pilocarpine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

XE991 Reverses Enhanced Short-Term Plasticity in Rat Epileptic CA1. (PubMed, Brain Sci) - " Systemic pilocarpine was administered to induce status epilepticus and chronic epilepsy in the rat...Therefore, our findings provide indirect evidence that the presynaptic Kv7 channel function may be at least partially intact in the epileptic CA1. It may be speculated whether potassium channel activators could pose a risk to enhance rather than depress short-term plasticity at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in epilepsy."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Loose-patch recordings reveal differential Kv7-dependent effects on spontaneous excitatory activity in control and epileptic CA1. (PubMed, Front Neurol) - "The enhanced frequency response, combined with less consistent effects on EPSC waveform duration and amplitude in epileptic tissue, suggests altered Kv7 channel function in the epileptic CA1 region. Together with previous evidence of persistent transcriptional down-regulation of Kv7 channels in the same pilocarpine model, these results support the hypothesis that Kv7 channel dysfunction contributes to network hyperexcitability in temporal lobe epilepsy."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Alpk1 activates JAK2/STAT3 signaling to enhance M1-microglial activation in epileptic rats. (PubMed, Brain Res Bull) - "ALPK1 is highly expressed in epileptic microglia. Silencing Alpk1 alleviates M1-microglial activation and inflammation in epilepsy by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Oncology • IL1B • IL6 • TNFA

An In Vitro Model to Study Drugs That Affect Macrophage Adhesion to Murine Brain Endothelial Cells After Proinflammatory Insults of LPS and Pilocarpine. (PubMed, Bio Protoc) - "The assay was validated using dexamethasone as an anti-inflammatory control and inflammatory stimulation with LPS or pilocarpine. • The protocol quantifies macrophage adhesion to brain endothelial cells following inflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pilocarpine. • It enables evaluation of therapeutic candidates for their ability to modulate macrophage-brain endothelial cell adhesion under neuroinflammatory conditions."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation

The microbiota-gut-brain axis in epilepsy: Mechanistic insights and emerging probiotic-based therapeutics. (PubMed, Int Rev Neurobiol) - "Various preclinical studies using PTZ-kindling, pilocarpine, and kainic acid models demonstrate that selected probiotic strains can significantly reduce seizure severity, restore antioxidant balance, dampen hippocampal inflammation, improve SCFA levels, strengthen gut barrier integrity, and preserve dendritic spine density. This chapter provides an integrative overview of the evolving role of the MGBA in the pathogenesis and management of epilepsy, emphasizing the mechanisms of gut-brain communication and how biotics, particularly GABA-producing probiotics, may beneficially modulate these pathways to offer promising adjunctive therapeutic opportunities."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation

Wearable Sweat Biosensors for Inflammatory Biomarkers (CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α): A Systematic Review of Analytical and Clinical Evidence. (PubMed, Biosensors (Basel)) - "IL-6 and TNF-α were more consistently detected in passively collected eccrine sweat, although IL-6 was also successfully measured following pilocarpine iontophoresis in one study... Sweat-based measurement of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α is analytically feasible for non-invasive inflammatory biomarker monitoring. However, current evidence remains limited by small, heterogeneous studies, underscoring the need for standardized protocols and larger prospective clinical validation."

Biomarker • Journal • Review • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Oncology • CRP • IL6 • TNFA

Mannitol plus pilocarpine for primary acute angle-closure glaucoma: efficacy and safety analysis. (PubMed, Am J Transl Res) - "MAN combined with PC is an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for PAACG patients. This combination therapy can improve patients' quality of life, reduce IOP, enhance VA, and improve central retinal artery hemodynamics."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Glaucoma • Mood Disorders • Ophthalmology • Psychiatry

Severe gastrointestinal dysmotility in autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy: recognition, reclassification and reversal. (PubMed, Pract Neurol) - "She was noted incidentally to have tonic pupils; applying topical apraclonidine and dilute pilocarpine eye drops demonstrated both sympathetic and parasympathetic pupil denervation...After treatment with plasma exchange and pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide, all features of autonomic dysfunction had improved by 3 months...Accurate diagnosis of autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy can allow functional cure of chronic severe gastrointestinal dysmotility with appropriate immunosuppression. Neurologists and non-neurologists should be aware of this condition."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Psychiatry • Septic Shock

