TVGV-HB / Thevax Genetics Vaccine - LARVOL DELTA

Toll-like receptor 9 in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Expression, function and the role of TGF-β1. (PubMed, Mol Vis) - "The TLR9 agonist ODN 1826 induced the gene expression of downstream signaling molecules (MYD88, IRF7, RELA), inflammatory factors (IFNA, COX2), and MMP9 as well as the secretion of TGF-β1...In the aging retina, viral and bacterial infections and/or DAMPs may further amplify these responses, worsening retinal degeneration. TGF-β1 may exert protective, anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating TLR9 expression."

IO biomarker • Journal • Age-related Macular Degeneration • Infectious Disease • Macular Degeneration • Ophthalmology • Retinal Disorders • ALK • IRF7 • MAPK8 • MMP9 • MYD88 • RELA • SMAD3 • TGFB1 • TLR9

Glycolysis Drives TLR Ligand-Induced Maturation and Immune Activation of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. (PubMed, Liver Int) - "TLR ligand-induced activation and pro-inflammatory functions of LSECs critically depend on glycolysis via the mTORC1 signalling pathway. This reveals a key metabolic mechanism underlying LSEC immune regulation during innate stimulation."

IO biomarker • Journal • Hepatitis B • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • HIF1A • IL12A • MYC • TLR2

Loss of IL10 Signaling Promotes TLR9-Driven Liver Dysfunction by Allowing T Cell Receptor-Mediated T Cell Activation. (PubMed, Res Sq) - "C57BL/6 mice (n = 3-11/cohort) were injected with A) CpG ODN1826, a TLR9 agonist, 50μg every other day for 5 doses on days - 8 - 0 (CpGLo), B) CpG 500μg on Day 0 (CpGHi), or C) CpGHi+ IL10-R blocking antibody...In TLR9-induced hyperinflammation, IL10 restrained a feedforward loop of innate and T cell activation. The specificity of the innate and T cell interaction is unclear and may represent an autoimmune activation of CD8 T cells."

IO biomarker • Journal • Hepatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Liver Failure • CD4 • CD69 • CD8 • CD80 • CD86 • IL10 • TLR9

Identification of a metabolic-immune crosstalk in Adult-onset Still’s disease: monocyte/macrophage-derived immunomodulatory metabolite itaconate dictates hepatic immunopathology via CXCL10-CD8 T-cell axis (EULAR 2026) - "A CpG ODN 1826-induced MAS mouse model was used for in vivo disease manifestation...In the MAS mouse model, ablation of Acod1 ameliorated disease manifestations and hepatic inflammation, accompanied by a reduced CXCL10 level and attenuated hepatic infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Conclusions Our study reveals a previously unrecognized metabolic-immune crosstalk in AOSD/MAS, positioning monocyte/macrophage-derived itaconate as a dual regulator that suppresses canonical proinflammatory cytokines whereas licensing CXCL10-mediated CD8+ T cell-driven tissue injury.Therefore, discovery from this study calls for scrutiny of itaconate-based anti-inflammatory strategies in chronic inflammatory diseases."

Clinical • Immunomodulating • Hepatology • Immunology • Inflammation • CCL2 • CD8 • CXCL1 • CXCL10 • IL1B • IL6

Distinct roles of IL-1 and IFN-gamma in recruitment of lung macrophage populations in the TLR9-induced model of macrophage activation syndrome (EULAR 2026) - "Methods Wild type (WT) or IL-1R-/- C57BL/6J mice were sequentially intraperitoneal (IP) injected 5 times with ODN1826 (CpG) over 10 days...In contrast, IL-1 blockade only impacts alveolar macrophage abundance while failing to prevent recruitment of other myeloid populations. Given that anti-IL-1 therapy does not prevent SD-associated LD, these findings have important implications for lung inflammation development under anti-cytokine therapy."

Clinical • Hematological Disorders • Idiopathic Arthritis • Immunology • Pneumonia • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Rheumatology • CD24 • IFNG • IL1R1 • ITGAE • ITGAM • ITGAX • PTPRC • TLR9

Identification of a metabolic-immune crosstalk in Still's disease: monocyte/macrophage-derived immunometabolite itaconate dictates hepatic immunopathology via the CXCL10-CD8 T cell axis. (PubMed, Exp Mol Med) - "In the CpG ODN 1826-induced MAS mouse model, ablation of Acod1 ameliorated disease manifestations and hepatic inflammation, accompanied by a reduced CXCL10 level as well as attenuated hepatic infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Collectively, our study reveals a previously unrecognized metabolic-immune crosstalk in AOSD/MAS, positioning monocyte/macrophage-derived itaconate as a dual regulator that suppresses canonical pro-inflammatory cytokines while licensing CXCL10-mediated CD8+ T cell-driven tissue injury. Therefore, discovery from this study calls for scrutiny of an itaconate-based anti-inflammatory strategy in chronic inflammatory diseases."

