Lenocta (sodium stibogluconate) / VioQuest - LARVOL DELTA

Insights into genetic heterogeneity and drug resistance in Leishmania donovani of the Indian sub-continent from genomic data. (PubMed, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek) - "Further, ATP-binding cassette family, Amastin-like surface proteins, A2 genes, amino acid permeases, heat shock 70-related protein 1, mitochondrial precursor, putative, partial and sodium stibogluconate resistance protein, putative proteins were those that exhibited the maximum number of mutations amid all the analyzed samples...Most of these proteins are involved in the virulence and drug resistant mechanism (like transporter proteins). The present study provides the possible candidates which can be targeted to disarm the virulence of the protozoan and drug candidates for therapeutic interventions."

Heterogeneity • Journal • Infectious Disease

Surgical management as initial treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis: An example using a case of Leishmania panamensis infection. (PubMed, IDCases) - "The cutaneous form typically presents as chronic granulomatous papules or plaques on the face, arms, or legs, which may be nodular or ulcerative and can persist for years, often leaving disfiguring scars1.Treatment generally involves systemic antimonials such as sodium stibogluconate or alternative agents including pentamidine, amphotericin B, and paromomycin2-4. Surgical management is typically reserved for cosmetically sensitive areas or refractory lesions5-6. We present a case of L. panamensis infection with a large ulcerated plaque that progressed despite initial surgical intervention, ultimately requiring systemic antimicrobial therapy7."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

The effect of treatment with a non-ionic surfactant vesicular formulation of sodium stibogluconate on host immune responses and serum metabolites in a murine model of Leishmania donovani. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani, is associated with parasite-induced immunological and physiological changes that ensure the survival of amastigotes within the host. Additionally, glycine and ribitol show promise as immune correlates for antiparasitic therapies. These findings highlight the diagnostic and prognostic potential of serum-derived metabolites in monitoring host immune responses to VL and treatment."

Biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • CD4 • CD8 • IFNG • IL10 • IL12A • IL4 • TGFB1

Ciprofloxacin Intralesional Injection for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Compared to Sodium Stibogluconate (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=80 | Recruiting | Sponsor: Al-Mustafa University College | Trial completion date: May 2025 ➔ Nov 2025 | Trial primary completion date: May 2025 ➔ Nov 2025

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

Immunohistochemical Characterisation of Innate Immune Cellular Responses in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani. (PubMed, Trop Med Int Health) - "Our findings suggest that early innate immune responses, particularly M1 macrophage polarisation, keratinocyte activation, and Langerhans cell involvement, contribute to treatment success in Sri Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani, highlighting localised mechanisms of protective immunity."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • CD163 • CD1a • CD68 • PTPRC • SPP1

A Five-Year Review of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases and the Rare Need for Systemic Treatment: A Case Report (EADV 2025) - "Most cases of leishmaniasis can be managed with intralesional injections, an area in which we have considerable experience (Figure 3). However, when indicated, systemic treatment should be initiated. Potential serious side effects, such as cardiac arrhythmia and pancreatitis, make patient selection and treatment follow-up critical."

Case report • Clinical • Review • Cardiovascular • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • Pancreatitis

A Study to Assess Immune Response Status in Patients Before and After Treatment for Visceral Leishmaniasis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=216 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: University of York | Trial completion date: Mar 2025 ➔ Mar 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2024 ➔ May 2025

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Infectious Disease

Experiences of Individuals with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Receiving Intralesional Sodium Stibogluconate or Liquid Nitrogen Cryotherapy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia-A Cross-Sectional Study. (PubMed, Trop Med Infect Dis) - "Local LCL treatment is painful, and most individuals experience significant pain. This study highlights the need for less painful but effective treatments, structured training, and clear standard operating procedures."

Journal • Observational data • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • Pain

Microbial diversity in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and potential implications for disease progression and treatment outcomes. (PubMed, BMC Res Notes) - "Staphylococcus aureus was associated with the longest lesion duration (up to 12 months) and extended treatment (15 cycles of intralesional sodium stibogluconate and cryotherapy)...Integrating microbial profiling into clinical protocols may enhance treatment efficacy and inform personalized care strategies. However, the limited sample size and convenience-based recruitment may affect the generalizability of these findings, and the potential influence of bacterial colonization on treatment response warrants further investigation in larger cohorts."

Journal • Dermatology • Diabetes • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders

Spatial Epidemiology of Clinical Forms of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Treatment Practice: Evidence from Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, Northwest Ethiopia. (PubMed, Iran J Parasitol) - "Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) remained the primary treatment choice for patients...The symmetrical distribution of cases in districts studied could increase the attention of clinicians and enhance management strategies. Extended disease durations necessitated specialized treatments for clinical transitions."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

LXE408 for Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, a Proof of Concept Study (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=52 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Drugs for Neglected Diseases | Recruiting ➔ Active, not recruiting

Enrollment closed • Infectious Disease

Integrated diagnosis and successful treatment of imported old world cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional sodium stibogluconate in china: a case report. (PubMed, Parasitol Res) - "Based on microbiological, histopathological, and PCR results, the patient was diagnosed with Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. After receiving two sessions of intralesional pentavalent antimonial treatment, the patient was left with only a minor scar and experienced negligible side effects, except for moderate aching during therapy."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • Pain

Epidemiological insights and clinical management of paediatric kala-azar in Shanxi Province (2014-2023): retrospective analysis of case characteristics and therapeutic strategies. (PubMed, BMJ Paediatr Open) - "To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes, clinicians are advised to thoroughly investigate the medical and travel history of paediatric patients. For suspected cases, enhanced diagnostic methods, including serum antibody testing and bone marrow aspiration smear examinations, should be employed to minimise misdiagnoses and missed cases. Sodium stibogluconate or amphotericin B is recommended for confirmed cases to optimise prognosis."

