isoflurane / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

IL-6 and ferritin levels predict the severity of cytopenia post CAR T-cell treatment with axi-cel for B cell lymphoma (ASH 2025) - "In multivariate analysis, IL-6 was the only significant factor foranemia (OR=2.95, 95% CI 1.1-7.8, P=0.02), and ferritin was the only significant factor for prolongedthrombocytopenia (OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.3-9.8, P=0.01). CAR T-cell therapy is associated with significant cytopenias, with IL-6 and ferritin levels as key predictorsof anemia and thrombocytopenia, respectively. Pre-treatment factors such as recent chemotherapy andbone marrow involvement further increase the risk of cytopenias. These findings highlight the need fortailored monitoring and management strategies to mitigate hematologic toxicities in CAR T-cell therapypatients."

CAR T-Cell Therapy • B Cell Lymphoma • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Neutropenia • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Thrombocytopenia • IL6

Activated factor IX Ρadua delivered via adeno-associated virus enhances therapeutic efficacy in hemophilia B (ASH 2025) - "Male Hemophilia B mice were treated via retro-orbital injection under isofluraneanesthesia with 4×107, 4×108, or 4×109 vg/kg of scAAV8.hFIXaR338Lopt...The novel vector, scAAV8.hFIXaR338Lopt,achieved robust hemostatic corrections in both Hemophilia B mice and a canine model at substantiallylower doses than previously reported. These findings highlight a potentially safer and more cost-effectiveAAV gene therapy approach for Hemophilia B.(All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of UNC-ChapelHill.)"

Clinical • Gene Therapies • Hematological Disorders • Hemophilia • Hemophilia B • Mood Disorders • Rare Diseases • Thrombosis

Dysfunction of the neurovascular unit (NVU) presents a novel indicator for CNS injury after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASH 2025) - "Animals were imaged with a 7T MRI scanner under 1.5%isoflurane anesthesia on days 7, 14, 28, and 42 post-transplantation and compared to age-matcheduntreated controls... Our results suggest regional structural abnormalities and reduced CBF perfusion involvingstructures of cognition and memory along with alterations in neurovascular unit components afterallogeneic HSCT, potentially providing the stage for neurotoxicity and cognitive defects, and allowing forthe development of novel preventive and therapeutic interventions."

Acute Graft versus Host Disease • Anesthesia • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Cognitive Disorders • Graft versus Host Disease • Immunology • Transplantation • FAP • GFAP

Integrative metabolomics and machine learning reveal diagnostic biomarkers for gelsenicine intoxication. (PubMed, J Ethnopharmacol) - "By combining untargeted metabolomics with ML, a classification model based on creatinine, Val-Ser, and Tyr-Phe was established. The model effectively distinguishes GFI from multiple hypoxia-related deaths and demonstrates high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, indicating its potential for forensic precision identification and clinical diagnosis of gelsenicine poisoning."

Biomarker • Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Inflammation • Pain • Psychiatry

Evaluating sedation strategies in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis of inhaled versus intravenous agents. (PubMed, J Clin Anesth) - "Inhaled sedation with volatile anesthetics may offer advantages over intravenous sedation in reducing ICU stay and mechanical ventilation duration in ARDS patients. However, the associated alterations in gas exchange parameters warrant cautious interpretation. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings and to optimize sedation strategies in this population."

Journal • Retrospective data • Review • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Anesthesia • Critical care • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Preventive Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats via Modulation of Microglial Differentiation: An Experimental Animal Study. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "This study evaluated the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a flavonoid, on postoperative cognitive dysfunction by modulating microglial phenotype expression in aged rats following general anesthesia with isoflurane...Additionally, M1 phenotype activation was significantly lower (30.03 ± 7.73% vs. 51.00 ± 9.83%, p < 0.001), and M2 phenotype activation was significantly higher (17.61 ± 5.52% vs. 5.99 ± 2.46%, p < 0.001) in the EGCG group than in the control group. In summary, pre-anesthetic administration of EGCG modulated microglial phenotype differentiation, reduced neuronal damage, and improved postoperative cognitive function in aged rats following general anesthesia."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Cognitive Disorders • Inflammation

