zolmitriptan / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Ischemic Colitis Reporting Across the Triptan Class: A Cross-Database Analysis With FDA Label Review (ACG 2026) - " We queried the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and WHO VigiBase on 5/1/2026 for IC reports associated with sumatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, almotriptan, eletriptan, and frovatriptan... Sumatriptan had the highest absolute IC case volume (FAERS: 87 cases; VigiBase: 114 cases) consistent with its dominant overall reporting volume. Rizatriptan was the only agent with significantly elevated IC reporting proportions in both FAERS (1.76% vs 0.79%, p=0.0007) and VigiBase (0.55% vs 0.31%, p=0.009). Frovatriptan was elevated in FAERS only (4.48% vs 0.85%, p=0.020)."

Review • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Migraine

Drugs for acute treatment of migraine. (PubMed, Med Lett Drugs Ther) - No abstract available

Journal • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Comparison table: Triptans. (PubMed, Med Lett Drugs Ther) - No abstract available

Journal • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Episodic cluster headache with suspected giant cell arteritis, sinusitis-related headache, and dietary triggers: a case report. (PubMed, Front Pain Res (Lausanne)) - "Given the suspicion of giant cell arteritis, empirical prednisone was also initiated at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. By day 3 of treatment, attack frequency had reduced from daily to 3-4 times per week, pain intensity decreased from VAS 10/10 to 3-6/10, attacks resolved within 30 min either spontaneously or after zolmitriptan, and temporal artery nodules had markedly diminished...This case highlights an unusual concurrence of episodic cluster headache with suspected giant cell arteritis and possible sinusitis-related headache in a single patient. The potential role of soy sauce and vinegar as triggers for cluster headache warrants further validation with extended follow-up and a larger case series."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Giant Cell Arteritis • Immunology • Migraine • Otorhinolaryngology • Pain • Respiratory Diseases • Sinusitis • CRP

Targeting Gi/o-coupled GPCRs to inhibit nociceptors: Insights from the serotonin receptor Htr1b and triptans. (PubMed, Cell Rep Med) - "Experiments focusing on the Gi/o-coupled serotonin receptor Htr1b, which is expressed in mouse and human CGRP+ DRG neurons, reveal that Htr1b/1d agonists, the triptans sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, attenuate CGRP+ neuron excitability in vitro and exhibit analgesia across several pain models, including neuropathic pain. Further testing identifies the GPCR Gpr19 as an additional promising target for treating pain. These findings establish a preclinical screening platform for identifying analgesic candidates and reveal nociceptor GPCRs that may be targeted to treat pain."

Journal • Neuralgia • Pain

Drug interventions for acute treatment of pediatric migraine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "Sumatriptan/naproxen sodium, ibuprofen, zolmitriptan nasal spray, sumatriptan nasal spray, and rizatriptan showed statistical significance. Sumatriptan/naproxen sodium merits consideration, especially in patients exhibiting an inadequate response to monotherapy. Dihydroergotamine demonstrated potential benefits in refractory and chronic migraine; however, high-quality studies are warranted to validate these findings."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain • Pediatrics

The impact of ubrogepant on the use of other migraine acute treatments, opioid discontinuation, and healthcare utilization: Results from a pre-post opioid subcohort analysis (AHS 2026) - "Acute medications other than ubrogepant included acetaminophen, almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, amobarbital, aprobarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, metharbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, talbutal, barbital, codeine, hydrocodone, meperidine, morphine, oxycodone, propoxyphene, tramadol, aspirin, bromfenac, celecoxib, diclofenac, diflunisal, esomeprazole, etodolac, famotidine, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam, sulindac, tolmetin, lasmiditan, Zavegepant, and Rimegepant (<15 pills). Opioid use included acetaminophen/tramadol, oxymorphone, levorphanol, buprenorphine/naloxone, meperidine, morphine, oxycodone, codeine, methadone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, butorphanol, and tapentadol... In patients with a history of opioid use,..."

HEOR • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

The association of acute medication utilization and clinician specialty in the treatment of pediatric chronic migraine: A cross-institutional electronic health record analysis (AHS 2026) - "Rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, and almotriptan are approved for use in children, while gepants are not yet approved in children but may sometimes be used off-label. Among pediatric patients with chronic migraine, care through neurology was associated with significantly higher acute migraine medication utilization. Pediatric-only care was associated with lower rates of use, suggesting potential gaps in access or lower familiarity and comfort with migraine-specific treatments, leading to potential delays in optimal care. These findings highlight possible disparities in access to neurologists or other system-driven treatment gaps, rather than differences in clinical need for migraine-specific therapies."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Comparison of FDA approved intranasal acute migraine treatment adverse event profiles (AHS 2026) - "One Sentence Summary: STS101 (dihydroergotamine nasal powder) shows a low rate of local adverse events in its approved prescribing information as compared with other approved intranasal acute migraine treatments...Prescribing information dates reviewed were ATZUMI (April 2025), Migranal (September 2022), Trudhesa (May 2022), Zavzpret (August 2025), Imitrex nasal spray (December 2025), and Zomig nasal spray (May 2019)... Nasally administered products for the acute treatment of migraine are generally well tolerated. STS101 shows a favorable adverse event profile in long term prn use as compared with other FDA-approved intranasal acute migraine treatments. Most commonly reported adverse events (≥5% and occurring more frequently than placebo) as listed in the U.S. prescribing information for FDA-approved intranasal acute migraine treatments."

