carbidopa / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Evidence Based on Sleep Disorder Exacerbating Postoperative Pain via Kynureninase. (PubMed, Drug Des Devel Ther) - "Furthermore, in preclinical models, carbidopa treatment effectively reduced both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We conclude that the upregulated expression of KYNU is associated with the exacerbation of postoperative pain due to sleep deprivation and identified the compound carbidopa as possessing significant analgesic potential."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Neuralgia • Pain • Sleep Disorder • KYNU

CONTINUOUS SUBCUTANEOUS INFUSION OF FOSLEVADOPA/FOSCARBIDOPA) FOR PEOPLE WITH ADVANCED PARKINSON'S DISEASE: A REAL WORLD SINGLE-CENTRE EXPERIENCE. (ADPD 2026) - "Aims: Continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSCI) of foslevodopa/foscarbidopa a novel treatment of severe motor fluctuations in advanced Parkinson's disease(1). We demonstrate the initial "real world" experience with a novel CSCI for PD in a single center in Ireland. Dosing rates differ in the majority from the initial calculated dose. Common reasons for discontinuation are skin site reactions and neuropsychatric side effects."

Clinical • Metastases • Real-world • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

[18F]F-DOPA Imaging in Patients With Autonomic Failure (clinicaltrials.gov) - P1 | N=40 | Recruiting | Sponsor: Daniel Claassen | Trial completion date: Feb 2026 ➔ Feb 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Feb 2026 ➔ Feb 2027

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Lewy Body Disease • Movement Disorders • Multiple System Atrophy • Parkinson's Disease

Successful Treatment of Refractory Gastroparesis-related Nausea in Parkinson's Disease with Mirtazapine (AAN 2026) - "Proton pump inhibitors and ondansetron were ineffective. Importantly, nausea occurred independently of levodopa dose timing and did not improve with typical management including additional carbidopa, reduction of dopaminergic medications, or administration with food, suggesting symptoms were unrelated to dopaminergic therapy...Trials of CBD/THC, scopolamine, and vagal nerve stimulation (GammaCore) provided limited benefit... Mirtazapine may offer a valuable off-label option for treating refractory nausea related to gastroparesis in PD. Its multimodal serotonergic and noradrenergic effects may enhance gastric motility and antiemetic response where standard agents fail."

CNS Disorders • Constipation • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Sleep Disorder

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-Parkinson drugs in geriatric patients : Key for optimization of treatment (PubMed, Z Gerontol Geriatr) - "The decarboxylase inhibitors benserazide and carbidopa possess different t1/2...Absorption and elimination of entacapone and opicapone are similar to levodopa...Rasagiline and selegiline are irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B. Therefore, in spite of their short t1/2 they are dosed once daily...Clinically established dopamine agonists activate D1/D5 dopamine motor receptors less strongly than the dopaminergic receptors of D2/D3/D4group. This is a probable reason for their numerous adverse effects particularly in older people with Parkinson's disease."

Journal • PK/PD data • CNS Disorders • Geriatric Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • COMT

Clinical characteristics of Parkinson's disease in the outpatient clinic of a regional hospital in Peru. (PubMed, Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica) - "All received tablets with 250 mg of levodopa and 25 mg of carbidopa...The most frequent non-motor symptoms were anxiety (93.2%), depression (88.6%), and mild cognitive impairment (>60%). These findings highlight the opportunity to optimize the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms with pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies focused on improving the quality of life of PD patients residing in the Arequipa region."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry

Bioequivalence of Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa continuous subcutaneous infusion to arm, thigh, or flank versus abdomen in healthy and advanced Parkinson's disease individuals. (PubMed, Clin Park Relat Disord) - P1 | "The pharmacokinetics of levodopa and carbidopa demonstrated that the abdomen, arm, thigh, and flank are interchangeable sites for CSCI of LDp/CDp. There were no concerning patterns of adverse events."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Effects of Dopaminergic therapy with levodopa (L-DOPA) on fear and Anxiety-Related circuits and symptoms in patients with depression and higher inflammation. (PubMed, Brain Behav Immun) - "Leveraging data from our studies in medically-stable, unmedicated adults with a primary MDD diagnosis, we tested the hypothesis that acute (250 mg; Study 1, n = 30) and sub-chronic (150-450 mg/day/week; Study 2, n = 18) L-DOPA (administered with carbidopa) versus placebo would increase right amygdala-vmPFC resting state (rs)FC (using a targeted, a priori approach) in patients with higher (but not lower) inflammation, in relation to comorbid anxiety and PTSD symptoms...Similarly, L-DOPA decreased PSTD symptom severity versus placebo across all four PSTD symptom clusters (B-E) in patients with significant PTSD symptoms at baseline (n = 11; all p < 0.05), with right amygdala-vmPFC rsFC responses to L-DOPA versus placebo negatively correlating with improved Intrusion symptoms (r = -0.81, p < 0.05). These findings suggest a role for DA in the effects of inflammation on fear and anxiety-related circuits and symptoms, while supporting the use of right amygdala-vmPFC rsFC..."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Inflammation • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder • Psychiatry • CRP

Serotonin modulates lineage plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer via epigenetic reprogramming. (PubMed, Cancer Discov) - "Mechanistically, high level of intracellular serotonin promotes histone serotonylation at H3K4me3Q5, reconfiguring the H3K4me3 chromatin landscape and downstream gene expression, which drives induced NE differentiation and is associated with suppressed androgen receptor signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT synthesis using the FDA-approved DDC inhibitor carbidopa significantly impairs tumor growth and prolongs survival in both genetically engineered and patient-derived xenograft models, highlighting histone serotonylation as a druggable vulnerability in NEPC."

