cobramine (CB-6) / Celtic Biotech - LARVOL DELTA

Effects of subject motion and acquisition time on cone-beam CT-guided adaptive therapy for novel 6 second fast scanning protocols. (PubMed, Med Phys) - "CB-16.6 and CB-6 provided high-quality images for ART. Compared to FB-0.5, fast CBCT exhibited increased blurring and streaking but significantly less geometric distortion with increasing motion, leading to reduced dose delivery error in a simulated ART workflow. The complex 3D motion phantom study supported trends observed in the 1D translational phantom study. Faster CBCT (6 vs. 16.6 s) reduced blur, improving auto-contouring performance for both periodic and non-periodic motions, but the interplay between the motion period and 6 s image acquisition must be carefully managed."

Journal

Iron Deficiency Impairs Muscle Stem Cell Proliferation and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration via HIF-2α Stabilization. (PubMed, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle) - "Iron deficiency impairs skeletal muscle regeneration by stabilizing HIF-2α in MuSC, inducing Rb1 RNA expression, and repressing E2F-dependent proliferation. Transient HIF-2α inhibition rescues MuSC proliferation and muscle repair under iron-deficient conditions, highlighting HIF-2α as a potential therapeutic target to counteract sarcopenia in aging and chronic diseases."

Journal • Eye Cancer • Hematological Disorders • Oncology • Retinal Disorders • Sarcopenia • Solid Tumor • EPAS1 • RB1

Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom-induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation: The role of cytotoxins and calcium flux. (PubMed, Br J Pharmacol) - "This study identified N. naja venom cytotoxins/cardiotoxins of the 3FTx family as key inducers of NETs. The NET-forming mechanism involves a cytosolic Ca2+ spike, resulting in cytoskeletal rearrangements, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for mitigating venom-induced pathologies."

Journal

Mitochondria transplantation mitigates attenuation of muscle fiber regeneration by evoked contractions. (PubMed, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol) - "Cardiotoxin (CTX) was injected into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of one limb of C57BL/6 mice at 8-12 weeks of age to induce muscle injury...The percentage of collagen and other non-contractile tissue was elevated in CTX-injured and EC treated muscles; however, MT reduced fibrosis/non-contractile tissue deposition in regenerating muscles. Our results provide evidence that systemic mitochondria delivery can improve muscle repair and can attenuate contraction-suppressed muscle fiber regeneration during recovery after injury."

Journal • Fibrosis • Immunology • Transplantation

Cardioprotective potential of sulfated glycosaminoglycan from Amphioctopus marginatus against cardiotoxin-induced toxicity in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. (PubMed, Int J Biol Macromol) - "Additionally, AMP-3 promoted a notable increase in 3D cardiosphere diameter (273 μm), comparable to the standard drug liraglutide (290 μm), and reduced intracellular [Ca2+] levels by 98.6 %, restoring calcium homeostasis. The structure-activity correlations revealed that higher uronic acid content (⁓23 %), sulfation (⁓10 %) and (1→3) β-glycosidic linkages with C-3 sulfation at β-GlcNAcp in AMP-3 contributed to its prospective cardioprotective effects, as further confirmed by ADME studies. These findings suggest that AMP-3 represents a promising bioactive lead with strong cardioprotective potential and offers a multifaceted therapeutic approach for improving cardiovascular health."

Journal • Cardiovascular

Clonal Hematopoiesis Associated with Trp53 and Dnmt3a Mutations Promotes Tissue Repair in Acute Cardiovascular Diseases (AHA 2025) - "Acute CVD models—including myocardial infarction (MI, via left anterior descending artery ligation), hind limb ischemia (HLI, via femoral artery ligation), and cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced muscle injury—were evaluated for functional and histological repair using echocardiography, histology, and fibrosis quantification... DNMT3A- and TP53-driven CH promotes cardiac repair following MI through macrophage-mediated angiogenesis and myocyte regeneration. These findings reveal a novel E2F–VEGF axis in mutant macrophages as a key driver of post-ischemic recovery and suggest that engineered macrophages bearing CH-associated mutations may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic heart and limb disease."