Perioperative management of a miniature donkey undergoing surgical femoral head ostectomy. (PubMed, Vet Anaesth Analg) - "Anesthetic premedication consisted of intravenous (IV) romifidine and butorphanol, followed by induction of anesthesia with IV ketamine and midazolam and maintenance with isoflurane carried in oxygen...At 4 hours after the block was performed, 80 minutes after recovery from anesthesia, the Donkey Pain Scale score was elevated (6/11), and the donkey was treated with IV morphine (0.4 mg kg-1)...At 12 weeks after surgery, the owner reported good comfort and mobility while walking, with ambulation facilitated with a wooden shoe to compensate for limb length difference. The report describes use of the GIN & TONIC block to provide effective perioperative analgesia for a successful femoral head ostectomy."

Journal • Anesthesia • Muscular Atrophy • Pain

A randomized trial of bupivacaine liposomal injectable suspension shows reduced need for postoperative analgesic rescue in dogs undergoing enucleation. (PubMed, J Am Vet Med Assoc) - "Dogs were premedicated with hydromorphone and acepromazine, induced with propofol, and maintained with isoflurane...Oral meloxicam was administered after the 8-hour time point...Treatment with BLIS reduced the need for rescue analgesia, and these dogs were more likely to have lower pain scores. BLIS may be useful as part of a multimodal pain management plan in dogs undergoing enucleation when administered as a peri-incisional eyelid block."

Journal • Pain

Impact of desflurane versus isoflurane on early cognitive function of the elderly undergoing lumbar surgery: a randomized clinical trial. (PubMed, BMC Anesthesiol) - P=N/A | "Desflurane had less impact on postoperative cognitive function of the elderly patients and had less interference with expression of LINC01844. The relative level of LINC01844 in peripheral blood may be a potential biomarker for POCD."

Clinical • Journal • Anesthesia • Cognitive Disorders

An electrical pulse artifact signal for estimating arterial blood pressure: a proof-of-concept study. (PubMed, Physiol Meas) - " Approach: In isoflurane anesthetized rats (n = 10, male), the right common carotid artery was instrumented with a multi-contact cuff electrode to acquire the artifact signal - termed the electro-vascular-gram (EVG) and the contralateral common carotid artery was catheterized to measure intra-arterial BP... Significance: This proof-of-concept study supports the feasibility of using an implantable electrode and machine learning models for potentially measuring arterial BP in continuous fashion. Further system development is warranted prior to clinical translation.&#xD."

Journal • Anesthesia • Cardiovascular • Hypertension

Circuit-level dynamics and propagation of slow wave activity modulate their interplay during the awakening process. (PubMed, iScience) - "We address this topic by recording multi-area and laminar activity in posterior parietal (PPC) and primary visual (V1) cortices of mice spontaneously awakening from isoflurane anesthesia...Detailing the hierarchical and laminar properties of spontaneous traveling oscillations, we provide evidence that SWA is a multiscale phenomenon. Explicating the functional role of these processes is critical to understand the neuronal mechanisms of consciousness."

Journal • Anesthesia • Sleep Disorder

Differential Effect of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Cardiac Angiogenesis Regulator: The Role of mRNA HIF-1α and Its Negative Regulators of In Vivo Study. (PubMed, Cardiol Res Pract) - "At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed 1 h (acute group) and 24 h (chronic group) after exercise using isoflurane anesthesia, followed by cervical dislocation...Chronic moderate-intensity exercise upregulates the expression of HIF-1α negative regulators (PHD and FIH) in the myocardium, suggesting a shift from acute hypoxia-driven responses to oxygen-dependent regulation. These findings offer insight into the molecular adaptations of cardiac tissue to prolonged exercise and their potential role in angiogenesis regulation."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Cardiovascular • HIF1A

Anesthetic-induced epigenetic alterations: mechanisms and long-term clinical implications. (PubMed, Epigenetics) - "Common anesthetics, including propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and local or regional agents, trigger epigenetic alterations. Future studies should prioritize large-scale human trials, detailed mechanistic insights, and identification of epigenetic biomarkers to guide safer anesthetic development. This review highlights anesthesia's broader systemic consequences, extending beyond immediate cognitive impacts, and underscores its relevance to personalized medicine."

