences in the cortico-thalamo-cerebellar circuit in patients with schizophrenia. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "Chlorpromazine-equivalent dose was not significantly associated with the interaction-related functional connectivity values in either female or male patients...The findings represent group-level differences with substantial potential overlap between males and females and should not be interpreted as evidence of categorical brain sexual dimorphism or directional circuit mechanisms. Larger, prospectively sex-balanced studies incorporating longitudinal, dynamic, and effective-connectivity analyses are needed to confirm these findings and clarify their functional significance."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Treating Intractable Nausea and Vomiting in Cerebellar and Medullary Stroke. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Ondansetron and metoclopramide provided only limited or temporary relief. Symptoms improved after sequential escalation to ondansetron, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, and amitriptyline; transdermal scopolamine was included in the discharge regimen...Because multiple medications were introduced over a short interval and natural neurologic recovery may have contributed, the effect of any individual agent or combination cannot be determined. This case suggests that receptor-diverse pharmacotherapy may be considered when initial treatment fails while underscoring the need for further study of efficacy, safety, and medication sequencing."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Metabolic Disorders

Anti-psychotic drugs act synergistically in combination with antifungal drugs to inhibit drug-resistant Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. (PubMed, mSphere) - "Chlorpromazine acts synergistically with both amphotericin B and fluconazole against multiple fungal species, including azole-resistant C. neoformans and C. albicans. When chlorpromazine is combined with AmB, the fungal cell cannot respond to the plasma membrane damage caused by AmB, inhibiting the fungal cells. This work identifies new target processes and drugs that could treat deadly fungal infections."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Oncology • Solid Organ Transplantation • Transplantation

Circulating cell-free DNA and NETosis-related biomarkers in schizophrenia: association with clinical features and treatment. (PubMed, World J Biol Psychiatry) - "NETosis-related markers, CitH3 and HMGB1, did not changed significantly. These findings did not provide direct evidence linking active NETosis to elevated cfDNA levels, suggesting the involvement of other cell death processes; however, they highlighted the associations between cfDNA and clinical features in schizophrenia."

Biomarker • Journal • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • HMGB1

Antipsychotic exposure and regional brain volume changes in schizophrenia: Dose-related associations. (PubMed, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging) - "Higher cumulative antipsychotic exposure was modestly associated with greater structural brain alterations. However, these observational findings do not establish causality because medication exposure is closely linked to illness progression. Interpretation is further limited by publication bias, the small number of studies, and heterogeneity across secondary outcomes. Well-designed prospective longitudinal studies are needed to better distinguish medication effects from disease-related changes."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Assessing drug-induced liver injury liabilities in human and animal hepatocytes under static and perfused spheroid culture conditions. (PubMed, Toxicol Sci) - "Cells were exposed to species-specific DILI compounds chlorpromazine (CPZ), bosentan (BOS), and fialuridine (FIAU). The microfluidics-based MPS exhibited modestly improved hepatocyte spheroid function relative to static models, although limited MPS throughput constrained our ability for testing drugs beyond FIAU. Overall, these results demonstrate that integrating multi-species hepatocyte spheroids across static and microfluidic platforms enables comparative DILI assessment and supports improved preclinical-to-clinical translation."

Journal • Hepatology • Liver Failure

Persistent Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Hiccups Unresponsive to Standard Agents: Resolution Associated With Levetiracetam Therapy. (PubMed, Clin Case Rep) - "We report a male patient in his early 30s who developed refractory hiccups following moderate TBI sustained in a high-impact motor vehicle collision; standard agents including chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, and haloperidol provided no meaningful relief after 48 h of combined treatment. Intravenous levetiracetam (1000 mg loading dose followed by 500 mg every 12 h) was initiated on hospital Day 6, which was followed by complete resolution of hiccups within 8 h; the patient was discharged on hospital Day 7 without recurrence and remained symptom-free at two-week outpatient follow-up. This case highlights levetiracetam as a promising rescue therapy for post-TBI hiccups refractory to conventional agents, possibly by modulating aberrant central neural circuitry, and further prospective studies are warranted to establish standardized treatment protocols for this challenging and underrecognised condition."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Vascular Neurology

Vitiligo as a Potential Overlooked Comorbidity in Schizophrenia: Insights From Two Case Reports. (PubMed, Cureus) - "The first patient, a 38-year-old man, presented with acrofacial vitiligo evolving over 11 years under long-acting injectable fluphenazine. The second patient, a 43-year-old man with a dark skin phototype, exhibited predominantly acral vitiligo with islands of repigmentation, evolving over 17 years, with exposure to haloperidol and chlorpromazine for 24 years...A holistic, interdisciplinary approach involving both dermatologists and psychiatrists is essential for the optimal management of patients presenting with both conditions. Further prospective and mechanistic studies are needed to better characterize the nature of this association and to identify potential shared therapeutic strategies."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Dermatology • Immunology • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • Vitiligo

Perfluoroalkylated polymeric constructs bypass endosomal entrapment to stimulate transnuclear delivery in proliferating and non-proliferating cells. (PubMed, J Colloid Interface Sci) - "Pharmacologic interrogation with metabolic poisons and pathway-specific inhibitors-chlorpromazine, genistein, dynasore, methyl-β-cyclodextrin-corroborates this non-endocytic, non-dynamin-dependent mechanism...Notably, NLS-mediated active import enables approximately 41% transfection in terminally differentiated, post-mitotic primary neurons-conventionally refractory targets where the intact nuclear envelope excludes passive diffusion and mitotic bypass is impossible. The modular, click-chemistry-compatible architecture, coupled with negligible hemolysis and minimal cytotoxicity establishes a versatile, translation-ready platform for nucleic acid vaccines, ex vivo CAR-T engineering, in situ genome editing, and neural gene therapy."

Journal • Gene Therapies • Hematological Disorders

A novel approach for evaluating and comparing multiple antipsychotic polypharmacy in adults across specialist intellectual disability services in England and Wales: A retrospective feasibility cohort study. (PubMed, J Psychopharmacol) - "Our study suggests that converting antipsychotic doses to chlorpromazine units is a simple and effective way to understand and compare prescribing burden for PwID. It also facilitates measuring prescribing and implementing best practice."

Journal • Retrospective data • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Autism Spectrum Disorder • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Depression • Developmental Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

When Hiccups Persist: An Atypical Presentation of Esophageal Candidiasis in an Immunocompetent Patient (ACG 2026) - "Outpatient treatment with baclofen, gabapentin, and pantoprazole failed to improve his symptoms, prompting hospital admission for further evaluation...He was treated with intravenous chlorpromazine, gabapentin, metoclopramide, empiric antibiotics for suspected pneumonia, and pantoprazole for possible reflux esophagitis, however, hiccups persisted...Figure: EGD demonstrating diffuse white plaques consistent with candidal esophagitis in the middle third (left) and lower third (right) of the esophagus. Figure: Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrating active esophagitis with acute inflammation (left) and fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Candida species, including budding yeast and pseudohyphae (right)."

Clinical • Candidiasis • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Pneumonia • Respiratory Diseases

A Hiccup in the System â Corrected Manually (ACG 2026) - "Multiple pharmacologic therapies, including baclofen, metoclopramide, chlorpromazine, and gabapentin, were trialed but discontinued due to sedation and lack of symptomatic improvement. Accordingly, this case underscores the potential role of OMT for symptomatic relief of benign but troubling conditions such as hiccups. Figure: Doming of the Diaphragm"

Endocrine Disorders • Metabolic Disorders

Identification of Factors Associated With Clinically Problematic Hiccups in Male Patients Receiving Cisplatin-based Treatment With Dexamethasone and Aprepitant: A Subgroup Analysis. (PubMed, In Vivo) - "Hypoalbuminemia and concomitant bevacizumab use are significant risk factors for clinically problematic hiccups in male patients receiving CDDP-based treatment with dexamethasone and aprepitant for thoracic cancer."

Journal • Retrospective data • Oncology • Thoracic Cancer

Plasma metabolomic profiling in schizophrenia: associations with symptom severity and antipsychotic treatment (WFSBP 2026) - "After preprocessing and normalization, profiles were compared between groups and assessed in relation to PANSS scores, chlorpromazine-equivalent dose and treatment response... Plasma metabolomic profiling revealed systemic alterations in schizophrenia involving purine metabolism, membrane lipid remodeling, tryptophan-related pathways and energy metabolism. Links with PANSS scores and antipsychotic exposure suggest that metabolomic signatures may reflect both disease-related biology and treatment effects, supporting further studies of biological phenotyping in schizophrenia."

CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

In Vitro Three-Dimensional Human Liver Model for Drug-Induced Liver and Bile Duct Injury Prediction. (PubMed, Toxics) - "Furthermore, treatment of this model with chlorpromazine, a well-characterized cholangiotoxic agent, resulted in suppressed expression of the bile duct biomarker cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and bile salt export pump (BSEP), accompanied by impaired bile acid transport capacity...Notably, the model displayed dual hepatic and biliary characteristics, supporting predictions of both DILI and drug-induced bile duct injury. It provided a promising in vitro platform for assessing drug-induced hepatobiliary toxicity, with potential to reduce reliance on animal experiments and accelerate early-stage screening of novel pharmaceutical candidates."