Cardiovascular • Fibrosis • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Myocardial Infarction • DNMT3A • TP53

Tofogliflozin ameliorates cardiotoxin induced skeletal muscle injury and fibrosis in obesity. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Tofo activates fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) in skeletal muscle, leading to upregulated follistatin (Fst) expression and boosting the recovery process after acute injury. Mechanistically, Tofo prevented the obesity-induced decline in AMPK phosphorylation, rescued the impairment of lipid metabolism, and improved skeletal muscle function, which led to increased exercise tolerance, activation of FAPs, facilitation of skeletal muscle repair, and reduction of fibrosis."

Journal • Diabetes • Fibrosis • Genetic Disorders • Immunology • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • AMPK • Myogenin • PAX7

The role of sestrin2 in skeletal muscle regeneration after injury. (PubMed, Korean J Physiol Pharmacol) - "Intriguingly, Sesn2-knockout mice developed normally under basal conditions but exhibited regenerative defects, characterized by prolonged inflammation, necrosis, and delayed muscle regeneration, following cardiotoxininduced injury. Transcriptomic analysis of Sesn2 transgenic mice further supported this conditional role, revealing that genes involved in mitochondrial function and myogenesis were preferentially upregulated under immobilized conditions compared to basal conditions. These findings underscore that the context-dependent role of Sesn2 is essential for effective muscle regeneration under injury, positioning it as a potential therapeutic target for degenerative muscle diseases."

Journal • Inflammation • Muscular Atrophy • SESN2

High-Dose Insulin for Calcium Channel-Blocker and Beta-Blocker Poisoning in Children: Referrals to the Minnesota Regional Poison Center, 2000-2024. (PubMed, Pediatr Crit Care Med) - "In our three-state poison center, over a 25-year period (2000-2024), HDI was predominantly used in adolescents with intentional BB/CCB overdoses. No adverse events required early discontinuation of HDI. Escalation to ECMO support was rare. More experience is needed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of HDI in small children."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Pediatrics

Cytokinins Are Age- and Injury-Responsive Molecules That Regulate Skeletal Myogenesis. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Cardiotoxin was used to induce muscle injury and repair processes in the gastrocnemius of 3- and 12-month-old mice...Furthermore, the biological activities of CTKs in muscle cells are influenced by structural modifications, including riboside conjugation and side chain composition. Understanding these differences provides insight into the distinct roles of CTKs in muscle cell metabolism and differentiation, offering potential implications for the use of exogenous CTKs in muscle biology and regenerative medicine."

Journal

Sphingolipids in Extracellular Vesicles Released From the Skeletal Muscle Plasma Membrane Control Muscle Stem Cell Fate During Muscle Regeneration. (PubMed, J Extracell Vesicles) - "We then evaluated the regenerative roles of these EV subtypes in vivo using a mouse model of cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury, with a specific focus on their bioactive sphingolipid content...These results demonstrate for the first time the importance of the sphingolipid content of EVs released by skeletal muscle in their regenerative function within muscle tissue, largely explained by their role as carriers of different subspecies of sphingosine-1-phosphate. This suggests that modulating the sphingolipid composition of EVs could be a viable strategy to enhance the regenerative potential of muscle tissue in addition to therapeutic interventions."

Journal • Diabetes • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • CD63 • PDCD6IP • TNFA • TSG101

Enhanced differentiation capacity of parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells via incorporation of non-growing oocyte genomes in mouse. (PubMed, Am J Stem Cells) - "NF-pES cells exhibit strong developmental capacity and therapeutic potential for skeletal muscle regeneration, suggesting their value in future regenerative medicine applications."

