cobramine (CB-6) / Celtic Biotech - LARVOL DELTA

Harnessing snake venom cardiotoxins for antimicrobial peptide discovery. (PubMed, NPJ Drug Discov) - "Mechanistic studies, including atomic force microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and membrane permeabilisation assays, indicated that CTX-p5 disrupts bacterial membrane integrity. These findings identify CTXs as a source of antimicrobial peptide templates while highlighting the limitations of current computational prioritisation approaches and the need for more accurate toxin-mining workflows to enhance peptide selection during toxin-inspired drug discovery."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Biomechanical regulation of Ca2+ dynamics during muscle stem cell activation. (PubMed, J Biochem) - "By employing modified protocols for mouse MuSC isolation and Ca2+ measurement, we observed spontaneous Ca2+ fluctuations in MuSCs isolated from regenerating muscle after cardiotoxin-induced myofiber injury...Mechanistically, these Ca2+ fluctuations were at least partially mediated by mechanosensitive ion channels, including PIEZO1 and TRPM7, which promote MuSC migration. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Ca2+ fluctuations through mechanosensitive ion channels act as a key regulator of MuSC activation during muscle regeneration and may provide new insights into the role of Ca2+ influx in muscle biology and the pathogenesis of muscle diseases."

Journal • TRPM7

miR-191 affects skeletal muscle differentiation by regulating Wwp1 in mouse myoblasts. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "Using a mouse model of skeletal muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin, we found that miR-191 and Wwp1 showed a dynamic negative correlation in injury repair...Molecular mechanism studies showed that miR-191 could directly act on the 3' untranslated region of the Wwp1 gene to inhibit its expression. This study reveals the important role of the miR-191/Wwp1 axis in skeletal muscle differentiation and provides a novel theoretical basis for research on muscle atrophy induced by COPD, cancer cachexia, and other diseases."

Journal • Preclinical • Cachexia • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Immunology • Muscular Atrophy • Oncology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Targeted Protein Degradation • MIR191 • Myogenin

Estradiol-ERβ signaling axis promotes myofiber repair in female mice with acute skeletal muscle inflammation by regulating IGF-1 expression from M2 macrophages (PubMed, Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban) - "Estradiol-ERβ signaling axis promotes the infiltration of M2 macrophages into injured skeletal muscle and enhances their expression of IGF-1 in female mice, thereby alleviating inflammation and promoting myofiber regeneration and repair."

Journal • Preclinical • Inflammation • Myositis • CCL2 • HGF • IFNG • IGF1 • IL13 • MET • PAX7

BE2012 a novel, REV-ERB antagonist that promotes regenerative myogenesis in vivo with substantially improved pharmacokinetics relative to SR8278. (PubMed, J Pharmacol Exp Ther) - "In a cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury model, both BE2012 and SR8278 led to increased myofiber cross-sectional area (22%-34% higher than controls)...SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study establishes BE2012 as a novel REV-ERBα/β antagonist with a 22-fold longer half-life and improved potency compared with SR8278, the only available REV-ERB antagonist whose poor bioavailability has limited its utility for in vivo use. In an acute muscle injury model in mice, BE2012 promoted regenerative myogenesis and induced a broad transcriptomic reprogramming that was highly concordant with that of SR8278, suggesting it could serve as a new gold-standard REV-ERB antagonist tool compound in the field."

Journal • PK/PD data • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy • Epilepsy • Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration • Genetic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Muscular Dystrophy • Musculoskeletal Diseases • Parkinson's Disease • Myogenin • NR1D1

Targeting SIRT3 by a ROS-responsive hydrogel promotes skeletal muscle regeneration and functional restoration. (PubMed, Biomaterials) - "Here we demonstrate that activation of mitochondrial Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) by honokiol (HKL) enhances skeletal muscle regeneration in a mouse model of cardiotoxin-induced acute injury and promotes functional restoration in a rat VML model...Transcriptomic profiling analysis confirmed that treatment with the HAMA-PBA@HKL hydrogel up-regulated genes associated with myoblast differentiation, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial fusion, while down-regulating gene expression related to immune response, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition. Collectively, these findings highlight the translational potential of the HAMA-PBA@HKL hydrogel that targets mitochondrial SIRT3 in promoting functional skeletal muscle regeneration following severe traumatic injuries."