Journal • Review • Anesthesia • Cognitive Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Inflammation • Pediatrics

Persistent dysmorphology and dysfunction of the brain microvasculature following repeated trauma. (PubMed, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab) - "To elucidate the underlying biological substrates, we leveraged two-photon fluorescence microscopy resonant scanning and our recently developed deep-learning based pipeline to evaluate the cerebrovascular network in the subacute stage following three intact-skull cortical impacts in adult mice under low isoflurane...Downstream, the mild impacts resulted in attenuation of hypercapnia-induced cortical capillaries' flow increase while the moderate impacts cohort showed no ipsicontusional capillary flow response. Sustained aberrations in brain microvasculature post-trauma may underlie the persistence of symptoms and mediate susceptibility to further injury."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Vascular Neurology

Sodium acetate and sodium butyrate ameliorate postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats by suppressing inflammation and ferroptosis via inhibition of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. (PubMed, Brain Res Bull) - "NaA and NaB ameliorate POCD in aged rats by mitigating hippocampal inflammation and ferroptosis, potentially via inhibition of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Cognitive Disorders • Inflammation • CGAS • DMRT1 • FTH1 • FTL • GPX4 • IL17A • IL1B • IL6 • SLC7A11 • TFRC • TNFA

Multidimensional dynamic optical imaging unveils anesthetic-driven hemispheric lateralization in blood-brain barrier homeostasis. (PubMed, Sci Adv) - "We found that isoflurane facilitates hemispheric lateralization in BBB permeability, leading to different responses between the left and right hemispheres...Our results indicate that the left hemisphere enhances its self-protective mechanisms by disrupting the balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion, resulting in structural changes in mitochondria and reduced ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) production, which are crucial for maintaining BBB homeostasis. This study offers insights into the molecular pathways that regulate BBB integrity and their potential implications for drug delivery."

Journal • Anesthesia

Effects of repeated early life anesthesia exposure on visual system development in mice. (PubMed, Anesthesiology) - "These findings indicate that early repeated exposure to general anesthesia disrupts visual system maturation in mice and suggest that altered tissue-type plasminogen activator pathways may contribute to these effects, identifying tPA as a potential marker of anesthesia-related neurodevelopmental vulnerability. Additional experimental work will be required to further support this association and clarify its underlying mechanisms."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Inflammation

Analysis of serum biomarkers associated with pain in Spanish greyhounds undergoing ovariohysterectomy. (PubMed, Vet Rec) - "Although glutamate, CGRP and cortisol levels fluctuated over time-with glutamate and CGRP peaking at T0-baseline-none proved useful for assessing postoperative pain compared with conventional clinical parameters."

Biomarker • Journal • Gynecology • Pain

Novel and emerging anesthetic drugs for the treatments of major depression: a comprehensive review of efficacy, mechanism, and outlook. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "Clinical and preclinical studies increasingly support the antidepressant potential of several anesthetic agents, including ketamine, propofol, nitrous oxide (N2O), sevoflurane, and isoflurane. This review summarizes recent advances in both experimental and clinical research on the antidepressant effects of anesthetics, highlighting their underlying molecular and neural mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and current limitations. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational evidence, this article provides new perspectives and serves as a reference for future research aimed at developing safe and effective anesthetic-based therapies for treatment-resistant depression."