Journal • Preclinical • Oncology • Transplantation

Preterm Birth Conditions Alter Muscle Stem Cells and Their Niche, Causing Lasting Impairments in Muscle Regeneration and Function. (PubMed, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle) - "Overall, preterm birth-related conditions promote an inflammatory microenvironment that disrupts the muscle stem cell pool and their function. This mechanism could explain the muscle atrophy and weakness observed in individuals born preterm and suggests potential therapeutic strategies to improve overall health outcomes in this population."

Journal • Inflammation • Muscular Atrophy • TNFA

The Effect of Anti-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) Human Autoantibodies on Muscle Regeneration in Mice. (PubMed, Muscle Nerve) - "These findings establish the cytotoxicity of anti-HMGCR aAbs on regenerating muscle cells through a primarily complement-mediated mechanism, without directly impairing cellular regeneration per se. Given the still unmet medical needs of IMNM, C5 or upstream complement-targeted therapies early in the disease course, as well as aAb reduction, B/plasma cell depletion via CAR-T cells or bispecific antibodies deserves further clinical investigation."

Journal • Preclinical • Myositis • Myogenin • PAX7

Individual subsets of alternatively-activated macrophages differentially contribute to tissue repair and the resolution of inflammation. (PubMed, J Immunol) - "By studying a model of cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury, we identify a population of monocyte-derived AAM characterized by expression of arginase-1 (Arg-1) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) that emerged in response to injury and fostered clearance of dying neutrophils and necrotic myofibers as well as the subsequent resolution of inflammation. A second population of AAM, which were marked by robust expression of resistin-like molecule alpha (Relmα) and mannose receptor C-type 1 (CD206), displayed a predominantly resident character and clustered around capillaries where they coordinated the recruitment of eosinophils as well as the subsequent process of tissue repair. Our data thus indicate a substantial heterogeneity among AAM subsets and help to define their specialized functions and roles during inflammation and tissue repair."

Journal • Inflammation • ARG1 • MRC1 • RETN

Regulatory T Cell Attracting Therapy Accelerates Skeletal Muscle Functional Recovery Following Injury. (PubMed, Res Sq) - "When a sustained release formulation of polymeric microparticles (MP) delivering CCL22 (CCL22MP), was administered after cardiotoxin (CTx)-mediated muscle injury, significantly improved limb function was observed on days 3 and 5 post injury...Analysis of the local immune populations revealed augmented Treg concentrations, as well as increased myeloid derived suppressor cell and neutrophil frequency. These findings reveal that amplifying local Treg to damaged areas improves outcomes, thus offering a translationally promising approach after muscle injury."

Journal • Oncology • CCL2 • CCL22 • CCR4

A scoping review and evaluation of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for skeletal muscle injury in preclinical models. (PubMed, Med Gas Res) - "The studies involved mice or rats treated with tourniquets or exposed to a myotoxic agent (bupivacaine and cardiotoxin) or crush to induce muscle injury...The evaluation of the state of the science revealed that the inclusion of females in these studies is limited, and milder pressure levels have been undertested, which may be important for fewer adverse effects and access. Future research in these and other areas may lead to increased use and acceptability of HBOT for the treatment of limb trauma or crush muscle injuries."

Journal • Preclinical

Effect of analgesic treatments on voluntary activity, mechanical sensitivity and muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin injection in mice. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "These findings demonstrate that cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury markedly impairs spontaneous locomotor activity, an effect that may be further amplified by the administration of analgesics. Our findings raise questions about the effectiveness of these pharmacological approaches in pain management after muscle injury, particularly when administrated within the first 24 h post-injury."

Journal • Preclinical • Inflammation • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain

MicroRNA-33 inhibition ameliorates muscular dystrophy by enhancing skeletal muscle regeneration. (PubMed, EMBO Mol Med) - "miR-33a deficiency enhanced muscle regeneration response to cardiotoxin injury and attenuated muscle degeneration and fibrosis in mdx mice...Furthermore, miR-33b inhibition upregulated these target genes in myotubes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient with DMD. These findings indicate that miR-33a/b are involved in muscle regeneration and their inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for muscular dystrophy."

Journal • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy • Fibrosis • Genetic Disorders • Immunology • Muscular Dystrophy • ABCA1 • CDK6 • MIR33 • MIR33A • MIR33B

Filamented Light (FLight) Bioprinting of Mini-Muscles with Self-Renewal Potential. (PubMed, Adv Mater) - "Damage from cardiotoxin-induced injury of the mini-muscles led to a massive proliferation of Pax7+ cells and restoration of the contractile properties of myotubes. Notably, small molecules such as Repsox can enhance regeneration. FLight printed mini-muscles have potential for applications in muscle biology, exercise/atrophy, disease models, and drug screening."

Journal • PAX7

High-Throughput Screening Identifies Bisphenol P as a Potent Cardiotoxin, Inducing Cardiotoxicity through Apoptosis and the NF-κB Pathway. (PubMed, Environ Sci Technol) - "Additionally, NF-κB signaling pathway analysis, including morpholino knock-down and inhibitor experiments, confirmed that BPP mediates cardiac toxicity by inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Our findings underscore the toxicity that BP substitutes can have, while highlighting the potential of this multidimensional screening platform in evaluating cardiovascular toxicity and guiding future toxicological assessments during critical developmental windows."

Journal • Cardiovascular

Derivation and internal validation of a clinical diagnostic score for acute Chinese medicine poisoning involving aconite. (PubMed, Clin Toxicol (Phila)) - "alkaloids, used in traditional Chinese medicine, are potent cardiotoxins and neurotoxins...In the context of Chinese medicine poisoning, the Clinical Aconite Poisoning Score might be useful in early recognition of aconite poisoning before laboratory confirmation. Future prospective studies are warranted to externally validate its real-time discriminatory performance in real-world settings before clinical adoption."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Hypotension • Ventricular Tachycardia

Exosomal miR-24-3p mediates myoblast-macrophage crosstalk to promote abdominal muscle repair. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "In vivo, a cardiotoxin-induced mouse model of muscle injury was used to assess the effects of exosomal miR-24-3p on muscle repair, including histological assessment and analysis of cytokine and metabolic markers...Furthermore, exosomal miR-24-3p upregulated the expression of genes associated with muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, suggesting its potential role in muscle repair. In conclusion, exosomal miR-24-3p plays a significant role in facilitating abdominal muscle repair by mediating the interaction between myoblasts and macrophages."

Journal • Fibrosis • Immunology • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders

Dux Is Dispensable for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: A Study Inspired by a "Red Flagged" Publication and Editorial Oversight. (PubMed, Cells) - "To investigate this, we assessed Dux expression in WT and mdx mice and used Dux knockout (DuxΔ/Δ) mice to evaluate its function during regeneration following cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced injury...Collectively, our results demonstrate that Dux does not impact skeletal muscle regeneration or DUX4 contribution to the DMD dystrophic phenotype, directly challenging the conclusions of a previously published study. We comment on issues of editorial oversight that led to the publication of that study and highlight the deleterious impact of the growing wave of fraudulent publications."

Journal • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy • Genetic Disorders • Muscular Dystrophy • DUX4

Discovering a predictive metabolic signature of drug-induced structural cardiotoxicity in cardiac microtissues. (PubMed, Arch Toxicol) - "A human-relevant in vitro cardiac model, cardiac microtissues, were exposed to twelve xenobiotics (eight clinically labelled structural cardiotoxins and four non-cardiotoxic pharmaceuticals), each at two concentrations, for 6, 24, and 48 h...Moreover, metabolic signatures with capacity to predict structural cardiotoxicity were revealed. These included features representing several ceramides, energy metabolism intermediates, e.g. creatine, purine-related metabolites, and markers of oxidative stress, e.g. glutathione."

Journal • Cardiovascular