Adverse events • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Spoken language and limited english proficiency as a barrier to care for the acute treatment of migraine: Results from a cross-institutional electronic health record (AHS 2026) - "Patients who spoke 24/28 (86%) of the non-English languages had an increased OR for receiving sumatriptan and they broadly had lower ORs for rizatriptan, eletriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan, rimegepant, and ubrogepant. Spoken language is an underexplored barrier to care in headache medicine. Our study demonstrates that patients who do not speak English often have lower rates of being prescribed acute medications for migraine overall and particularly for non-sumatriptan acute medications. Limited English proficiency remains an important social determinant of health, including accessing migraine medications."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Impact of Gamma Irradiation and Ethylene Oxide Sterilisation on the Stability of Crystalline and Amorphous Drug Solids. (PubMed, Eur J Pharm Sci) - "In this study, the compatibility of crystalline and amorphous solid forms of five drug substances (betamethasone dipropionate (BMD), estradiol (E2), itraconazole (ITZ), vismodegib (VDG), and zolmitriptan (ZMT)) with sterilising gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide (EtO) cycles was evaluated in terms of chemical and physical stability. Overall, sterilisation compatibility was governed primarily by molecular structure rather than the drug solid-state. These findings provide an insight for selecting sterilisation strategies and facilitate the translation of crystalline and amorphous pharmaceutical solids toward clinical application."

Journal

Migraine attack therapy: from new efficacy criteria to novel therapeutic formulations (PubMed, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova) - "Particular emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) of rizatriptan compared with sumatriptan and zolmitriptan. Optimal management of a migraine attack necessitates an individualized approach that considers the severity of the condition, the spectrum of clinical manifestations, and the selection of an appropriate pharmaceutical formulation. Strong evidence supports the assertion that rizatriptan 10 mg ODT (Kaporiza) is one of the most rapid, effective, and convenient options for the abortive treatment of migraine attacks in the majority of patients."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Migraine • Pain • Psychiatry

Transnasal Zolmitriptan-Ginkgolide B loaded liposomes for migraine therapy: formulation, optimisation and in vitro characterisation. (PubMed, J Liposome Res) - "The formulation was well cytocompatible against the nasal cell line (>80% cell viability) and stable upon storage at refrigerated conditions. In this way, it is emphasized that this new dual-drug co-loaded liposomal system may be of great promise in providing improved migraine management through direct brain delivery, but needs in vivo experimentation."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Targeting G i/o -coupled GPCRs to inhibit nociceptors: insights from the serotonin receptor Htr1b and triptans. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "Experiments focusing on the G i/o -coupled serotonin receptor Htr1b, which is expressed in mouse and human CGRP + DRG neurons, revealed that Htr1b/1d agonists, the triptans sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, attenuated CGRP + neuron excitability in vitro and exhibited analgesia across several pain models, including neuropathic pain. Further testing identified the GPCR Gpr19 as an additional promising target for treating pain. These findings establish a preclinical screening platform for identifying novel analgesics and reveal nociceptor GPCRs that may be targeted to treat pain."

Journal • Neuralgia • Pain

The Efficacy and Safety of Triptans in Pediatric Migraine: A Systematic Review, Pairwise and Network Meta-Analysis (PAS 2026) - "Network meta-analysis ranked eletriptan 40 mg best for 24-hour sustained pain relief (SUCRA = 0.98), sumatriptan 50 mg for 30-minute (SUCRA = 0.84), and zolmitriptan 2.5 mg for both 1-hour (SUCRA = 0.83) and 2-hour headache relief (SUCRA = 0.82). Fifteen RCTs, comprising 5903 patients, matched the inclusion criteria. Triptans significantly improved 24-hour sustained pain relief (RR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.04-1.79, P = 0.034), 30-minute (RR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.07-1.85, P = 0.027), and 2-hour headache relief (RR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.05-1.66, P = 0.02) compared with placebo. Additionally, triptans significantly reduced the need to use additional painkillers in the first two hours (RR=0.67, p=0.015)."

Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Depression • Migraine • Pain • Pediatrics

Triptans in the Acute Treatment of Vestibular Migraine Attacks: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis (AAN 2026) - "Results Four randomized clinical trials (n = 201 participants) evaluated rizatriptan 10 mg and zolmitriptan 2.5 mg versus placebo or symptomatic therapy. Conclusions Triptans, particularly rizatriptan, demonstrate promising efficacy for acute VM, improving vestibular and headache symptoms with a favorable safety profile. Larger randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings and guide clinical recommendations."

Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Otorhinolaryngology • Pain • Vertigo

5-HT1B receptor agonists promote Schwann cell myelination. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "Furthermore, we observed that chronic administration of zolmitriptan ameliorates sensorimotor dysfunction in Tr-Ncnp mice. Collectively, these results suggest that 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists may increase Schwann cells participating in myelination, and consequently ameliorate myelination impairment in peripheral neuropathy."