Journal • Retrospective data • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Infectious Disease • Leukopenia • Pediatrics • Respiratory Diseases • Septic Shock

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan. (PubMed, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg) - "In the public sector, only injectable antimonials, sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate, are available and, anecdotally, efficacy remains high. Few clinical trials have been conducted in Afghanistan and data support antimonial efficacy; small clinical series suggest good efficacy of oral miltefosine against the two main species. Herein, we focus our review on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of CL in Afghanistan and suggest avenues of future research."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania major in Immunocompetent Sudanese Child. (PubMed, Am J Trop Med Hyg) - "The patient was initially treated with intramuscular sodium stibogluconate (10 mg/kg) for 1 month, with no significant improvement. Subsequently, intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) was administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg daily in dextrose 5% for 14 days...Treatment was extended for an additional 40 days. The patient showed full recovery, with healed lesions leaving scars."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

Infectious skin diseases among global refugee and migrant population: A Systematic Review (AAD 2025) - "Effective treatments included rifampin, dapsone, and clofazimine for leprosy; miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate for cutaneous leishmaniasis; and itraconazole for mycetoma. Targeted dermatological interventions are crucial for refugee and migrant populations. Emphasizing timely diagnosis, access to care, and preventative measures can improve outcomes and guide evidence-based care for these patients."

Clinical • Review • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

Ciprofloxacin Intralesional Injection for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Compared to Sodium Stibogluconate (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=80 | Recruiting | Sponsor: Al-Mustafa University College

New P2 trial • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Masquerading as Diabetic Foot: A Call for Vigilance. (PubMed, Acta Dermatovenerol Croat) - "The patient is currently under treatment with systemic sodium stibogluconate (pentostam)...They believed that biopsies are indispensable in the microbiology workup of specific pathogens such as mycobacteria, Leishmania, actinomycetes, Nocardia ssp., or molds (5). The present case highlights the importance of proper investigation of foot ulcer and the importance of considering the diagnosis of leishmaniasis, particularly in endemic areas."

Journal • Dermatology • Diabetes • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Mood Disorders • Oncology • Pain • Vasculitis

Comparative assessment of colorimetric assays in evaluating intracellular drug susceptibility of Leishmania tropica against conventional antileishmanial drugs. (PubMed, Parasitol Int) - "Intracellular drug susceptibility of CL isolates was subsequently assessed in a macrophage/amastigote model by infecting THP-1 macrophages with promastigotes from both reference and patient isolates, followed by treatment with MA, sodium stibogluconate (SSG), miltefosine (MTF), pentamidine (PMD), and amphotericin B (AmB)...Expanding the isolate set is necessary to further evaluate the predictive value of SbV (pentavalent antimonials) susceptibility for treatment outcomes. The identification of XTT as the most sensitive method for intracellular antileishmanial susceptibility testing is expected to aid in standardizing laboratory models and provide valuable insights for researchers and clinicians managing treatment-unresponsive CL cases."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

Hematological profile among cutaneous leishmaniasis patients before and after treatment with sodium stibogluconate in Diyala, Iraq. (PubMed, J Infect Dev Ctries) - "The current data gave an insight into certain hematological factors regarding WBC subtypes, along with cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. In addition, the anti-Leishmania IgG may be considered a marker for therapeutic monitoring."

Journal • Dermatology • Hematological Disorders • Infectious Disease

Combination Therapy for Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: A Literature Review of Current Evidence. (PubMed, Indian J Dermatol) - "Drug combinations used in India were miltefosine-liposomal amphotericin-B, miltefosine-paromomycin, miltefosine-amphotericin-B, sodium stibogluconate (SSG)-immunotherapy and SSG-rifampicin. Therefore, multicentric randomized controlled trials with a sufficiently large sample size are urgently needed to verify the efficacy, safety, and other advantages of combination therapies for PKDL. With the availability of liposomal amphotericin-B, miltefosine and immunotherapy, clinical management of PKDL appears promising."

Combination therapy • Journal • Review • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • Pain

A Study to Assess Immune Response Status in Patients Before and After Treatment for Visceral Leishmaniasis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=216 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: University of York | Recruiting ➔ Active, not recruiting

Enrollment closed • Infectious Disease

Treatment of Refractory Mucosal Leishmaniasis Is Associated with Parasite Overexpression of HSP70 and ATPase and Reduced Host Hydrogen Peroxide Production (Brief Report). (PubMed, Biomedicines) - "We hypothesise that these parasite molecules may be linked to the impairment of host parasiticidal responses, resulting in Leishmania persistence in ML patients."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Characterizing Leishmania infantum-induced resistance to trivalent stibogluconate (SbIII) through deep proteomics. (PubMed, J Proteomics) - "In this study, we aimed to investigate resistance to trivalent sodium stibogluconate in vitro using promastigotes from a wild strain of L. infantum...Results showed a complex proteomic adaptation in the resistant line, involving transcriptional and translational proteins, energy compensation, and homeostasis maintenance. These insights contribute to understanding the molecular adaptation in the parasite and provide information to new investigations related to therapeutics development."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders

Comparison of the efficacy of Intralesional Injections of Meglumine Antimoniate Versus Metronidazole in patients presenting with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis at tertiary care hospital, Karachi Pakistan (EADV 2024) - "Pentavalent antimony compounds like sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate are the preferred therapies for leishmaniasis... Meglumine antimoniate injections intralesionally have demonstrated an improved degree of cure in terms of the lesions ’ decreased size and induration. Treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis with this approach is painless, simple to use, effective, and has few adverse effects."

Clinical • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • Pain