carbidopa / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Baseline AHR expression shapes immune response to pharmacological modulation in PBMCs from pancreatic cancer patients. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with PDAC and healthy donors were isolated and treated ex vivo with two AHR agonists (Carbidopa and Tapinarof) and one antagonist (BAY 2416964). Baseline AHR expression critically shapes the immune response to pharmacological modulation in PBMCs from PDAC patients. These findings suggest that AHR profiling may serve as a clinically relevant biomarker for stratifying patients and guiding personalized immunotherapy approaches for PDAC."

IO biomarker • Journal • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma • Solid Tumor • AHR • IL10 • PD-1 • PD-L1

High-dose carbidopa achieves sustained levodopa pharmacokinetics and efficacy in Parkinson's disease models. (PubMed, J Pharm Pharmacol) - "High-dose carbidopa co-administration is a promising approach to achieve sustained clinical efficacy of levodopa while mitigating the risk of motor complications."

Journal • PK/PD data • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • COMT

Evaluating dispensing patterns of Parkinson's medications from 2012 to 2024 in Australia: insights from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme concessional database. (PubMed, J Prim Health Care) - "The findings highlighted a preference for Levodopa-based therapies, combined with Benserazide or Carbidopa, and suggest shifts in prescription patterns. By identifying the dispensing patterns of Parkinson's medication, the study contributes to developing treatment trends for further analysis of these medications' distribution and consumption."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

L-dopa induced iron accumulation in the ventral midbrain: the roles of sex and iron repletion (Neuroscience 2025) - "Vehicle (0.1% ascorbic acid), carbidopa+L-DOPA (5/20 mg/kg), or selegiline (0.3mg/kg) was administered via subcutaneous injection in all groups. These findings suggest that L-DOPA administration under iron-depleted-repleted conditions disrupts iron homeostasis by promoting iron uptake and reducing iron storage capacity, particularly in males. This sex-specific vulnerability to iron accumulation highlights the need for personalized PD therapies that consider both iron status and biological sex."

CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • GFAP • TFRC

Docking-MD Polypharmacy Screening Study of Loop D of Human Aquaporin 1 (KIDNEY WEEK 2025) - "The results necessitate experimental validation but could represent new adjunctive options in the treatment of some cancers and compounds to avoid in peritoneal dialysis. The best docked position of famotidine (A), carbidopa (B), lisinopril (C), and bendroflumethiazide (D) with loop D of human AQP1."

AQP1

ENHANCEMENT OF STROKE REHABILITATION WITH LEVODOPA – SIX-MONTH RESULTS FROM THE ESTREL TRIAL (WSC 2025) - "A total of 610 participants were enrolled within 7 days of stroke onset and randomized to receive either levodopa (100 mg) and carbidopa (25 mg) or placebo, three times daily for 39 days, alongside standardized rehabilitation...Six-month outcome data are now available and will be presented at the conference.ConclusionsThe ESTREL trial is of high impact due to its potential to establish levodopa as an adjunctive treatment in stroke rehabilitation, addressing a critical gap in current stroke recovery strategies. If positive results are observed, it may lead to significant improvements in patient outcomes and rehabilitation practices."

Cardiovascular • Cerebral Hemorrhage • Hematological Disorders

Modeling Levodopa Resistance in Parkinson's Disease: A Novel Approach Targeting Locus Coeruleus Degeneration (MDS Congress 2025) - "LD therapy (100 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg carbidopa, i.p.) was assessed for efficacy... This clinically relevant PD model successfully replicates LD resistance by integrating LC degeneration, reinforcing the role of noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways in PD pathophysiology. It provides a valuable preclinical toolfor testing adjunct therapies aimed at optimizing LD response in PD patients. Figure 1"

CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

A Phase I Study of TR-012001, a Nasal Levodopa, in Healthy Adult Japanese Male Subjects (MDS Congress 2025) - "TR-012001 was administered in a fasted state after the oral administration of carbidopa (CD; 50 mg/dose, 3 doses every 8 h). This study demonstrated the safety, tolerability, and rapid LD nasal absorption of TR-012001 in healthy subjects, which supports its further clinical development as a new ODT option for PD. This work was previously presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Neurology (May 21–24, 2025)."

Clinical • P1 data • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Green analytical methods for simultaneous determination of levodopa, carbidopa, and benserazide in Parkinson's drugs: The preferable superiority of the capillary electrophoresis comparing to the standard high performance liquid chromatography. (PubMed, J Chromatogr A) - "The greenness degree of the developed procedures was evaluated using the AGREE metric, with CE-C4D achieving a higher score (0.74) compared to HPLC-DAD (0.58), attributed to reduced reagent consumption, shorter analysis times (10 min vs. 15 min), and lower energy use. These methods were successfully applied to analysis of commercial drug samples, demonstrating comparable performance to confirm a prefer in favour for CE studies in terms of offering enhanced environmental sustainability and efficiency for routine pharmaceutical analysis."

Head-to-Head • Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

The Mickey Mouse sign in 18F-FDOPA PET: significance and clinical usefulness in idiopathic Parkinson disease (EANM 2025) - "One hour after Carbidopa premedication, patients were injected with 3 MBq/kg of 18F-FDOPA and scanned 90 minutes later...However, within the PD group, SN uptake was significantly lower on the side contralateral to the predominant clinical side (2.06 ± 0.47 vs 2.13 ± 0.47; p>0.001). Conclusion When dopaminergic innervation of the striatum is low in PD: (i) SN uptake remains unchanged (becomes asymmetric) but is more visually detectable; (ii) furthermore, PAG uptake increases due to upregulation of the aminoacid decarboxylase activity in serotoninergic neurons.These results explain the MM landmark of PD visual analysis, confirm its diagnostic usefulness and opens the way to PAG serotoninergic evaluation with 18F-FDOPA PET"

Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Essential Tremor • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Targeting Kynureninase Attenuates Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury via MAPK Signaling Suppression. (PubMed, Mediators Inflamm) - "Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of KYNU using carbidopa (CBP) significantly mitigated radiation-induced epithelial injury in vitro...These findings demonstrate, that KYNU plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RIII and that its inhibition confers protection against intestinal damage by suppressing MAPK-mediated inflammatory responses. Targeting KYNU may thus offer a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of RIII."

Journal • Inflammation • KYNU • MAPK8

Rasagiline Inhibits Human Melanoma Cell Viability and Interacts Synergistically with Mitoxantrone and Antagonistically with Cisplatin-In Vitro Isobolographic Studies. (PubMed, Cancers (Basel)) - " The anti-proliferative effects of carbidopa and rasagiline on four human malignant melanoma cell lines (A375, SK-MEL28, FM55P and FM55M2) were determined in MTT assay. Rasagiline combined with MTX exerted the most desirable synergistic interactions in relation to the anti-proliferative effects in four malignant melanoma cell lines, as assessed isobolographically. In contrast, rasagiline should not be combined with CDDP during the treatment of malignant melanoma due to the antagonistic interactions in the MTT assay."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Melanoma • Movement Disorders • Oncology • Parkinson's Disease • Solid Tumor

5-HTP only: Effects of 5HTP on the Injured Human Spinal Cord (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2/3 | N=30 | Recruiting | Sponsor: University of Alberta | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 ➔ Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2025 ➔ Jun 2026

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • CNS Disorders • Musculoskeletal Diseases • Orthopedics

α-Hydrazino acids inhibit pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylases via 'catalytically correct' ketoenamine tautomers: Is this a special motif for chemical biology and drug discovery? (ACS-Fall 2025) - "High resolution cryo-EM structures of the H. alvei LdcI holoenzyme (pdb 9E0M-2.1Å) and LdcI-bound L- and D-hydrazones (pdb 9E0O-2.0 Å; pdb 9E0Q-2.3 Å) and the first X-ray crystal structure of hDdc-bound carbidopa (pdb 9GNS-1.93Å) support this 'correct tautomer' model. These insights are expected to guide future PLP enzyme inhibitor development."

CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Cognitive outcomes of infusion therapies in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive systematic review. (PubMed, Parkinsonism Relat Disord) - "The cognitive effects of device-aided treatments in PD show substantial variability, and their impact on cognitive function, processing speed, attention, and memory is inconsistent, with some studies reporting impairments and others indicating stability or slight improvements. The heterogeneity in study designs, neuropsychological assessments and coexisting vascular and amyloid pathology further complicates interpretation, underscoring the need for more controlled investigations."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Green, innovative oral capsules of three anti-Parkinson's drugs: formulation, in vitro evaluation, and robust RP-HPLC validation. (PubMed, Anal Methods) - "However, the long-term use of LEV is often complicated by motor fluctuations and dyskinesias, necessitating adjunct therapies such as carbidopa (CAR) and safinamide (SAF) to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects. The greenness profile of the method was rigorously evaluated using the NEMI, AGP, ESA, AGREE, and MoGAPI methods. Furthermore, the blueness of the technique was studied using the BAGI method, confirming its alignment with green analytical chemistry principles."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

A phase I study to evaluate the effect of high-dose carbidopa on levodopa pharmacokinetics. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "In conclusion, higher carbidopa doses are tolerable, and the effect of carbidopa on levodopa half-life is limited. https://jrct.mhlw.go.jp/en-latest-detail/jRCT2051200104, registry number jRCT2051200104."