Journal • Pain

GABAA receptor mediated facilitation of proprioceptive afferent transmission to motoneurons is facilitated by TRPM8 channels on C-fibres that are gated by serotonin. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "Overall, these findings demonstrate a mechanism by which brainstem derived serotonin not only inhibits ongoing nociceptive C-fibres activity, but also indirectly inhibits GABAergic neurons and sensory transmission in large proprioceptive sensory afferents, leading to reduced motoneuron activity. Furthermore, these findings suggest that spontaneous nociceptive C-fibres activity may provide a general increase in proprioception, opposite to the classical gating of nociceptive pathways by low threshold afferents, and impacting the clinical use of zolmitriptan."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain • TRPM8

Management of migraine in children and adolescents: A systematic review of guidelines and practice recommendations. (PubMed, Cephalalgia) - "As regards management, paracetamol and ibuprofen were considered first line in the acute management of migraine, with sumatriptan and zolmitriptan nasal sprays rated as second line. Various non-pharmacological measures gained attention in all guidelines. Notably, CGRP antagonists and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques were identified as major gaps.ConclusionThe current systematic review highlights areas of agreement and disagreement between existing guidelines on the management of childhood and adolescent migraine and emphasizes the current gaps and opportunities, thus offering a solid foundation for future studies and guidelines."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain • Pediatrics

Refractory chronic cluster headache: A new therapeutic option (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Acute therapy with oral zolmitriptan 5 mg, subcutaneous sumatriptan 6 mg, and oxygen were used, with moderate effect. Preventive treatment included prednisolone and occipital nerve block during exacerbations, and verapamil, both as monotherapy and in combination with topiramate and lithium in various regimens... Treating refractory chronic cluster headache is challenging, as it is highly disabling for the patient. Although other therapies targeting CGRP have not shown clear benefit in clinical trials, especially in chronic forms, atogepant may offer a promising alternative."

Anorexia • Cardiovascular • Chronic Cluster Headache • CNS Disorders • Constipation • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hypertension • Migraine • Pain

Migraine burden in postmenopausal women and the need for prophylactic treatment (EHF-EHC 2025) - "The most prescribed agents were amitriptyline (37%), topiramate (27%), and propranolol (10%)...The most common acute medications were zolmitriptan (10%), paracetamol (8.6%), and ketorolac (8.6%)... Our findings highlight the persistent burden of migraine after menopause and support the ongoing need for prophylaxis in a majority of patients. This may challenge assumptions of reduced treatment need post-menopause and suggests a specific phenotype of late-life persistent migraine."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Depression • Hypertension • Migraine • Pain • Vascular Neurology

Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia triggered by a viral upper respiratory tract infection (EHF-EHC 2025) - "There was only mild past response to paracetamol and no acute response to zolmitriptan... This case highlights a unique presentation of upper respiratory tract infection as a rare TCA mimic/trigger. Secondary cephalalgias are uncommon, but there are cases described associated with tumors, rhinosinusitis. Management is challenging in the absence of definitive guidelines, and in this case patient preference for a short-acting treatment was taken into account."

CNS Disorders • Cough • Infectious Disease • Migraine • Otorhinolaryngology • Respiratory Diseases • Sinusitis

Efficacy and safety of almotriptan for treatment of menstrual migraine: A systematic review (EHF-EHC 2025) - "In a large trial (n=255), almotriptan 12.5 mg and zolmitriptan 2.5 mg were compared and both demonstrated comparable efficacy. Almotriptan is effective and well tolerated for the acute treatment of menstrual migraine, showing superiority over placebo and comparable efficacy to other triptans. Frovatriptan may reduce recurrence more effectively, but larger, dedicated trials are needed to confirm these findings."

Clinical • Review • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Assessing the effectiveness of personalized migraine treatment – A 22-year N-of-1 study (EHF-EHC 2025) - "No significant adverse effects were reported Topiramate (2006) was ineffective (+8.3% headache days); amitriptyline (2008) increased headache days (+20.4%) but reduced zolmitriptan use (−37.7%)...Erenumab (2020–2021) worsened both metrics (+4.1%, +37.8%). Flunarizine (2023) had modest benefit (−17%), and oxitriptan (2023–2024) had minimal effect. We report a case of chronic refractory migraine with long-term triptan overuse but without evidence of medication-overuse headache. This case raises the question of whether pharmacological resistance to preventives may be linked to preserved responsiveness to acute treatments"

CNS Disorders • Migraine • Mood Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Pain • Personality Disorder

Cluster headache impairs quality of life and daily functioning of Portuguese patients (EHF-EHC 2025) - "Acute-phase treatment with two or more therapies was reported by 47.6% of participants, most commonly zolmitriptan and high-flow oxygen... Cluster headache is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and daily functioning among Portuguese patients. These findings highlight the need for strategies to prevent or mitigate this burden."

Clinical • HEOR • Chronic Cluster Headache • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Mood Disorders • Pain