Journal • Immunology • Inflammation • CCL2 • CXCL1 • CXCL10 • IL1B • IL6

AM1-Stabilized PEG-Modified Nanoemulsions for Interfacial Engineering and Biomolecule Conjugation. (PubMed, Langmuir) - "Surface functionalization was examined via the adsorption of CpG-ODN1826, and cellular interactions were studied using peripheral blood mononuclear cells...In cellular assays, arm and hybrid PEG coatings reduced nonspecific uptake and enhanced cellular association after CpG functionalization. Peptide-stabilized nanoemulsions with tuned PEG architectures achieve enhanced stability, apparent cargo retention, and selective cellular interactions for drug and nucleic acid delivery."

Journal

Rolling Circle Amplification-based Self-assembled CpG Nanoparticles: Immune Activation and Prevention of Edwardsiella piscicida. (PubMed, Fish Shellfish Immunol) - "This protection rate is 11.1% higher than that of the sulfur-modified ODN1826-adjuvanted vaccine (83.3%). Overall, RCA-based synthesis enables stable, immunogenic CpG DNA nanoparticles, highlighting RCA-1826 as a promising candidate for E. piscicida prevention in aquaculture."

IO biomarker • Journal • TLR9

Validation of a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay for miRNA Quantification in Rat Liver Inflammation. (PubMed, ACS Omega) - "To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, we analyzed nine miRNAs in the livers of male and female rats administered CpG ODN 1826 and LPS and compared the results obtained using the RT-qPCR...In conclusion, this analytical method, validated in accordance with FDA guidelines, enables accurate and quantitative multiplex detection of inflammation-related miRNA biomarkers in liver tissue. It demonstrates strong reliability in current tissue analyses and provides a foundation for developing multiplex miRNA assays capable of analyzing body fluids, with potential applications in future clinical studies."

Journal • Preclinical • Inflammation • MIR122 • MIR125A • MIR146A • MIR155 • MIR21 • MIR29A • MIR34A

Nanoplex cluster-mediated synergistic modulation of dendritic cells and T cells amplifies tumor-specific adaptive immunity. (PubMed, Biomaterials) - "The formulation comprises a nanoplex (NP) encapsulating CpG ODN 1826 (CpG NP), which stimulates TLR-9 and elevates the levels of CD80/86 costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells, and a NP incorporating CTLA-4 siRNA (siCTLA-4 NP), which suppresses the production of the immunological checkpoint molecule CTLA-4 on T cells...Ex-vivo study of cell composition in spleens and tumors, along with tumor-specific antigen stimulation assays on splenocytes, suggests that NC treatment can switch the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment into an immunocompetent state. These findings demonstrate that our NC formulation, which integrates CTLA-4 suppression with DC stimulation, potentiates immune responses against tumor tissues, providing novel insights and potential applications in the field of cancer immunotherapy."

Journal • Melanoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CD80 • MMP2 • TLR9

Generation of enantiospecific monoclonal antibodies against (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine. (PubMed, Bioorg Med Chem) - "Upon administration to mice in combination with alum and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine-CRM generated equivalent antibody titers to a comparator racemic 6-hydroxynorketamine-CRM hapten. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of this monoclonal species demonstrated sub-nanomolar (0.4 nM) antibody affinity for (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine-BSA bioconjugates and > 150-fold selectivity in comparison to ketamine-BSA bioconjugates. Overall, these results demonstrate successful production of monoclonal antibodies capable of robustly distinguishing between hydroxynorketamine enantiomers, enabling their use in future in vivo studies to better understand their relative contributions to the rapidly-acting antidepressant properties of ketamine."

Journal • Anesthesia

Toll-like receptor 9 promotes aortic chondrogenesis and calcification in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. (PubMed, Heart Vessels) - "In vitro experiments revealed that TLR9 activation by ODN1826, a TLR9 agonist, stimulated BMP-2 expression in murine peritoneal macrophages, but not in Tlr9-deficient macrophages...TLR9 signaling promotes vascular chondrogenesis and calcification in ApoE-/- mice. Our analyses suggest that TLR9 pathway contributes to bone morphogenic activation of macrophages and VSMCs at least partially, participating in the development of vascular calcification."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Atherosclerosis • Cardiovascular • Inflammation • APOE • TLR9

Generation of a shelf-stable, broadly-reactive influenza vaccine formulated with TLR4, TLR7/8, or TLR9 stimulating adjuvants. (PubMed, Vaccine) - "Influenza H1 and H3 hemagglutinin proteins based upon the computationally-optimized broadly-reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology were mixed with one of three toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, CpG1826 (TLR9 agonist), INI-2002 (TLR4 agonist), or INI-4001 (TLR7/8 agonist)...However, all vaccinated ferrets from these groups were protected against an H1N1 influenza virus challenge, irrespective of the adjuvant. Overall, the constituted vaccines used following the TFF process were effective at eliciting protective immune responses following intranasal administration to ferrets."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Influenza • Respiratory Diseases • TLR4 • TLR7 • TLR9

Toll-like Receptor 9 on Donor RBCs Enhances Transfusion Induced Alloimmunity in Mice (AABB 2025) - "Prior to transfusion, mice were treated with either CpG (ODN 1826) or PBS (vehicle control)... TLR9 expressed on RBCs plays a mechanistic role in enhancement of alloimmunization to transfused RBCs by CpG, which is a model for recipient inflammation in response to microbial infection. Because no effect was observed when TLR9 was selectively eliminated from recipient RBCs, we conclude that the role of TLR9 is not a general RBC role but is particular to the transfused RBCs expressing alloantigen. CpG is known to act on TLR9 expressed by B cells to enhance activation and differentiation if the B cell receptor (BCR) is simultaneously engaged."

Preclinical • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • TLR9

Multifunctional HBc Virus-Like Particles Reprogram Immunosuppressive Macrophages and Potentiate CD8+ T Cell Responses for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. (PubMed, Int J Nanomedicine) - "Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG) was encapsulated within VLP...To the best of our knowledge, this is the first nanovaccine architecture to enable coordinated immunomodulation. Its modular design supports the clinical translation of solid tumors and personalized immunotherapy."

IO biomarker • Journal • Hepatitis B • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Melanoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CD276 • CD4 • CD69 • CD8 • CD86 • GZMB • MRC1

CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides challenged macrophages ameliorate acetaminophen induced liver injury by activating TLR9/IRG1/itaconate metabolic pathway. (PubMed, Mol Med) - "CpG ODN alleviated liver injury induced by APAP through the activation of the TLR9/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages, upregulating the expression of IRG1 protein, promoting the production of endogenous metabolite itaconate, and inhibiting macrophage apoptosis which was regulated by upregulating the expression of Nrf2 to inhibit ROS production. This study sheds new light on CpG ODN as a therapeutic strategy in resistance to APAP-induced liver injury."

Journal • Hepatology • Liver Failure • Metabolic Disorders

Inhibition of Aspartate β-Hydroxylase Enhances Anti-Tumor Immunity. (PubMed, Immunotargets Ther) - "ASPH inhibition did not reduce tumor growth or promote the anti-tumor effect of innate immunity stimulation with the synthetic oligonucleotide ODN1826, but it significantly enhanced tumor growth reduction induced by DNA vaccination...Different types of lymphoid and myeloid cells were likely involved in the activated immune response that was efficient against tumors with MHC-I downregulation, which are often resistant to T-cell-based therapies. Due to different types of activated immune cells, ASPH inhibition could improve immunotherapy for tumors with various MHC-I expression levels."

IO biomarker • Journal • Oncology • ASPH • CD8

Platelets contribute to organ damage in a mouse model of an interferon-gamma-driven cytokine storm (ISTH 2025) - "Methods An IFNγ-driven cytokine storm was induced in mice by repeated administration of the TLR9 agonist CpG ODN-1826...Histology revealed numerous microthrombi with associated necrotic and inflammatory damage in lung and liver but not in brain or kidney. Thrombocytopenic PF4-iCre+xiDTR+/+ mice showed significantly reduced microthrombus-associated liver and lung damage but no change in weight loss or cytopenia."

Cytokine storm • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • IFNG • LAMP1 • SELP

Co-assembled Manganese-CpG Nanoliposomes for Enhanced Immunotherapy against Colon Cancer Stem Cells. (PubMed, Adv Healthc Mater) - "In vivo treatment with Mn@CpG@NLP significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival in a mouse model. This study highlights the potential of nano-adjuvant platforms in immunotherapy targeting cancers driven by colon CSCs."

Journal • Colon Cancer • Colorectal Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Differential innate immune activation by four different CpG-ODNs in porcine and murine cells: Implications for vaccine design. (PubMed, Res Vet Sci) - "Notably, CpG-ODN 1826 exhibited species-specific activity in mice, inducing IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-β, and IFN-γ. These findings reveal significant interspecies differences in CpG-ODN-induced immune responses, emphasizing the importance of species-specific considerations when selecting CpG-ODNs as vaccine adjuvants for preclinical and veterinary applications."

Journal • Preclinical • IFNB1 • IFNG • IL6 • TLR9

Dual prophylactic and therapeutic potential of iPSC-based vaccines and neoantigen discovery in colorectal cancer. (PubMed, Theranostics) - "CpG oligonucleotide (ODN) 1826 served as a vaccine adjuvant... Our findings reveal potential mechanisms underlying the efficacy of iPSC-based vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, HNRNPU and NCL were identified as key antigen proteins in iPSC, demonstrating promise for the development of peptide-based vaccines for both the prevention and treatment of CRC."

IO biomarker • Journal • Colorectal Cancer • Melanoma • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Solid Tumor • CD8 • NCL

Elucidating the systemic humoral response and immune microenvironment at the implant interface of the Vaccine Platform for Extended Antigen Release (VPEAR) (IMMUNOLOGY 2025) - "Description The Vaccine Platform for Extended Antigen Release (VPEAR) is an implantable device with a polyanhydride depot that sustains the release of the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and the adjuvant CpG ODN 1826 for over 24 weeks...Preliminary qPCR data show elevated CXCL13 expression, critical for B-cell zone formation, and CCL5, a recruiter of T cells and monocytes, but no upregulation of CCL21, which is associated with T-cell zones. These findings suggest VPEAR elicits a robust humoral response with sustained B-cell activity at the cap, which may be consistent with a B-cell-dominated tertiary lymphoid structure.Keywords: Animals Rodent; Cells B Cells; Molecules Antibodies Chemokines Cytokines"

Late-breaking abstract • CCL21 • CXCL13

Effects of Xiaozhi Huaxian Formula on Promoting Recompensation in Mice with MASH-related Cirrhosis Receiving BM-MSCs Transplantation Treatment (APASL 2025) - "CpG ODN 1826 stimulated primary liver cells in vitro, cells supernatant was extracted, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA... XHF can promote the effects of BM-MSCs transplantation on recompensation in MASH-related cirrhosis. The mechanism is associated with the down-regulation of TLR9/NF-κB signaling pathway expression and activation, the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines secretions and the improvement of liver inflammatory microenvironment. *Corresponding authors: Xin Wang and Limin Tian."

Preclinical • Fibrosis • Hepatology • Immunology • Liver Cirrhosis • Liver Failure • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis • Transplantation • IL1B • IL6 • MYD88 • TNFA • TRAF6

Immunogenicity and efficacy in mice of two adjuvant formulations based on the C -and N-terminus of merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium yoelii. (PubMed, Vaccine) - "In this study, the N- and C-terminal fragments of the PyMSP-1 (PyMSP-1 N and PyMSP-1C) were immunized to mice with either incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) plus CpG ODN 1826 or Aluminum salts (Alum) plus CpG, followed by a challenge with Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL to investigate vaccine efficacy...In conclusion, the N-terminal fragment of PyMSP-1 protected mice although it showed lower humoral and cellular immune response compared to C-terminal of MSP-1 in IFA plus CpG. The antibody level of PyMSP-1 N was comparable to that of PyMSP-1C when it was formulated with IFA plus CpG."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • Malaria • CD4 • CD8 • IFNG

Context-Dependent Impact of Tumor-Infiltrating B Cells in High-Risk Prostate Cancer and Head and Neck Cancer (ASTRO 2024) - "In this context, a single arm prospective study (PROTUX), was previously performed using neoadjuvant rituximab to deplete B cells in patients with HR-PCa prior to prostatectomy...In vivo therapeutics include anti-PD-L1 mAB (10F.9G2), anti-CD40 mAB (FGK4.5), and TLR9 agonist (ODN 1826)... Analysis of human samples from PROTUX trial demonstrated that B cell depletion impacts T cell infiltration, clonality, and phenotype. Furthermore, B cell-directed immunotherapies in tumor models improved local control. Given the increasing appreciation for crosstalk between T cells and B cells in mediating anti-tumor immune responses, these findings demonstrate a context and tumor-type dependent role for B-cells in cancer."

Genito-urinary Cancer • Head and Neck Cancer • Oncology • Prostate Cancer • Solid Tumor • Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck • TRB