Journal • Genito-urinary Cancer • Oncology • Prostate Cancer • Solid Tumor • SLC6A4

Baseline AHR expression shapes immune response to pharmacological modulation in PBMCs from pancreatic cancer patients. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with PDAC and healthy donors were isolated and treated ex vivo with two AHR agonists (Carbidopa and Tapinarof) and one antagonist (BAY 2416964). Baseline AHR expression critically shapes the immune response to pharmacological modulation in PBMCs from PDAC patients. These findings suggest that AHR profiling may serve as a clinically relevant biomarker for stratifying patients and guiding personalized immunotherapy approaches for PDAC."

IO biomarker • Journal • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma • Solid Tumor • AHR • IL10 • PD-1 • PD-L1

High-dose carbidopa achieves sustained levodopa pharmacokinetics and efficacy in Parkinson's disease models. (PubMed, J Pharm Pharmacol) - "High-dose carbidopa co-administration is a promising approach to achieve sustained clinical efficacy of levodopa while mitigating the risk of motor complications."

Journal • PK/PD data • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • COMT

Evaluating dispensing patterns of Parkinson's medications from 2012 to 2024 in Australia: insights from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme concessional database. (PubMed, J Prim Health Care) - "The findings highlighted a preference for Levodopa-based therapies, combined with Benserazide or Carbidopa, and suggest shifts in prescription patterns. By identifying the dispensing patterns of Parkinson's medication, the study contributes to developing treatment trends for further analysis of these medications' distribution and consumption."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

L-dopa induced iron accumulation in the ventral midbrain: the roles of sex and iron repletion (Neuroscience 2025) - "Vehicle (0.1% ascorbic acid), carbidopa+L-DOPA (5/20 mg/kg), or selegiline (0.3mg/kg) was administered via subcutaneous injection in all groups. These findings suggest that L-DOPA administration under iron-depleted-repleted conditions disrupts iron homeostasis by promoting iron uptake and reducing iron storage capacity, particularly in males. This sex-specific vulnerability to iron accumulation highlights the need for personalized PD therapies that consider both iron status and biological sex."

CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • GFAP • TFRC

Docking-MD Polypharmacy Screening Study of Loop D of Human Aquaporin 1 (KIDNEY WEEK 2025) - "The results necessitate experimental validation but could represent new adjunctive options in the treatment of some cancers and compounds to avoid in peritoneal dialysis. The best docked position of famotidine (A), carbidopa (B), lisinopril (C), and bendroflumethiazide (D) with loop D of human AQP1."

AQP1

ENHANCEMENT OF STROKE REHABILITATION WITH LEVODOPA – SIX-MONTH RESULTS FROM THE ESTREL TRIAL (WSC 2025) - "A total of 610 participants were enrolled within 7 days of stroke onset and randomized to receive either levodopa (100 mg) and carbidopa (25 mg) or placebo, three times daily for 39 days, alongside standardized rehabilitation...Six-month outcome data are now available and will be presented at the conference.ConclusionsThe ESTREL trial is of high impact due to its potential to establish levodopa as an adjunctive treatment in stroke rehabilitation, addressing a critical gap in current stroke recovery strategies. If positive results are observed, it may lead to significant improvements in patient outcomes and rehabilitation practices."

Cardiovascular • Cerebral Hemorrhage • Hematological Disorders

Modeling Levodopa Resistance in Parkinson's Disease: A Novel Approach Targeting Locus Coeruleus Degeneration (MDS Congress 2025) - "LD therapy (100 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg carbidopa, i.p.) was assessed for efficacy... This clinically relevant PD model successfully replicates LD resistance by integrating LC degeneration, reinforcing the role of noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways in PD pathophysiology. It provides a valuable preclinical toolfor testing adjunct therapies aimed at optimizing LD response in PD patients. Figure 1"

CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

A Phase I Study of TR-012001, a Nasal Levodopa, in Healthy Adult Japanese Male Subjects (MDS Congress 2025) - "TR-012001 was administered in a fasted state after the oral administration of carbidopa (CD; 50 mg/dose, 3 doses every 8 h). This study demonstrated the safety, tolerability, and rapid LD nasal absorption of TR-012001 in healthy subjects, which supports its further clinical development as a new ODT option for PD. This work was previously presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Neurology (May 21–24, 2025)."

