lorazepam / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Hypersensitivity Reactions to Benzodiazepines Used for Perioperative Premedication: A Narrative Review. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - " Although cases of benzodiazepine hypersensitivity are uncommon, awareness of potential reactions is critical for ensuring safe clinical practice. This review emphasizes the necessity for additional research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, standardize the diagnostic criteria, and formulate management protocols."

Journal • Review • Allergy • Immunology

Challenges in epilepsy management in the Eastern Mediterranean (Part I): Disparities in pharmacological treatment and ketogenic diet access. (PubMed, Epileptic Disord) - "This study reveals critical gaps in epilepsy care in lower-income Middle Eastern countries, particularly in access to emergency and second-line treatments. The findings demonstrate that barriers extend beyond cost to include regulatory and health system structures, providing crucial evidence to inform health policy and advocacy efforts aimed at reducing the global epilepsy treatment gap."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Calcified frontal neurocysticercosis presenting with acute psychosis in a non-endemic context: a case report. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "He was co-managed by neurology and psychiatry teams and initiated on albendazole, dexamethasone, lamotrigine, risperidone, and lorazepam. Clinical improvement following combined antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, and antipsychotic therapy supports the value of early multidisciplinary management, while recognizing that symptom resolution likely reflects multifactorial influences. As global migration increases, clinicians in non-endemic regions should remain aware of NCC as a potential contributor to secondary psychosis."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Infectious Disease • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

Recommendations for a Pediatric Catatonia Clinical Pathway in Acute Medical Care Settings: A Delphi Consensus Study. (PubMed, J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry) - "Expert consensus exists for multiple important aspects of a pediatric catatonia clinical pathway including pathway initiation, assessment, diagnostic evaluation, clinical monitoring, setting of care, ongoing care delivery, and treatment. Findings balance minimum standards of care for this population while allowing reasonable variability in practice depending upon system resources making this study widely generalizable. The study also elucidates areas requiring further exploration and research."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Pediatrics • Psychiatry

Pembrolizumab-induced Multifocal, Musicogenic, Autoimmune Epilepsy due to GAD65 Autoantibodies in a Patient Treated for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (AAN 2026) - "Design/ The patient was a 34-year-old, right-handed female with a past medical history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypogammaglobulinemia, systemic lupus erythematosus and triple-negative breast cancer due to the BRAC1 mutation who underwent a clinical trial with a neoadjuvant regimen of pembrolizumab plus carboplatin and docetaxel...She was maintained on intravenous immunoglobulin, hydroxychloroquine and mycophenolic acid for immunotherapy and clobazam, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, lorazepam and cenobamate for antiseizure medications. This case report describes a phenotypic evolution of GAD65 disease from adult-onset, type 1 diabetes mellitus to multifocal, musicogenic, drug-resistant autoimmune epilepsy after pembrolizumab use."

Clinical • IO biomarker • Breast Cancer • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Epilepsy • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • Triple Negative Breast Cancer • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

AGITATION SEVERITY AND PSYCHOTROPIC USE IN DELIRIUM SUPERIMPOSED ON DEMENTIA: FINDINGS FROM THE DELDEM COHORT (ADPD 2026) - "Conclusions DSD is associated with heightened agitation and increased psychotropic exposure, underscoring safety concerns and the need for tailored non-pharmacological strategies."

Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia

Age-Related Differences in Benzodiazepine Dosing for Mechanically Ventilated Pediatric ICU Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. (PubMed, J Intensive Care Med) - "The primary outcome was a difference in midazolam and lorazepam dose intensity (mg/kg/day) between age cohorts. Infants received 1.53 times higher lorazepam dose intensity than elementary-aged subjects ((1.03, 2.30), P = .03) and 1.98 times higher lorazepam dose intensity than older childhood subjects ((1.39, 2.82), P < .01).ConclusionsOur study demonstrates among children receiving benzodiazepines to tolerate endotracheal intubation, children less than five years of age receive significantly higher benzodiazepine dose intensity than many of their older pediatric counterparts. Given the negative impact of sedative agents on developing brains and the increased risk of delirium with benzodiazepines, further investigation into variation in sedative dosing, including pharmacogenomics and differences in patient-centered clinical outcomes, is warranted."

Journal • Retrospective data • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Critical care • Pediatrics

Impact of Continuous-Infusion Sedation and Analgesia Discontinuation Post-Tracheostomy (SCCM 2026) - "Two groups were compared: those who discontinued CI sedation or analgesia that promote deeper sedation levels (fentanyl, hydromorphone, propofol, midazolam, lorazepam) within 48 hours post-tracheostomy, and those who did not. Discontinuing continuous infusion sedation and analgesia within 48 hours post-tracheostomy may contribute to shorter ventilator LOS and lower delirium rates. Early mobility is an opportunity for clinical improvement."

CNS Disorders

Management of Status Dystonicus in the PICU: A Scoping Review of Recent Literature (SCCM 2026) - "There is broad agreement, with some regional variation, on the medical management, with antipyretics, analgesia, sedation (lorazepam), anticholinergics (trihexyphenidyl), muscle relaxants (primarily baclofen and benzodiazepines), alpha-2-adrenergic agonists (clonidine, tizanidine), and the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) tetrabenazine. Titratable infusions, including midazolam, dexmedetomidine, opioids, and pentobarbital may be needed... Prevention of SD episodes is key. A multidisciplinary, systematic approach to care is essential, with the input of medical, surgical and other subspecialists. Early consideration of interventional approaches in critically ill children with SD is warranted."

Review • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Infectious Disease • Movement Disorders • Respiratory Diseases • Sleep Disorder

Multicenter Evaluation of Phenobarbital in ICU Patients With Refractory Alcohol Withdrawal (SCCM 2026) - "Included patients had severe AWS treated initially with high doses of benzodiazepines (at least 24 mg lorazepam equivalent within 4 hours), followed by intravenous phenobarbital. For patients experiencing severe RAW in the ICU, having a history of depression, receiving higher initial doses of phenobarbital, and having lower initial CIWA-Ar scores were independently associated with better treatment outcomes. Further studies are necessary to validate these findings and refine treatment strategies."

Clinical • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders • Depression

Early Versus Late Use of Lacosamide as an Antiseizure Medication in Refractory Status Epilepticus (SCCM 2026) - "Introduction: Status epilepticus is initially treated with a benzodiazepine followed by a first-line anti-seizure medication (ASM) such as levetiracetam, valproic acid or fosphenytoin...Initial treatment prior to lacosamide included a median of 2.4 mg lorazepam equivalents in the early group and 3.5 mg lorazepam equivalents in the late group... Early use of lacosamide in RSE was associated with significantly fewer ASMs used and numerically higher rates of seizure cessation, suggesting potential clinical benefit despite lack of statistical significance in the primary outcome. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate these results."

CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

Evaluation of Phenobarbital and Benzodiazepines for Alcohol Withdrawal Treatment in the Medical ICU (SCCM 2026) - "The average lorazepam equivalent dose in the ICU was 22.935 mg for the pre-pathway group compared to 12 mg for the post-pathway group (p=0.013). There was no significant difference found in the ICU length of stay between the pre-pathway group and the post-pathway group. However, the hospital length of stay for the post-pathway group was statistically shorter than the pre-pathway group. Therefore, phenobarbital seems to be safe and effective for AWS, and benzodiazepine-sparing regimens should be considered."

Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders

Hyperglycemia Hemichorea Mimicking Status Epilepticus: A Diagnostic Challenge (SCCM 2026) - "He was given a total of 12mg of intravenous lorazepam with abortion of seizure...He was initially started on levetiracetam but subsequently discontinued...Over-administration of benzodiazepines to abort the "seizure" acutely may result in over-sedation and complications which may necessitate an intensive care unit admission which could have been avoided. In some cases, dopamine receptor blockers and benzodiazepines may be required if symptoms of hemichorea persist."

CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Epilepsy • Movement Disorders

Connecting the Dots (SCCM 2026) - "We present a case of serotonin syndrome likely triggered by ondansetron and excessive supplement use of creatine.Description: A 21-year-old male with history of ankylosing spondylitis on Adalimumab for one year presented with unresponsiveness after several days of nausea, vomiting, and headache. He was evaluated at an urgent care and discharge with ketorolac and a prescription for ondansetron...He was treated with Lorazepam and Dexmedetomidine...This case illustrates the importance of thorough history-taking and exam and awareness of drug-induced neurologic syndromes in critically ill patients. Early recognition of serotonin syndrome can significantly alter outcomes."

Ankylosing Spondylitis • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Arthritis • Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies

Comparing Gabapentin High Load Dose and Taper to Lorazepam for Management of Alcohol Withdrawal (SCCM 2026) - "Patients were excluded if prior to admission medications included gabapentin, benzodiazepines, or phenobarbital as well as a past medical history of epilepsy, seizures not attributable to AWS and known gabapentin intolerance. High dose gabapentin load and taper significantly decreased the lorazepam requirements of neurocritical care patients who are at risk for developing alcohol withdrawal syndrome without increasing the rates of intubation due to over sedation."

CNS Disorders • Depression • Epilepsy

Acute Dystonia From Metoclopramide Unresponsive to Diphenhydramine, Resolved With Lorazepam (SCCM 2026) - "They typically respond to anticholinergic or antihistaminic agents such as diphenhydramine or benztropine. The precise mechanism may involve GABAergic inhibition of excessive dopaminergic blockade or modulation of muscle tone. Recognizing refractory dystonia early and promptly escalating therapy is essential in preventing further complications, including airway compromise or prolonged hospitalization.This case underscores the importance of identifying acute dystonic reactions in the inpatient setting and highlights lorazepam as a viable rescue therapy when diphenhydramine fails."

Acute Kidney Injury • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Movement Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease

Seizure Clusters: Current Concepts in Definition and Treatment. (PubMed, J Clin Med) - "Consequently, the off-label use of oral benzodiazepines, including clobazam, clonazepam, and lorazepam, remains common when oral therapy is feasible, despite limited evidence. These include prompt intravenous benzodiazepine administration, followed by the intravenous loading of antiseizure medications such as brivaracetam or lacosamide in cases of seizure recurrence. In ED settings, "empirical" definitions of SCs (i.e., more than three seizures within 24 h) may facilitate timely intervention."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy

A randomized clinical trial of repeated doses of psilocybin for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. (PubMed, J Psychopharmacol) - P1 | "Administration of up to eight doses of psilocybin in a clinical research setting appears to be safe and potentially effective for patients with OCD. Larger trials are needed to further support efficacy and refine treatment protocols."

Clinical • Journal • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Psychiatry

Delayed-Onset Cariprazine-Induced Akathisia: A Case Report. (PubMed, Clin Neuropharmacol) - "This case highlights the challenge of distinguishing akathisia from primary anxiety disorders, in addition to considering this diagnosis beyond the initial treatment period. Akathisia symptoms most commonly present within 4 weeks of initiation or titration of antidopaminergic treatment. However, this timeline may be delayed with cariprazine due to its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."

Journal • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • General Anxiety Disorder • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency: An Unusual Cause of Hyperammonemia (NKF-SCM 2026) - "The patient was given lorazepam, and Pediatric Genetics was contacted...Renal replacement therapy is indicated if a patient does not respond to conservative measures or develops volume overload from fluid resuscitation. OTC deficiency must be considered in adult patients who develop acute hyperammonemia without liver failure."

Ataxia • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Genetic Disorders • Hepatology • Liver Failure • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders

Anti-GAD65 Encephalitis: A Cryptic Case Requiring a Multidisciplinary Approach. (PubMed, Harv Rev Psychiatry) - "Initial treatment with lorazepam and intravenous immunoglobulin achieved partial response...This case illustrates three critical clinical practice points: (1) late-onset catatonia necessitates comprehensive evaluation of autoimmune etiologies, including paired serum-cerebrospinal fluid antibody testing; (2) partial response to immunotherapy does not preclude more aggressive symptomatic management; and (3) ECT can effectively treat catatonia secondary to autoimmune illnesses. We conclude that successful management of anti-GAD65 encephalitis necessitates a multidisciplinary team for thorough neuro-immunological assessment, nuanced psychopharmacology, and timely neuromodulation."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

Refractory Status Epilepticus in an Infant with Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency: A Case Report and Therapeutic Challenges (AAN 2026) - "Despite treatment with lorazepam, levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and phenobarbital, seizures persisted, evolving into refractory status epilepticus. Ketamine infusion was started and escalated to 100 mcg/kg/min without resolution...Both anesthetic infusions were weaned over 20 days, during which levetiracetam, topiramate, clobazam, perampanel, and phenobarbital were uptitrated... Epilepsy is a recognized feature of SSADHD, though its pathophysiology and optimal management remain poorly defined. Seizure type, frequency, and treatment response are highly variable, making therapy challenging. Status epilepticus in this setting presents unique therapeutic challenges, as many conventional antiseizure agents may exacerbate GABAergic imbalance; thus, management must balance seizure control while avoiding agents that impair GABA metabolism."

Case report • Clinical • Absence Seizure Disorder • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Strabismus

Intranasal Diazepam Outperforms Midazolam and Lorazepam in Early Seizure Control in Pilocarpine-Induced Mice Model. (PubMed, Neurochem Res) - "Additionally, drug bindings to plasma and brain tissue obtained using the ultrafiltration method were compared, and drug binding affinities towards the GABAA receptor, as determined via the computer docking technique, were also compared. Among the three tested drugs, our results suggested that intranasal diazepam, with the highest brain-to-plasma ratio, was the best in seizure control at 10 min. Although all three drugs showed good stability, similar brain binding and receptor binding affinity, diazepam demonstrated the greatest efficacy in reducing TNF-α mRNA and protein levels, and lowest plasma protein binding, which could contribute to its higher brain-to-plasma ratio and better acute epilepsy control compared to the other two drugs. Our pilot in vivo experiments in the pilocarpine-induced mice seizure model for the first time demonstrated that intranasally administered benzodiazepines are effective for seizure control at the early stage, with..."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Inflammation • IL1B • TNFA

Benzodiazepine prescribing patterns among Medicare providers, 2017 to 2023. (PubMed, Front Med (Lausanne)) - "The top three most prescribed BZD medications were alprazolam, lorazepam, and clonazepam, totaling around 88% of all the BZD prescriptions being written to Part D beneficiaries. Despite repeated warnings about the harms of their use in this population, BZDs are being increasingly prescribed to Medicare Part D recipients. Some states and prescriber classes prescribe BZDs significantly over 30 days per beneficiary to older adults."

Journal • Medicare • Reimbursement • US reimbursement • Psychiatry

Benzodiazepines Prescribed to Hospitalized Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A 3-year Retrospective Observational Study. (PubMed, Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat) - "For non-selective benzodiazepines at baseline, the most commonly prescribed were lorazepam (39.6%, n=110), oxazepam (23.7%, n=66), and clonazepam (16.2%, n=45)...However, the use of clonazepam, estazolam, and alprazolam remained comparable (P > 0.05)...While its use varied significantly over time (P 0.05)...It is advisable to limit benzodiazepine prescriptions for MDD patients to within 12 months. Discontinuing benzodiazepines becomes more challenging after prolonged use beyond this period."

Journal • Observational data • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry