pilocarpine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

The Role of GABA and Its Receptors in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. (PubMed, Biomolecules) - "Experimental models include sustained electrical stimulation of the perforant path, as well as the kainic acid (KA) and Li-pilocarpine models...Conversely, genetic variants of GABAA receptor subunits and autoantibodies targeting these receptors can contribute to the etiology of epilepsy, often with onset in childhood. Moreover, degeneration or functional silencing of specific GABAergic interneuron populations-such as parvalbumin-positive neurons in the subiculum-can induce epilepsy in rodent models and is likewise associated with TLE in humans."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • CA3

De novo chromosome-level assembly of the endangered Pilocarpus microphyllus highlights genomic resources for conservation and sustainable pilocarpine extraction. (PubMed, Genome Biol Evol) - "Repetitive sequences constituted 88.98% of the total genome length. This near-T2T genome provides a robust molecular foundation for investigating the pilocarpine biosynthetic pathway and supports future population-level studies, thereby contributing to improved management and conservation strategies."

Journal • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Enhancing presbyopia treatment: A comparative study of 1% Pilocarpine monotherapy versus combination with 0.09% Bromfenac. (PubMed, Indian J Ophthalmol) - "While both treatment regimens effectively improved near vision in patients with presbyopia, the combination of Pilocarpine and Bromfenac demonstrated superior outcomes in terms of accommodative function, safety profile, patient compliance, and a reduced need for glasses. These results suggest that this combination therapy may offer a more effective pharmacological approach to the management of presbyopia."

Clinical • Journal • Monotherapy • Ophthalmology

Comments on efficacy and safety of pilocarpine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution USP 1.25% w/v versus placebo ophthalmic solution for the treatment of presbyopia - A multicentric clinical trial. (PubMed, Indian J Ophthalmol) - No abstract available

Journal • Ophthalmology

Author's response Comments on: Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution USP 1.25% w/v (PresVu eye drops) versus placebo ophthalmic solution for the treatment of presbyopia - A multicentric clinical trial. (PubMed, Indian J Ophthalmol) - No abstract available

Journal • Ophthalmology

STING Mediates Microglial Polarization to Promote Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy-Related Cognitive Dysfunction. (PubMed, Neurochem Res) - "Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were subjected to lithium chloride-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE)...Inhibiting STING alleviates these effects by promoting microglial phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 via regulation of the TBK1/NF-κB pathway. This study identifies STING as a critical regulator of neuroinflammation and a novel therapeutic target for epilepsy-related cognitive dysfunction."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • IL1B • IL6 • STING • TBK1 • TNFA

Single-Nucleus Transcriptomics Reveals Cell Type-Specific Remodeling and Epilepsy-Associated Microglia. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "To address this, we performed single nucleus RNA sequencing on hippocampal tissue from mice at 3 and 6 weeks following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, a robust model of TLE...Cell-cell interaction analysis predict that DG cells are the main interaction partners of EAM. This dataset recapitulates known cellular alterations in TLE while defining their underlying transcriptomic programs, enabling mechanistic dissection of the key processes driving epileptogenesis."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Epilepsy • Vascular Neurology • IGF1 • LHX6

Neuronal expression of Retinoid-Related Orphan Receptor Gamma (RORγ) and revisiting its role in the Central Nervous System. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "In contrast, a RORγ-GFP reporter showed no detectable RORγ expression in the postnatal brain, either at baseline or following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus...This work identifies transient neuronal RORγ expression as a critical confounder in immune-targeted genetic studies and reveals a previously unrecognized embryonic expression of RORγ in neurons that may contribute to neurodevelopment. Our findings further raise the possibility that embryonic neurons represent unintended off-targets when deploying therapeutic strategies involving RORγ ligands."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • TSC1

Ionic Liquid Pilocarpine Serves as Therapeutic Cosolvent and Permeation Enhancer for Glaucoma Medication. (PubMed, ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci) - "Following topical administration, a single dose of the PO:BM formulation decreased intraocular pressure (IOP) in rats and effectively maintained the IOP reduction for 48 h, whereas the IOP in the rats topically treated with brimonidine tartrate returned to the baseline in less than 12 h. A sustained IOP reduction over 7 days was achieved in a multiple-dose experiment, with efficacy still observed on day 8 by PO: BM. By combining intrinsic muscarinic activity with potent cosolvent properties, PO ionic liquid addresses the solubility and bioavailability challenges of hydrophobic drugs (BM) in a simple formulation (PO:BM), presenting a promising next-generation therapy for the treatment of glaucoma."

Journal • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Effects of an orexin receptor 2-selective agonist on salivary secretion in rats. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "In clinical trials, multiple orexin receptor 2 (OX2R)-selective agonists (e.g., danavorexton, TAK-994, and oveporexton) improved wakefulness and decreased cataplexy in individuals with NT1...In this study, we assessed the effect of an OX2R-selective agonist, OX-202, on salivary secretion in anesthetized or freely moving rats using a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, pilocarpine, as a positive control...Moreover, oral administration of OX-202 (30 and 100 mg/kg) at zeitgeber time 6 (sleep phase) or zeitgeber time 15 (active phase) did not increase salivary secretion in the oral cavity in freely moving rats. In conclusion, OX2R-selective agonists may not directly induce salivary secretion in rats."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Cataplexy • Narcolepsy • Sleep Disorder

Multi-target neuroprotection of carbon dots derived from Crinis Carbonisatus in multiple acute epilepsy model. (PubMed, Front Mol Biosci) - "To evaluate their antiepileptic potential, acute epilepsy models were established in mice using three distinct chemoconvulsants: Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), Pilocarpine (PILO), and Penicillin (PNC). This study confirms that bio-derived CrCi-CDs exhibit potent antiepileptic and neuroprotective properties. By simultaneously targeting neurotransmission, inflammation, and oxidative stress, CrCi-CDs emerge as a highly promising therapeutic candidate with a favorable safety profile, providing a scientific rationale for the development of biomass-derived nanomedicines in epilepsy management."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Hematological Disorders • Inflammation • Ischemic stroke • IL18 • IL1B • IL6 • TNFA

Pilocarpine in the Management of Allergic Rhinosinusitis. (PubMed, Int J Pharm Compd) - "Pilocarpine can be useful in the treatment of refractory sino-nasal blockage. Adverse effects are frequent at 5 mg tid, but lower dosing can be effective."

Journal • Retrospective data • Allergic Rhinitis • Otorhinolaryngology • Respiratory Diseases • Sinusitis

Neuroprotective effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation combination with valproate and perampanel in an experimental model using status epilepticus induction. (PubMed, Indian J Pharmacol) - "Vit-D3 supplementation, especially in combination with ASMs, showed promising neuroprotective effects in the SE model in rats by improving seizure control, memory, hippocampal health, and antioxidant levels."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • GFAP

A Comparative Clinical Study of 0.50% Versus 0.75% Pilocarpine Eye Drops for Improving Visual Performance in Presbyopia. (PubMed, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt) - P=N/A | "Both 0.50% and 0.75% pilocarpine improved visual performance in presbyopia significantly, suggesting it is a promising treatment option."

Journal • Ophthalmology

Increased inflammation, disturbed extracellular matrix remodeling and reduced parotid and submandibular salivary gland function in male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes. (PubMed, Dent Med Probl) - "Increased levels of salivary inflammatory biomarkers accompanied by decreased salivary secretory function may indicate the contribution of inflammation to salivary gland dysfunction. During the course of DM2, impairment predominantly affects PGs."

Journal • Preclinical • Diabetes • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • CCL20 • CCL3 • CSF2 • IL10 • IL12A • IL17A • IL18 • IL6 • IL7 • MPO • TNFA

Intranasal Diazepam Outperforms Midazolam and Lorazepam in Early Seizure Control in Pilocarpine-Induced Mice Model. (PubMed, Neurochem Res) - "Additionally, drug bindings to plasma and brain tissue obtained using the ultrafiltration method were compared, and drug binding affinities towards the GABAA receptor, as determined via the computer docking technique, were also compared. Among the three tested drugs, our results suggested that intranasal diazepam, with the highest brain-to-plasma ratio, was the best in seizure control at 10 min. Although all three drugs showed good stability, similar brain binding and receptor binding affinity, diazepam demonstrated the greatest efficacy in reducing TNF-α mRNA and protein levels, and lowest plasma protein binding, which could contribute to its higher brain-to-plasma ratio and better acute epilepsy control compared to the other two drugs. Our pilot in vivo experiments in the pilocarpine-induced mice seizure model for the first time demonstrated that intranasally administered benzodiazepines are effective for seizure control at the early stage, with..."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • IL1B • TNFA

Astrocyte-microglia IL-3-IL-3Rα signaling drives JAK2/STAT5-dependent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after status epilepticus. (PubMed, Exp Brain Res) - "In a pilocarpine-induced SE mouse model, we observed increased expression of interleukin-3 (IL-3) in astrocytes and its receptor IL-3Rα in microglia within the hippocampus...In vivo, AG490 treatment reduced seizure severity, suppressed epileptiform EEG discharges, alleviated hippocampal inflammation, and importantly, mitigated SE-induced neuronal loss and nuclear damage in the hippocampus. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the IL-3-IL-3Rα-JAK2/STAT5 signaling axis, while known in other contexts, is a critical mediator of glial communication and pathology in the post-seizure brain, offering a promising target for therapeutic intervention in epilepsy."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • IL1B • JAK2 • STAT5 • STAT5AWqe • TNFA

Analysis of Serum VCAN-AS1 Expression Level in Patients with Cerebral Infarction Secondary Epilepsy and Its Mechanism by Regulating miR-885-3p/NTNG1. (PubMed, Neurochem Res) - "The epileptic mouse and cell models were constructed using pilocarpine and the Mg2+-free medium, respectively...VCAN-AS1 negatively regulated miR-885-3p which subsequently repressed NTNG1 expression. Up-regulation of miR-885-3p inhibited inflammation and ferroptosis in epileptic mouse and cell models, and overexpression of NTNG1 reversed these effects of miR-885-3p. The suppression of VCAN-AS1 expression mitigated neuronal inflammation and ferroptosis in epileptic conditions by targeting the miR-885-3p/NTNG1 regulatory axis, which may be an important molecular mechanism of CISE."

Biomarker • Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • GPX4 • IL6 • MIR885 • TNFA

α-Asaronol alleviates seizures, neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in a mice model of lithium-pilocarpine-induced seizures. (PubMed, J Ethnopharmacol) - "α-Asaronol from A. tatarinowii Schott exerts multi-faceted anti-epileptic effects, not only suppressing seizures but also improving comorbidities, likely through PPARγ-mediated anti-inflammatory and metabolic modulation. It represents a promising candidate for the treatment of drug-resistant TLE and its co-occurring neuropsychiatric symptoms."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • IL1B • IL6 • PPARG • TNFA

From Redox Imbalance to Tissue Injury: Insights Into Antidepressant Drug Amitriptyline Effects on Salivary Glands. (PubMed, Cell Biochem Funct) - "After the treatment period, saliva samples induced by pilocarpine were collected to analyze total protein concentration, amylase activity, and antioxidant capacity, while salivary glands were harvested for assessments of oxidative stress markers and morphological changes. In the submandibular gland, acinar area was reduced as well. These findings suggest that amitriptyline-salivary gland dysfunction is associated with oxidative imbalance, morphometric, and alterations in saliva composition, contributing to a broader understanding of amitriptyline's adverse effects."

Journal

Acute Intraocular Pressure Elevation During Hemodialysis in a Patient with Glaucoma: A Case Highlighting the Need for Prompt Recognition and Surgical Intervention (NKF-SCM 2026) - "On admission, treatment was geared towards use of acetazolamide with increase in dosing until intraocular goal pressure is achieved...Maximal medical therapy (latanoprost, cosopt, brimonidine, pilocarpine, prednisolone, atropine) reduced IOP to 58 mmHg...Timely surgical intervention preserved eyesight and avoided delays in hemodialysis, emphasizing interdisciplinary management between nephrology and ophthalmology for at-risk patients. Intra-HD tonometry allowed us to ascertain the diagnosis, expedite surgery and monitor the efficacy of the surgical intervention."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • Chronic Kidney Disease • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Diabetic Nephropathy • Diabetic Retinopathy • Glaucoma • Hypertension • Immunology • Nephrology • Ophthalmology • Renal Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Retinal Disorders

Evaluation of cerebral cannabinoid type 2 receptors using [11C]RSR-056 PET in a rat model of epilepsy. (PubMed, Brain Res Bull) - "CB2R-targeted PET probe [11C]RSR-056 enables non-invasive visualization of spatiotemporal changes in brain CB2R expression of living epileptic rats. CB2R expression elevated at 1 d post SE, peaked at 1 w post SE, and declined to baseline at 1m and 2m post SE. Elevated CB2R expression was associated not only with microglia but also with neurons."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Vagus Nerve Stimulation Enhances Memory and Long-term Potentiation via the Hippocampal NE/β-AR Signaling Pathway in Pilocarpine Rats. (PubMed, Brain Res Bull) - "The enhancement of hippocampal LTP and memory by VNS is associated with the hippocampal NE/β-AR signaling pathway, indicating a potential therapeutic mechanism for VNS in memory related disorders."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Age-related changes in salivary gland-associated oral immune markers and effects of epigallocatechin gallate in male C57BL/6J mice. (PubMed, Arch Oral Biol) - "Aging was associated with oral frailty-relevant salivary hypofunction and altered salivary gland-associated host-defense and IgA-related markers, and oral EGCG modulated these measures in aged mice. These saliva/salivary-gland markers may provide accessible, host-side indicators of age-associated changes in oral defense."

Journal • Preclinical • CTLA4 • LAG3 • PD-1

Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Calcium Drives Salivary Bioenergetics. (PubMed, J Dent Res) - "Notably, pilocarpine increased mitochondria-ER contact sites to 1.7 times the control level (from 18% to 31%), and blocking mitochondrial calcium uptake significantly suppressed pilocarpine-induced NAD(P)H and ATP production. These findings highlight the critical role of ER-mitochondria calcium transfer in sustaining bioenergetics required for salivary secretion, providing new insights into mitochondrial functional adaptation and its physiological significance in intact secretory systems."

Journal • Metabolic Disorders