Journal • P1 data • PK/PD data • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

CAD (Cath. a-Differentiated) Cells Produce Dopamine along with Dopamine-Synthesizing Enzymes. (PubMed, Neurochem Res) - "L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), the DA precursor, increased DA production, while carbidopa, an AAAD inhibitor, decreased its production...Taken together, differentiated CAD cells possess the capability to synthesize DA and express DA-synthesizing enzymes. In addition, Mn caused DAergic toxicity in CAD cells, suggesting that CAD cells are suitable for studying DAergic neurotoxicity."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Exploration of Drugs Associated With the Development of Bullous Pemphigoid: A Nationwide Study. (PubMed, J Dermatol) - "Among the candidate drugs, anti-diabetic medications, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors and sulfonylureas, neuropsychiatric drugs such as benserazide and carbidopa (used for Parkinson's disease) and donepezil and memantine (for Alzheimer's disease), increased the risk of DABP. Conversely, several anti-inflammatory medications, including meloxicam and celecoxib and lipid-lowering agents, such as rosuvastatin and atorvastatin, have been found to lower the risk of DABP. Lastly, diazepam, diltiazem, and Ginkgo biloba extracts exhibited protective effects against DABP development. This nationwide study, employing an unbiased analysis of all medications in our country, highlights a substantial number of medications linked to the development of DABP. Our study provides practical insights for drug selection to prevent the development of DABP in elderly patients."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • Bullous Pemphigoid • CNS Disorders • Dermatology • Dermatopathology • Immunology • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry

Sublingual Crushed Levodopa for Parkinson's Disease Management of a Lewy Body Dementia Patient With Dysphagia: A Case Report. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Symptom improvement and resolution were observed within two hours of the sublingual dose, and the patient was able to tolerate oral medications thereafter. This case demonstrates that sublingual administration of levodopa/carbidopa may be a practical and effective alternative approach for managing parkinsonian symptoms in patients with dysphagia."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Infectious Disease • Lewy Body Disease • Movement Disorders • Nephrology • Parkinson's Disease

Carbidopa ameliorates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance by suppressing gut-derived tryptamine/phenethylamine and systemic 5-HT levels. (PubMed, Biochem Biophys Res Commun) - "These findings identify the gut microbiota-tryptamine/phenethylamine-5-HT axis as a pivotal pathway in IR pathogenesis and position carbidopa as a promising therapeutic candidate for metabolic disorders. Further clinical investigations are needed to validate its translational potential in T2DM management."

Journal • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Reversible Parkinsonism: A Rare Complication of Mycoplasma Pneumonia Infection (ASM Microbe 2025) - "The patient presented to the emergency department after new aphasia, ataxia and altered mental status following two weeks of cough, fever and malaise treated with amoxicillin...CSF was collected before empiric treatment with ceftriaxone...IgM serologies for MP were positive, and he was additionally started on azithromycin...He was treated symptomatically with diazepam, Carbidopa/Levidopa, Trihexyphenidyl, clonazepam, biotin and thiamine with gradual improvement...After antibiosis, deficits may persist due to post-infective autoimmune disease or damaged brain structures which may be identified on repeat imaging. Most cases are reversible and can be treated supportively as brain structures heal."

Ataxia • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Cough • Epilepsy • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Movement Disorders • Pain • Parkinson's Disease • Pediatrics • Pneumonia • Respiratory Diseases

A prospective, single-arm, multicenter Phase Ib/II clinical study of liposomal irinotecan combined with capecitabine and bevacizumab for the first-line treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (ChiCTR) - P1/2 | N=48 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Zhejiang Cancer Hospital; Zhejiang Cancer Hospital

New P1/2 trial • Colorectal Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor

α-Hydrazino Acids Inhibit Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Decarboxylases via "Catalytically Correct" Ketoenamine Tautomers: A Special Motif for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery? (PubMed, ACS Catal) - "High-resolution cryo-EM structures of the H. alvei LdcI holoenzyme (pdb 9E0M-2.1Å) and LdcI-bound l- and d-hydrazones (pdb 9E0O-2.0 Å; pdb 9E0Q-2.3Å) and the first X-ray crystal structure of hDdc-bound carbidopa (pdb 9GNS-1.93Å) support this 'correct tautomer' model. These insights are expected to guide future PLP enzyme inhibitor development."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Association between the use of levodopa/carbidopa, Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, and cognitive decline among participants in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set. (PubMed, Alzheimers Dement) - "LA/CA is associated with lower levels of CSF biomarkers for AD. This effect is not observed when other antiparkinsonian drugs are used. LA/CA is also associated with delayed progression to dementia by AD patients with MCI."

Biomarker • Clinical • Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • APOE