Clinical • P1 data • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Green analytical methods for simultaneous determination of levodopa, carbidopa, and benserazide in Parkinson's drugs: The preferable superiority of the capillary electrophoresis comparing to the standard high performance liquid chromatography. (PubMed, J Chromatogr A) - "The greenness degree of the developed procedures was evaluated using the AGREE metric, with CE-C4D achieving a higher score (0.74) compared to HPLC-DAD (0.58), attributed to reduced reagent consumption, shorter analysis times (10 min vs. 15 min), and lower energy use. These methods were successfully applied to analysis of commercial drug samples, demonstrating comparable performance to confirm a prefer in favour for CE studies in terms of offering enhanced environmental sustainability and efficiency for routine pharmaceutical analysis."

Head-to-Head • Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

The Mickey Mouse sign in 18F-FDOPA PET: significance and clinical usefulness in idiopathic Parkinson disease (EANM 2025) - "One hour after Carbidopa premedication, patients were injected with 3 MBq/kg of 18F-FDOPA and scanned 90 minutes later...However, within the PD group, SN uptake was significantly lower on the side contralateral to the predominant clinical side (2.06 ± 0.47 vs 2.13 ± 0.47; p>0.001). Conclusion When dopaminergic innervation of the striatum is low in PD: (i) SN uptake remains unchanged (becomes asymmetric) but is more visually detectable; (ii) furthermore, PAG uptake increases due to upregulation of the aminoacid decarboxylase activity in serotoninergic neurons.These results explain the MM landmark of PD visual analysis, confirm its diagnostic usefulness and opens the way to PAG serotoninergic evaluation with 18F-FDOPA PET"

Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Essential Tremor • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Targeting Kynureninase Attenuates Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury via MAPK Signaling Suppression. (PubMed, Mediators Inflamm) - "Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of KYNU using carbidopa (CBP) significantly mitigated radiation-induced epithelial injury in vitro...These findings demonstrate, that KYNU plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RIII and that its inhibition confers protection against intestinal damage by suppressing MAPK-mediated inflammatory responses. Targeting KYNU may thus offer a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of RIII."

Journal • Inflammation • KYNU • MAPK8

Rasagiline Inhibits Human Melanoma Cell Viability and Interacts Synergistically with Mitoxantrone and Antagonistically with Cisplatin-In Vitro Isobolographic Studies. (PubMed, Cancers (Basel)) - " The anti-proliferative effects of carbidopa and rasagiline on four human malignant melanoma cell lines (A375, SK-MEL28, FM55P and FM55M2) were determined in MTT assay. Rasagiline combined with MTX exerted the most desirable synergistic interactions in relation to the anti-proliferative effects in four malignant melanoma cell lines, as assessed isobolographically. In contrast, rasagiline should not be combined with CDDP during the treatment of malignant melanoma due to the antagonistic interactions in the MTT assay."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Melanoma • Movement Disorders • Oncology • Parkinson's Disease • Solid Tumor

5-HTP only: Effects of 5HTP on the Injured Human Spinal Cord (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2/3 | N=30 | Recruiting | Sponsor: University of Alberta | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 ➔ Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2025 ➔ Jun 2026

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • CNS Disorders • Musculoskeletal Diseases • Orthopedics

α-Hydrazino acids inhibit pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylases via 'catalytically correct' ketoenamine tautomers: Is this a special motif for chemical biology and drug discovery? (ACS-Fall 2025) - "High resolution cryo-EM structures of the H. alvei LdcI holoenzyme (pdb 9E0M-2.1Å) and LdcI-bound L- and D-hydrazones (pdb 9E0O-2.0 Å; pdb 9E0Q-2.3 Å) and the first X-ray crystal structure of hDdc-bound carbidopa (pdb 9GNS-1.93Å) support this 'correct tautomer' model. These insights are expected to guide future PLP enzyme inhibitor development."

CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Cognitive outcomes of infusion therapies in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive systematic review. (PubMed, Parkinsonism Relat Disord) - "The cognitive effects of device-aided treatments in PD show substantial variability, and their impact on cognitive function, processing speed, attention, and memory is inconsistent, with some studies reporting impairments and others indicating stability or slight improvements. The heterogeneity in study designs, neuropsychological assessments and coexisting vascular and amyloid pathology further complicates interpretation, underscoring the need for more controlled investigations."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Green, innovative oral capsules of three anti-Parkinson's drugs: formulation, in vitro evaluation, and robust RP-HPLC validation. (PubMed, Anal Methods) - "However, the long-term use of LEV is often complicated by motor fluctuations and dyskinesias, necessitating adjunct therapies such as carbidopa (CAR) and safinamide (SAF) to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects. The greenness profile of the method was rigorously evaluated using the NEMI, AGP, ESA, AGREE, and MoGAPI methods. Furthermore, the blueness of the technique was studied using the BAGI method, confirming its alignment with green analytical chemistry principles."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease