galantamine hydrobromide / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Interaction of cholinesterase inhibitors with snake venom acetylcholinesterase from snake species of Southern Africa. (PubMed, Toxicon) - "With the aim of repurposing clinically used drugs for snakebite envenoming, this study investigated the inhibition of AChE from snake species of Southern Africa. Hemachatus haemachatus and Naja nivea venom presented with high AChE activity, which was inhibited by tacrine, galantamine and donepezil with IC50 values ranging from 0.49 to 3.73 μM."

Journal • Pain

Exploring the Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential of Azines Bearing a 4,4-bisdimethylaminobenzophenone Scaffold: An Experimental and Computational Approach. (PubMed, Med Chem) - "These derivatives showed excellent AChE and BChE activities with favorable electronic properties and superior binding affinities, highlighting their potential as effective inhibitors as therapeutic agents."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Pain

Formulation and evaluation of in-situ forming Poloxamer-based hydrogel containing thiolated chitosan nanoparticles as intranasal galantamine delivery system. (PubMed, Int J Biol Macromol) - "Ex vivo testing indicated low levels of tissue damage and proved the higher mucoadhesive strength and mucosal retention time of TCS-NPs/poloxamer gel compared to CS-NPs/poloxamer gel. Considering the obtained results, the developed TCS-NPs/poloxamer hydrogel could be a promising delivery system for targeting drugs toward the brain via a minimally invasive approach."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Galantamine as add-on therapy to escitalopram: enhancing antidepressant therapeutic potential via. Targeting α7nAChR/BDNF/KYN signalling. (PubMed, Psychopharmacology (Berl)) - "This study signifies the potential of GAL as an add-on therapy to ESC, enhancing antidepressant effects and cognitive function, warranting further clinical investigation for treating depressive disorders."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Inflammation • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Pain • Psychiatry • BDNF • IL6 • TNFA

Synthesis, biological activities and computational studies of bis-Schiff base derivatives of 4-hydroxyacetophenone: insights from an in vitro, molecular docking and dynamics simulation approach. (PubMed, RSC Adv) - "Molecular docking indicates that the compound 2j acts as a dual inhibitor owing to the formation of hydrophobic and polar interactions. The key structural features that include bromo benzyl and 2-methoxyphenol groups play a vital role in its efficacy, making it a more powerful inhibitor than the standard galantamine."

Journal • Preclinical • Pain

(Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease. (PubMed, Nanomaterials (Basel)) - "The SBA-15~Cl|Ph3SnL2 nanostructures exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against AChE (IC50 = 0.58 μM), significantly outperforming the standard drug galantamine...Compound transport was also simulated using a multi-scale 3D mouse brain model to evaluate brain tissue distribution and blood-brain barrier permeability. The results highlight the strong potential of SBA-15-loaded organotin(IV) compounds as biocompatible neuroprotective agents for novel treatments of neurodegenerative diseases."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Pain

Exploring Cannabis sativa L for Anti-Alzheimer Potential: An Extensive Computational Study including Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and ADMET Assessments. (PubMed, Med Chem) - "Our research outcomes provide valuable insights, offering a clear direction for the pharmaceutical sector in the pursuit of effective anti-Alzheimer treatments."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Assessment of the Inhibition of AChE and BChE by Carthamus caeruleus Essential Oil and Carline Oxide: Neuroprotective Effects and In Vivo Toxicity Assessment for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. (PubMed, Curr Alzheimer Res) - "Carthamus caeruleus essential oil and carlina oxide show promising inhibitory effects on AChE and BChE, suggesting their potential as neuroprotective agents. However, their toxicity at higher doses highlights the need for cautious use and further investigation."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Pain

Rapid health technology assessment of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A review. (PubMed, Medicine (Baltimore)) - "Galantamine showed a higher incidence of adverse gastrointestinal effects than donepezil but a lower rate than rivastigmine. Regarding economics, compared with the placebo and non-pharmacological treatments, galantamine prolonged the duration of full-time care and in some cases even reduced the overall cost of galantamine use. Galantamine showed good efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and mild adverse effects in the treatment of patients with AD by prolonging the duration of full-time care and saving the cost compared with the placebo and non-pharmacological."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Galantamine Improves Motor and Sensory Dysfunction in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2/3 | N=66 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Shanghai Yueyang Integrated Medicine Hospital