Journal • Fibrosis • Metabolic Disorders • Orthopedics • SIRT3

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WY2401 promotes myogenesis via riboflavin-mediated modulation of METTL3-dependent mRNA m6A methylation. (PubMed, J Adv Res) - "Our findings reveal a novel microbe-host regulatory axis through which L. plantarum WY2401 promotes skeletal muscle regeneration via stage-specific epigenetic modulation of myogenesis. This work highlights the potential of L. plantarum as a functional probiotic supplement for improving skeletal muscle development and provides new insights into probiotic-mediated regulation of muscle regeneration."

Journal • CCND1 • CDK2 • METTL3 • YTHDF2

Hyperuricemia Reflects Cardiometabolic Burden Rather than Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Across Heart Failure Phenotypes: Insights from a Real-World Acute Heart Failure Cohort. (PubMed, J Clin Med) - "While hyperuricemia is highly prevalent in heart failure patients and historically considered a potential "cardiotoxin", contemporary evidence suggests that it may function as a surrogate biomarker for cardiometabolic distress rather than an independent driver of myocardial dysfunction... Serum uric acid is not an independent predictor of reduced ejection fraction in acute heart failure patients. Elevated uric acid appears to be a biochemical shadow of generalized metabolic distress, systemic congestion, and the pharmacokinetic effects of diuretic therapy rather than a pathological driver of contractile dysfunction."

Journal • Real-world evidence • Cardiovascular • Congestive Heart Failure • Heart Failure • Metabolic Disorders

Cardiotoxin from Naja atra Activates the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pyroptosis Pathway to Induce Skin Tissue Injury. (PubMed, PLoS Negl Trop Dis) - "CTX induces intracellular ROS accumulation that activates the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptotic cascade as an important mechanism contributing to skin tissue necrosis through membrane pore formation and inflammatory amplification. Pharmacological inhibition (NAC, MCC950, VX-765) confirmed a hierarchical ROS → NLRP3 → caspase-1 → GSDMD cascade. The ROS-NLRP3-caspase-1-GSDMD axis constitutes a tractable therapeutic target for Naja atra envenomation."

Journal • Inflammation • GSDMD • IL18 • IL1B • NLRP3 • PYCARD • TLR4

Sex differences in metabolic remodeling and skeletal muscle regeneration following cardiotoxin-induced injury. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Although males and females ultimately achieved comparable structural recovery, the regenerative process differed substantially during the early phase after injury. These findings provide additional insight into the biological processes underlying sex-dependent skeletal muscle regeneration and establish a foundation for future studies investigating the mechanisms linking metabolism to regeneration."

Journal • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • CCND1 • CCNE1 • CDK1 • CDK4 • IL6 • MYOD1 • PAX7 • PTPRC • TNFA

USP18 regulates skeletal muscle regeneration independently of its deISGylation activity. (PubMed, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis) - "USP18 acts as a context-dependent regulator of muscle regeneration independent of its deISGylation function. These findings identify USP18 as a dual modulator of myogenesis and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target in inflammatory muscle disease."

Journal • Dermatomyositis • Fibrosis • Immunology • Inflammation • Muscular Dystrophy • Myositis • ISG15 • Myogenin • USP18

Toxic Plants in Zoological Medicine. (PubMed, Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract) - "This article discusses clinical considerations for cases of potential plant toxicosis, as well as several classes of toxic plant compounds that are common risks in exotic animal practice. Lists of potentially toxic plants and the clinical signs they may induce are included for practical reference."

Journal • Review

Adipocyte-Derived Exosomal Circ_0000002 Affects the Myoblast Growth and Muscle Regeneration. (PubMed, FASEB J) - "In a cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced tibialis anterior injury mouse model, intramuscular administration of adipocyte-derived exosomes impaired muscle regeneration and increased MSTN expression, supporting the in vivo relevance of this pathway. Collectively, our findings reveal that exosomal circ_0000002 regulates sheep myoblast differentiation via miR-27a/MSTN ceRNA pathway. This work provides the first evidence that an adipocyte-derived exosomal circRNA mediates fat-muscle communication and highlights a potential target for improving muscle growth in sheep."

Journal • CCND1 • CD63 • CD9 • CDK4 • MIR27A • MYOD1 • Myogenin • PCNA • TSG101

TDP-43 Preserves Satellite Cell Viability And Myogenic Potential In Skeletal Muscle (ENCALS 2026) - "SC number, proliferation, differentiation, and regenerative responses were assessed using in vitro assays, ex vivo single fiber cultures, and cardiotoxin induced muscle injury...Transcriptomic profiling revealed activation of apoptotic, autophagic, and inflammatory pathways, indicating increased cellular stress.Conclusion TDP-43 is essential for SC viability, stemness maintenance, and myogenic potential. Its loss disrupts SC homeostasis and abolishes effective muscle regeneration, highlighting a critical role for TDP-43 in skeletal muscle maintenance and providing insight into muscle involvement in ALS related pathology."

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis • CNS Disorders • PAX7 • TARDBP

Mg2+ modulates H3K27me3 demethylation via KDM6A to regulate myoblast differentiation and osteoclast crosstalk. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "In this study, we investigated the role of magnesium ions (Mg2+) in regulating muscle regeneration in cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury...These findings reveal a KDM6A-dependent epigenetic mechanism by which Mg2+ coordinates muscle regeneration and modulates muscle-bone crosstalk. Collectively, this study provides a mechanistic basis for the therapeutic potential of magnesium-based biomaterials in mitigating disuse-induced muscle atrophy and improving outcomes following bone injury."

Journal • Muscular Atrophy • Musculoskeletal Diseases • Orthopedics • KDM6A • KDM6B

ERβ-mediated estrogen signaling promotes the alleviation of inflammation and myofiber repair in cardiotoxin-induced acute skeletal myositis in mice (PubMed, Sheng Li Xue Bao) - "The expression of eMHC in the injured muscle of OVX mice was down-regulated, while β-Estradiol restored its expression. These results suggest that in acute skeletal myositis, E2 inhibits the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the injured muscle by binding to ERβ in muscle fibers, regulates the intrinsic immune behavior of inflammatory myofibers, thereby promoting inflammation resolution and muscle fiber regeneration and repair, providing new insights for the clinical treatment of acute skeletal myositis."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Immunology • Inflammation • Myositis • CCL2 • ER • HLA-DRB1 • IFNG • IL10 • IL1B • IL6 • Myogenin • PTPRC • TLR3

ChREBP Is Dispensable for Myofiber Type Switch but Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. (PubMed, Nutrients) - "Adeno-associated virus-mediated ChREBP overexpression enhanced histological markers of regeneration, including desmin-positive regenerative area and the cross-sectional area of newly formed myofibers after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Collectively, our experimental data indicate that ChREBP is largely dispensable for maintaining basal skeletal muscle homeostasis and stress-induced adaptive remodeling. Meanwhile, this study identifies a previously unrecognized regulatory role of ChREBP in the processes of skeletal muscle damage repair and post-injury regeneration."

Journal

Role of NUDT3 in skeletal myogenesis and association of regulatory genetic variants with carcass traits in pigs. (PubMed, Zool Res) - "In vivo, overexpression of NUDT3 in tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of mice ( Mus musculus) significantly increased the abundance of Pax7 + and eMyHC + cells following cardiotoxin-induced injury, thereby promoting regenerative myogenesis...Among these, rs327612517 within E7 showed significant association with loin muscle area and depth in PigBiobank data and modulated E7 enhancer activity, as demonstrated by dual-luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Collectively, these findings establish NUDT3 as a positive regulator of skeletal myogenesis and identify rs327612517 as a functional variant with potential utility for genetic improvement of lean yield in pigs."

Journal • PAX7

Senescence as a regulatory mechanism in skeletal muscle repair in young mice. (PubMed, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol) - "Briefly, young mice were exposed to either (a) vehicle (VEH), receiving only a cardiotoxin (CTx) injection in one hindlimb or (b) 7 days of senolytic treatment (SEN) pre-CTx and 3x/week for 4 weeks post-CTx. Dasatinib + Quercetin (D+Q) was used to selectively eliminate senescent cells...We conclude that reducing senescent cells during muscle repair in young mice significantly altered the kinetics of muscle repair. Therefore, senescent cells may act as a regulatory mechanism in skeletal muscle to orchestrate the activity of the different cell populations involved in repair and regeneration such as immune cells, satellite cells, and fibrotic cells."

Journal • Preclinical • Fibrosis

Injectable Hydrogel-Based Delivery of Soluble Cripto Protein Enhances Repair After Skeletal Muscle Injury. (PubMed, ACS Biomater Sci Eng) - "In a cardiotoxin-induced skeletal muscle injury model, bolus Cripto delivery failed to enhance regeneration, whereas FF-mediated delivery significantly improved muscle repair, as evidenced by increased centrally nucleated myofibers, enlarged fiber cross-sectional area, and elevated desmin expression. Importantly, FF biodegradation overlapped with the biologically permissive regeneration window, synchronizing protein bioavailability with muscle repair. Together, these findings identify injectable FF hydrogels as a practical and generalizable platform for temporally controlled protein delivery in skeletal muscle regeneration."

Journal

Mild hyperbaric oxygen enhanced the regeneration of the tibialis anterior muscle after the cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury. (PubMed, Biochem Biophys Rep) - "MHO exposure had a negative main effect on the number of Pax7-positive nuclei (P < 0.05). MHO accelerated muscle recovery, characterized by a reduced proportion of centrally nucleated fibers and increased cross-sectional area of regenerating muscle fibers."

Journal • PAX7

Dietary monoalkyldiacylglycerol enhances muscle regeneration and induces type Ⅱb myofiber formation in cardiotoxin-injury mice. (PubMed, Biochem Biophys Res Commun) - "Overall, MADG promotes skeletal muscle regeneration and has the potential to induce a fast-twitch shift, accompanied by an increased proportion of type IIb myofibers during muscle repair. These results contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of myofiber types underlying skeletal muscle function and homeostasis."

Journal • Preclinical • MYH4 • Myogenin

In vitro antimicrobial activity of Naja cardiotoxin peptide-3 against clinical isolates from canine otitis. (PubMed, Vet Res Commun) - "Overall, these findings indicate that NCP-3 exhibits stronger antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including resistant strains, than on Gram-negative bacteria and M. pachydermatis field strains. NCP-3 may therefore represent a promising candidate as therapeutic agent for canine otitis externa caused by Gram-positive pathogens, supporting further investigation into its potential applications in veterinary medicine."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • Otorhinolaryngology

Restoration of neuromuscular function by mitochondrial transplantation in injured mouse skeletal muscle. (PubMed, J Physiol) - "Mitochondrial transplantation improved the restoration of neuromuscular junction efficiency after muscle injury. The recovery of maximal torque capabilities function following cardiotoxin-induced tibialis anterior muscle injury was attenuated by electrically evoked muscle contractions conducted every other day during the recovery period in young adult mice."

Journal • Preclinical • Transplantation

Activation of estrogen-related receptor gamma specifically in the skeletal muscle delays muscle aging in mice. (ASGCT 2026) - "Acute muscle injury was induced by injecting cardiotoxin (CTX) into the gastrocnemius muscles of both TG and WT mice...Systemically preventing the age-related accumulation of senescent cells may preserve tissue regenerative potential throughout aging. ERRγ is a nuclear receptor that can be targeted by current drug applications to alleviate age-related muscle decline."

Preclinical • Metabolic Disorders • Musculoskeletal Diseases • CD31 • CD68 • PAX7 • PECAM1