Journal • Review • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Depression • Inflammation • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Effects of anesthetic agents on the evaluation of systolic and diastolic function in mice. (PubMed, Front Cardiovasc Med) - "Recognizing that clinical human studies frequently assess cardiac performance in non-sedated subjects, this investigation compared systolic and diastolic functional outcomes in mice subjected to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) using two anesthetic agents: Avertin (mild sedation) and isoflurane (deep sedation)...Unlike the ventricular thickening and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy typically seen with diastolic dysfunction, LA remodeling was characterized by myocardial thinning and fibrosis, suggesting a distinct and opposite to LV pathogenic process. These findings support prioritizing minimally sedated echocardiographic assessment for better translational relevance."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Cardiovascular • Congestive Heart Failure • Fibrosis • Heart Failure • Immunology

Contemporary in vivo rodent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) models in translational depression research: a systematic review. (PubMed, Transl Psychiatry) - "Across the reviewed studies, the most common experimental conditions were 4 weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in adult male rats treated with bilateral ear clip ECS for 1 week (parameters: bidirectional square wave, 1.5 ms pulse width with 800 mA at 125 Hz, 1.2 sec stimulation duration, 120 mC charge) using no, propofol, or isoflurane anesthesia...Based on our analysis of the evidence, methodological suggestions for future studies were developed. This review will help to further unlock the translational potential of the ECS to generate much needed insights into the molecular correlates of ECT, with special regard to treatment response and prognosis for depression patients."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

EXPRESS: Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after bilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks using two injection volumes in adult cats. (PubMed, J Feline Med Surg) - "Anesthetic protocol included acepromazine-methadone-propofol-isoflurane. Concentrations of bupivacaine were detected up to 600 minutes (72 ± 22 in BUPI2 and 104 ± 55 ng/mL in BUPI3).Conclusions and relevanceBilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks using two volumes and doses of administration produced Cmax below those reported to cause toxicity in cats. Further studies are warranted to investigate the pharmacodynamics of dental blocks in cats."

Journal • PK/PD data • Anesthesia • Pain

Network-level brain connectivity alterations in an animal model of migraine and the effects of olcegepant treatment (EHF-EHC 2025) - "We previously showed that nitroglycerin (NTG) induces thalamic and subcortical connectivity changes in male rats, mimicking migraine-like network disruption...Resting-state fMRI was acquired two hours post-NTG under isoflurane anaesthesia. Resting-state fMRI was acquired two hours post-NTG under isoflurane anaesthesia...Notably, left cingulate degree declined from 22.14 to 13.63 (p = 0.007), and thalamic CC from 0.074 to 0.069 (p = 0.008). Olcegepant significantly modulated connectivity within the pain matrix towards greater efficiency and reduced hubness in regions such as the thalamus, insula, and cingulate cortex, to restore migraine-related impairments in connectivity."

Preclinical • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Brain Metabolomics and Bioinformatics Analysis of a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Acute Inflammation Model Mouse Reveal Region-Specific Metabolic Alterations and Identify Potential Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation. (PubMed, J Proteome Res) - "Control and model mice (n = 5 each) were dissected under isoflurane anesthesia, and serum, cerebrum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and hypothalamus were collected...Aspartic acid metabolism was disrupted, urea accumulated via upregulation of the urea cycle, and both aspartic acid and malic acid were reduced, suggesting an impaired function of the malate-aspartate shuttle. These findings indicate that LPS-induced systemic inflammation specifically disrupts cerebral metabolism, characterized by impairments in aspartic acid metabolism and the malate-aspartate shuttle, with NAA and urea emerging as potential biomarkers of neuroinflammation."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Inflammation • Solid Tumor • IL1B

Evaluation of Hemodynamic Changes in Normovolemic Hypotensive Dogs Treated With Fluids Alone or in Combination With Ephedrine or Dobutamine. (PubMed, Vet Med Sci) - "While ephedrine and dobutamine improved hemodynamic variables, crystalloid fluid therapy alone was ineffective in managing normovolemic hypotension in dogs. Future studies with larger samples must assess the combined promising effects of fluid therapy and ephedrine."

Journal • Anesthesia • Hypotension • Metabolic Disorders