Losartan's regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling underlies its combined anti-seizure and antidepressant effects in epileptic rats. (PubMed, Epilepsy Res) - "Losartan may attenuate both seizures and depression-like behaviors in epileptic rats by activating the hippocampal PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. These results highlight its potential as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy with comorbid depression."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Epilepsy • Psychiatry • BCL2 • CASP3

Hippocampal LTP shifts from NMDAR dependence to mGluR/VGCC-supported mechanisms following juvenile status epilepticus in rats. (PubMed, Neuroscience) - "We addressed this question in male rats during the chronic phase following juvenile lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus by combining behavioral assessment with field and whole-cell recordings at CA3-CA1 synapses...Whole-cell recordings showed preserved voltage-dependent properties and macroscopic decay kinetics of NMDAR-mediated responses, whereas peak responses were reduced and charge transfer showed an altered pattern during repeated high-frequency stimulation after juvenile status epilepticus. Together, these findings demonstrate a persistent reorganization of hippocampal LTP induction requirements after juvenile status epilepticus and support a disease-associated metaplastic shift toward mGluR/VGCC-supported plasticity."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • CA3

Vagus Nerve Stimulation Exerts Disease-Modifying Effects in Epileptic Rats by Enhancing Hippocampal Adenosine Signalling. (PubMed, Brain Stimul) - "VNS exerts disease-modifying effects in epileptic rats by enhancing hippocampal adenosine signalling. These effects are associated with VNS-evoked adenosine release, inhibition of ADK overexpression, and restoration of A1R-mediated anticonvulsant signalling."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Impact of Passive Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Serum Irisin, Cotinine, and Sweat Chloride Levels in Children (ERS 2026) - "Sweat chloride was measured by pilocarpine iontophoresis, while serum irisin and cotinine levels were analyzed using ELISA...In multivariable analysis, PCSE remained independently associated with reduced serum irisin levels after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI SDS. These findings suggest that, although no statistically significant differences were observed in serum cotinine and sweat chloride levels, irisin may serve as an early and sensitive biomarker of the biological effects of PCSE in children"

Clinical • Respiratory Diseases

MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE: COMPLETE HEART BLOCK AFTER CHRONIC OPTHALMIC PILOCARPINE (CHEST 2026) - No abstract available

Critical care

Longitudinal 1H NMR metabolomics of serum in a chronic temporal lobe epilepsy model reveals systemic metabolic remodeling. (PubMed, Front Mol Biosci) - "This study employed a longitudinal 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach to characterize the serum metabolic profile of a chronic pilocarpine-induced rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The convergence of the metabolic profiles of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant animals suggests that the systemic effects of chronic epilepsy and phenobarbital treatment dominate the serum metabolome, potentially masking subtle molecular signatures associated with drug resistance. Creatine represents a notable exception and warrants further investigation as a potential marker distinguishing responders from non-responders."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

FKBP5 promotes pro-inflammatory microglial activation and neuronal injury through NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling in convulsive status epilepticus. (PubMed, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol) - "A pilocarpine-induced mouse model of CSE was established to investigate FKBP5 expression dynamics in microglia...Our study identifies FKBP5 as an upstream modulator of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling in microglia during convulsive status epilepticus. Targeting FKBP5 may represent a promising strategy to ameliorate neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in epilepsy."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • FKBP5 • IL1B • NLRP3 • TNFA

How much sweating is enough? Predicting thermoregulatory capacity in patients with ectodermal dysplasia based on a minimal pilocarpine-induced sweat volume. (PubMed, Front Pediatr) - "The literature review suggested that a pilocarpine-induced sweat production of 15 µL/30 min in boys indeed represents the bottom of the normal range. A sweat volume ≥15 µL, measured in a standard test on male infants using the Macroduct system, appears to indicate normal thermoregulatory capacity in the European climate."

Journal

Kisspeptin System: A Modulator of Neuroinflammation and Behaviour in Temporal Lobe Epileptic Rats. (PubMed, Mol Neurobiol) - "To investigate this, a lithium-pilocarpine TLE rat model was established...These findings suggest that chronic neuroinflammation in TLE disrupts the kisspeptin signalling system, further aggravating disease pathology. Conversely, exogenous Kp-10 administration attenuated neuroinflammation, enhanced cognitive function and survival rate, highlighting a potential neuroprotective role of kisspeptin in TLE pathogenesis."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • GFAP • IL10 • IL1B

Gq-GPCR upregulation in reactive astrocytes: implication for neurological disorders (PubMed, Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi) - "P2Y1R overexpression in astrocytes induced neuronal hyperexcitability, as evidenced by increased hippocampal neuronal firing, abnormal EEG spikes, and heightened susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures...Furthermore, co-upregulation of P2Y1R and IGFBP2 was confirmed in reactive astrocytes in both kainate-induced epilepsy and middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke models. These findings identify the P2Y1R-IGFBP2 signaling axis as a common pathological feature of reactive astrocytes across brain diseases and establish IGFBP2 as a novel glial-derived factor that could promote neuronal hyperexcitability."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Vascular Neurology • IGFBP2

Behavioral and spectral electroencephalographic biomarkers of epileptogenesis, disease progression, and drug resistance in a longitudinal lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. (PubMed, Exp Neurol) - "After the chronic phase, responsiveness to phenobarbital (PB), a standardized approach for DRE characterization, was assessed via video monitoring to identify drug-resistant (DRUG-R) and drug-sensitive (DRUG-S) subpopulations. Lastly, correlation analyses supported associations between EEG, frequency of seizures and behavioral measures, especially in the anxiety domain and declarative memory. This study, moving beyond a seizure-centric perspective, evidences that TLE induces progressive and phase-specific reorganization of cortical activity that relapse on distinct electrophysiological and behavioral features, offering a novel framework to identify translational stage-related signatures of epileptogenesis and DRE."

Biomarker • Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals cell type-specific remodeling and epilepsy-associated microglia. (PubMed, iScience) - "We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing on hippocampal tissue from mice 3 and 6 weeks following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, a robust model of TLE...Cell-cell interaction analysis predicts DG cells as their primary interaction partners. This dataset defines transcriptomic programs underlying key cellular alterations in TLE, enabling mechanistic dissection of epileptogenesis."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Epilepsy • Vascular Neurology • IGF1 • LHX6

Day-to-day variability and method agreement of sweat sodium concentration during pilocarpine iontophoresis and exercise. (PubMed, Eur J Appl Physiol) - "Sweat sodium concentration exhibits moderate day-to-day variability under controlled laboratory conditions. Exercise-derived values were lower than those obtained via pilocarpine iontophoresis, with iontophoresis overestimating sweat sodium by ~ 8.5mmol·L- 1 (~ 195mg·L- 1) on average. Although differences in methodological approaches were relatively small, these methodological factors contribute additional variability. Collectively, these findings indicate that both biological and methodological factors contribute to variability in sweat sodium assessment, and iontophoresis-derived values should be interpreted cautiously when estimating sodium losses during exercise."

Journal

Subchronic Cannabidiol (CBD) Treatment During the Silent Period Fails to Prevent Increased Seizure Susceptibility Following Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus. (PubMed, Brain Sci) - "Treatment with CBD did not improve the seizure threshold; moreover, it worsened the hypersensitivity state and delayed recovery following SE. Our results suggest that orally administered CBD, at a human-equivalent therapeutic and safe dose, does not improve susceptibility to seizure development after SE."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Immunology • Inflammation • Vascular Neurology

Retinal Detachment Reporting Following Topical Pilocarpine 1.25% for Presbyopia. (PubMed, Ophthalmol Retina) - No abstract available

Journal • Ophthalmology • Retinal Disorders

Pilocarpine Drops for Xerostomia in Patients With a Life-Limiting Condition or Frailty: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. (PubMed, J Am Med Dir Assoc) - "Topical pilocarpine did not significantly reduce xerostomia severity compared with placebo. However, only pilocarpine showed continuation of reduction in xerostomia severity over 4 weeks, with good tolerability. As the current study was underpowered, the potential clinical benefit of pilocarpine should be further investigated in adequately powered trials."

Clinical • Journal • Dental Disorders • Palliative care • Xerostomia

Gastrodia elata Blume-Acorus tatarinowii Schott herb pair alleviates seizures and hippocampal injury in TLE rats with alterations in mitophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. (PubMed, J Ethnopharmacol) - "Our findings show that GEAT alleviates seizures and hippocampal injury in TLE rats, accompanied by changes in mitophagy and lysosome-related proteins and HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome markers, suggesting potential involvement of these pathways in its protective effects. This study provides evidence for the application of GEAT in TLE and a basis for further exploring the link between mitochondrial quality control and neuroinflammation in TLE."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Psychiatry • HMGB1 • NLRP3 • PINK1 • TLR4