Journal • Preclinical • Hepatology • Liver Failure • CK19 • KRT19

Toward Animal-Free Phototoxicity Testing: A Keratinocyte-Based UVA Screening Assay to Distinguish Photoirritation from Photoallergy. (PubMed, Toxics) - "Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) was associated with photoallergic responses and was upregulated following exposure to chlorpromazine and benzophenone, whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) was associated with photoirritant responses and was upregulated following exposure to 8-methoxypsoralen. Collectively, these findings provide proof-of-concept evidence supporting the future development of a novel non-animal strategy for predicting and discriminating between photoirritant and photoallergenic compounds."

Journal • Allergy • Immunology • Inflammation • IL18 • IL6 • MMP1

Weight Changes at 12 Weeks in Drug-Naive, First-Episode Psychosis Patients Attended in a Real-World Setting (SIRS 2024) - "The mean daily dose of antipsychotics (in chlorpromazine equivalents) was 195.04 (SD=97.16) mg... A total of 163 patients were included. Fifty-five percents were female (n=89). The mean age was 37 years old."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Schizophrenia

Differential Modulation of Central Sensitization Pathways by Common Antipsychotics in a Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain Model. (PubMed, Eur J Pharmacol) - "However, each agent exhibited a distinct molecular "fingerprint": Quetiapine and chlorpromazine strongly suppressed the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and phosphorylated GluN2B (p-GluN2B) in both the cortex and spinal cord. Haloperidol and aripiprazole exerted their effects primarily by modulating the sigma-1 receptor in the spinal cord. Risperidone, despite exhibiting anti-hyperalgesic effects, had the weakest and most paradoxical effects on the pathways examined...A "one-size-fits-all" approach is therefore inadequate for this drug class. Understanding each agent's unique mechanistic profile could inform the development of targeted and more effective treatment strategies tailored to the patient's pathophysiology."

Journal • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Neuralgia • Pain • GRIN2B

Bio-derived cellulose adsorbent from licorice residues for high-efficiency and recyclable removal of phenothiazines. (PubMed, Int J Biol Macromol) - "Removal kinetics reached equilibrium after 20 min and the adsorption capacities for chlorpromazine and perphenazine were 9.17 and 26.87 mg/g, respectively. As such, the plant-derived adsorbent eliminates the risk of causing secondary environmental pollution. This study established a practical and sustainable strategy to the issues of high-value utilization of herbal residues and remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants."

Journal

Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia in a Patient Unable to Tolerate Clozapine Due to Clozapine-Associated Hyponatremia: A Case Report. (PubMed, Case Rep Psychiatry) - "Despite prior antipsychotic trials with haloperidol, asenapine, olanzapine, and chlorpromazine, the patient had persistent auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions. At 5 months post-ECT, he remained free from readmission and without recurrence of his positive symptoms. This case highlights the potential role of ECT as a therapeutic consideration for select patients with refractory psychosis when clozapine cannot be safely continued due to medically significant adverse effects such as hyponatremia."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Heart Failure • Pain • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Constitutively active glucagon receptor (GCGR) physiologically regulates body temperature in lizards. (PubMed, Sci Adv) - "Furthermore, in mice with reduced thermoregulatory ability by chlorpromazine administration, overexpression of constitutively active GCGR ligand-independently increased body temperature under cold conditions. In conclusion, constitutively active GCGR drives the physiological thermoregulation in lizards, and our study offered previously unidentified insights into expression regulation of constitutively active GPCR into physiological adaptations responding to environmental changes."

Journal

Prevention of Postoperative Diaphragmatic SpasmsWithIntraoperative Chlorpromazine: A Case Report (ASA 2026) - "He endorsed a history of severe postoperative diaphragmatic spasms lasting 2-3 weeks after prior surgeries, refractory to standard perioperative management including dexmedetomidine. While chlorpromazine is well established for treatment of intractable hiccups, its preventive use is less described. This case highlights a potential role for targeted prophylaxis in patients with postoperative diaphragmatic spasms."

Case report • Clinical • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Gastrointestinal Disorder

Retraction Note: Taurine and coenzyme Q10 synergistically prevent and reverse chlorpromazine-induced psycho-neuroendocrine changes and cataleptic behavior in rats. (PubMed, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol) - No abstract available

Journal • Preclinical