New P2/3 trial • Cardiovascular • Ischemic stroke

Solanum macrocarpon L. Ethanolic Leaf Extract Exhibits Neuroprotective and Anxiolytic Effects in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Zebrafish Model. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - " Adult zebrafish (n = 100) were divided into two cohorts (±SCOP) of five experimental groups: (I) control; (II) galantamine (GAL, 1 mg/L), serving as a positive control for both behavioral and biochemical assessments; (III-V) three groups treated with SMEE (1, 3, and 6 mg/L); (VI) scopolamine (SCOP, 100 μM); (VII) SCOP (100 μM) combined with GAL (1 mg/L); and (VIII-X) three groups treated with SCOP (100 μM) plus SMEE (1, 3, and 6 mg/L)...The HPLC analysis revealed that the main major compounds in the extract were chlorogenic acid and rutin, both recognized for their significant antioxidant properties. SMEE enhanced memory by inhibiting AChE, alleviated SCOP-induced anxiety-like behavior, and significantly decreased oxidative stress markers. These findings support the potential role of SMEE in counteracting SCOP-induced cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions, related to dementia conditions."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Inflammation • Mood Disorders • Pain • Psychiatry

Variants in Neurotransmitter-Related Genes Are Associated with Alzheimer's Disease Risk and Cognitive Functioning but Not Short-Term Treatment Response. (PubMed, Neurol Int) - "Background/Objectives: Several genetic factors are related to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the response to cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) (donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine) or memantine. None of the genetic and non-genetic factors studied were associated with the response to pharmacological treatment. We identified potential genetic variants related to the risk of AD; meanwhile, no factor was observed to impact the response to pharmacological therapy in patients with AD from Mexico."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Pain • ABCB1 • APOE • CHRNA7 • CYP3A5 • NR1I2

Pharmacotherapy for Poststroke Cognitive Impairment and Poststroke Cognitive Impairment With Dementia: A Review. (PubMed, Stroke Res Treat) - "Several pharmacotherapeutic options like cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists (e.g., memantine) have shown potential in improving cognitive functions. However, their overall effectiveness remains inconsistent across different studies and patient populations. Newer drugs such as citicoline, cilostazol, and antidepressants have shown promise, but further research is needed to validate their efficacy and safety specifically for PSCI management."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia

Characterizing Treatment Non-responders and Responders in Completed Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials. (PubMed, AMIA Annu Symp Proc) - "Our study aims to identify heterogeneous treatment effects and pre-treatment features that moderate the treatment effect of Galantamine, Bapineuzumab, and Semagacestat from completed trial data. For example, in Galantamine trials, whole brain volume (1092.54 vs. 1060.67 ml, P < .001) and right hippocampal volume (2.43e-3 vs. 2.79e-3, P < .001) are significantly different between responsive and non-responsive subgroups. Overall, our implementation of causal forests in AD clinical trials reveals the heterogeneous treatment effects and different moderators for AD drug responses, highlighting promising personalized treatment based on patient-specific characteristics in AD research and drug development."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

An Update on Treatments for Apathy in Alzheimer's Dementia: A Literature Review (APA 2025) - "While there is no standard or approved treatment, recent approaches have focused on cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for cognitive symptoms, with mixed results for apathy...Results In four RCTs, the cholinesterase inhibitors of donepezil and galantamine showed modest improvements in apathy, although their primary indication remains cognitive enhancement...In all studies, methylphenidate showed significant improvements in apathy scores, though concerns about cardiovascular side effects limit their use in certain patients...Antidepressants including SSRIs and bupropion did not demonstrate a positive outcome in treating apathy. Other considerations warranting further research include the use of combined treatment options as well as non-pharmacological modalities."

Review • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Depression • Psychiatry

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Anticholinesterase Activities of Libidibia ferrea (Mart. Ex Tul.) L.P.Queiroz and In Silico Studies with the Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme. (PubMed, Chem Biodivers) - "The ELLF, EBLF, and MFLF were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography showing the presence of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, rutin, and ellagic acid. Molecular docking revealed that (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, the major compound of EOLF identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, interacts with AChE at the same site as galantamine. These findings suggest that L. ferrea has promising therapeutic potential for treating acetylcholine-related diseases such as Alzheimer's."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain • Respiratory Diseases

Insecticidal Potential of Essential Oil and Sesquiterpene Alcohols from Leaves of Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliver Against Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera, and Tribolium castaneum Under Laboratory and Field Conditions. (PubMed, Neotrop Entomol) - "Additionally, both the compounds demonstrated noteworthy acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 24.53-30.98 μg mL-1 and 32.15-40.41 μg mL-1 respectively comparable to the positive control, galantamine...Although the treatments showed good insecticidal activity in the field trial, but modifications are required for the concentration of active ingredients in the formulation or even in the formulation to enhance the effect. The results obtained lay a foundation for future field applications of oil and isolated compounds as crop protectants."

Journal

Understanding How Formulary Pricing Models Shape Medication Accessibility and Financial Burden for Aging Populations (ISPOR 2025) - "Alzheimer’s treatments like galantamine and rivastigmine were often in higher tiers, raising out-of-pocket costs. COPD medications, including Symbicort and Trelegy Ellipta, despite preferred tier placement, posed financial challenges. Rheumatoid arthritis drugs, particularly Humira in Tier 5, imposed heavy costs. Similarly, ischemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes medications like Eliquis and Steglatro often appeared in higher tiers, worsening adherence issues... Older patients in the U.S., particularly those dealing with chronic illnesses, still encounter significant financial pressure due to increasing prescription prices. Although initiatives such as the Inflation Reduction Act provide some assistance, the strain persists, leading to low compliance and adverse health results. The results highlight the urgent necessity for strong policies to improve price transparency, increase access to affordable generics, and stop the unjust classification of generics in higher..."

Clinical • Pricing • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • CNS Disorders • Coronary Artery Disease • Diabetes • Heart Failure • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Metabolic Disorders • Respiratory Diseases • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Rheumatology • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds From Black Pine (Pinus nigra) Bark: Optimization and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Bioactivities. (PubMed, Food Sci Nutr) - "Accordingly, PBE showed stronger antidiabetic activity than acarbose, the reference antidiabetic drug, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.38 mg/mL and 0.46 mg/mL against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively, compared to acarbose's IC50 values of 0.72 mg/mL and 0.66 mg/mL. At 2 mg/mL, PBE showed moderate anticholinesterase activity, inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by 57.26% and butylcholinesterase (BChE) by 48.35%, compared to the stronger effects of galantamine hydrobromide, which inhibited AChE by 88.57% and BChE by 85.72%. These findings highlighted the potential of PBE as a natural source of bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and anticholinesterase properties."

Journal • Preclinical • Oncology • Pain

Opening New Roads for Multi-Directional Functional Applications Through In Vitro Chemical and Biological Analysis of Zoegea leptaurea L. Extracts. (PubMed, Food Sci Nutr) - "Chlorogenic acid was the predominant compound in the stems and leaves, with the highest concentration obtained using 70% EtOH (5919.1 mg/kg and 10,786.70 mg/kg, respectively)...The EtOH extract of the flowers and the EtOAc extract of the aerial parts exhibited the highest anti-acetylcholinesterase activity (2.79 and 2.56 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g), with the latter also displaying the strongest anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity (3.35 mg GALAE/g)...Concurrently, the extracts stimulated the growth of five probiotic strains, with some reaching up to six times their respective control growth levels. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that Z. leptaurea is a promising source of bioactive compounds and warrants further investigation for its potential role in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases."

Journal • Preclinical • Dermatology • Lung Adenocarcinoma • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Pain • Solid Tumor

Discovering the Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives through In vitro, Molecular Docking, Kinetics, and Dynamics Studies. (PubMed, Med Chem) - "These derivatives exhibited superior acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities compared to galantamine, with molecular docking and dynamic simulations confirming their strong binding affinity with the active sites of the enzymes."

Journal • Preclinical • Pain

The involvement of the cholinergic system in Alzheimer disease. (PubMed, Handb Clin Neurol) - "This progression began with Tacrine and eventually led to the development of more reliable and better-tolerated anticholinesterases, such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine-compounds still in use today. It also emphasizes that the efficacy of anticholinesterase treatment in Alzheimer disease depends on the preservation of a minimal number of remaining cholinergic synapses. Finally, a comparison is made between the symptomatic cognitive outcomes of conventional anticholinesterase therapy and the more recent use of anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitor Medication on QTc Interval in Memory Clinic Patients. (PubMed, Ann Pharmacother) - "We found no statistically significant association between ChEI use and QTc interval prolongation or an increased proportion of pathological QTc values during ChEI treatment. Larger studies are warranted to establish evidence-based recommendations on ECG monitoring during ChEI medication."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Memory-enhancing effects of daidzin, possibly through dopaminergic and AChEergic dependent pathways. (PubMed, J Nutr) - "Adult male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into different groups consisting of Control (vehicle: 10 mL/kg), DZN 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, dopamine (agonist: 22 mg/kg), galantamine (inhibitor: 3 mg/kg), and a combination of DZN-10 with standards...In silico findings suggest that DZN has strong binding capacities of -10.3, -7.5, -9.8, and -9.2 kcal/mol to the AChE, D1, D3, and D5 receptors, respectively. Taken together, DZN may exert its memory-enhancing ability by interacting with AChE and dopamine receptors."

Journal • Pain

Clinical effectiveness of galantamine in patients with cerebral infarction by 3D-DTI. (PubMed, Medicine (Baltimore)) - "Overall, galantamine has clinical value in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. Similarly, FA values assessed by 3D-DTI are effective in evaluating the extent of patient injury."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders