sulphadiazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Toxicological effects of microplastics and sulfadiazine on Artemia sinica. (PubMed, Environ Pollut) - "Furthermore, the combined exposure disrupted the intestinal microbiota, leading to a reduction in both diversity and abundance. These findings indicate that PS and SDZ exert dose-dependent and synergistic toxic effects on A. sinica, thereby enhancing our understanding of their combined toxicity and supporting ecological risk assessments."

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Unified electronic-geometric descriptor deciphers peroxymonosulfate activation using Fe-based dual-atom catalysts. (PubMed, Nat Commun) - "Among FeM DACs (M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), FeMn DACs with optimal BD values (IOES = 0.86, IOGS = 0.40) achieved 94.2% 1O2 yield and fast kinetics (kobs = 1.2 min⁻1) toward sulfadiazine degradation. Crucially, a flow-through reactor demonstrated >90% pollutant removal for 30 days at industrial flux (122.3 L m⁻2 h⁻1). This work establishes universal orbital-level design principles for sustainable water remediation, bridging atomic-scale insights to engineering-scale implementation."

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Minimum inhibitory concentrations of sulfonamides and trimethoprim for veterinary pathogens: New data for old antibiotics. (PubMed, Vet Microbiol) - "Therefore, the aims of our study were, (1) to produce minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions for important veterinary pathogens with trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole 1:19 combination and with sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, and trimethoprim alone, furthermore, (2) to estimate the proportion of microbiological resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim in the selected bacterial species, and lastly, (3) to propose presumptive quality control (QC) ranges for potential QC strain candidates. In contrast, for sulfadiazine and sulfadimethoxine the tested concentration ranges (> 256 mg/L) were too low for generating data acceptable for estimation of presumptive ECOFFs. The presented MIC distributions form the basis for an inter-laboratory study with the goal to generate aggregated MIC data to be submitted to the EUCAST steering committee for setting missing ECOFFs for sulfonamides and trimethoprim and thereby supporting the use of these..."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Therapeutic effect of baicalein as an antiparasitic agent against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. (PubMed, J Zhejiang Univ Sci B) - "The most common medications for the treatment of zoonotic toxoplasmosis are pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, which may cause serious undesirable side effects. Furthermore, alterations in cytokine levels indicated that BAI not only effectively suppressed the growth of T. gondii but also prevented excessive inflammation in mice. Collectively, these findings underscore the significant inhibitory efficacy of BAI against T. gondii, positioning it as a promising alternative therapeutic agent for toxoplasmosis."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • Inflammation

From Sulfa Drugs to New Antibacterial Agents: Advances in Chemical Modification of Approved Sulfonamides. (PubMed, Drug Dev Res) - "To overcome these factors that restrict the application of antibacterial sulfonamides, molecular modification of approved sulfa drugs, such as sulfanilamide, sulfathiazole, and sulfadiazine, appears to be a promising strategy for drug design...These modifications involve the conjugation of commercial sulfa drugs with various heterocycles (triazole, thiazole, thiophene, etc.), functional groups (hydrazone, Schiff base, azo dye, urea/thiourea), phytochemicals (thymol, eugenol, etc.), and drug molecules, leading to new antibacterial candidates and insights into their structure-activity relationships. Given the growing global threat of antibiotic resistance, this review may help restore the importance of traditional sulfa drugs in treating bacterial infections through effective chemical modifications."

Journal • Review • Allergy • Immunology • Infectious Disease

Accumulation of antibiotics in groundwater of the damodar river basin, India and health risk prediction: source identification and linkage with hydrochemistry. (PubMed, Environ Geochem Health) - "Monte Carlo Simulation study reveals that erythromycin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole are the foremost antibiotics contributing to human health hazards and ecological risks...On the other hand, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin provide significant ecological risks to the algae species of the basin. The source apportionment approach and principal component analysis explore that these antibiotics may originate from one or more of the sources: (a) untreated domestic sewage, (b) hospital discharges, (c) industrial effluents, and (d) livestock waste. The prepared spatial distribution maps show that the Asansol-Durgapur industrial regions are the most polluted zones in the entire basin."

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Rapid detection of antimicrobial residues in broiler meat using flow cytometry-driven multiplex immunoassay. (PubMed, Front Vet Sci) - "This study evaluates the performance of the Beadyplex flow cytometric assay as a field-applicable method to detect residues of thiamphenicol, sulphadiazine, and amoxicillin in broiler chicken skeletal muscle. The Beadyplex assay offers a promising, cost-effective, and rapid screening complementary to confirmatory analysis for detecting selected AM residues in poultry meat. Its substantial agreement with reference methods and ease of use with standard cytometers support its potential application in field-based veterinary surveillance and food safety programs."

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Electrostatically Enhanced Self-Assembled Monolayers Anchoring for Scalable and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. (PubMed, Adv Mater) - "Here, an electrostatically enhanced anchoring strategy (EEAS) is presented using sulfadiazine (SDZ) molecules to deprotonate phosphonic acid groups in SAMs, generating phosphate anions that strengthen electrostatic interactions with the positively charged TCO substrates...This EEAS is scalable, enabling 20.7-cm2 modules with a PCE of 24.72%. The devices demonstrate exceptional operational stability, retaining over 94% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of continuous illumination at 65 °C (ISOS-L-2)."

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Focus CNS symptomatology (DGHO 2025) - "Prior to identification of a potentially causative pathogen, empiric or preemptive anti-infective treatment should be initiated (e.g., a 3rd generation cephalosporine plus high-dose ampicillin and acyclovir) to avoid treatment delay. If fungal CNS disease is suspected, for example, in a patient with aspergillosis of the lungs, antifungal treatment (e.g., voriconazole or isavuconazole) should also be given. Suspected or proven neurotoxoplasmosis might be treated with a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine...Frequently, a multidisciplinary approach including different experts (e.g., haematologists/oncologists, infectious diseases specialists, neurologists and neurosurgeons) might be useful. An increasing amount of data suggests that novel diagnostics, such as CSF next-generation sequencing (NGS), might be helpful to establish the correct diagnosis in some patients."

Bone Marrow Transplantation • CNS Disorders • Epstein-Barr Virus Infections • Infectious Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Due to Disseminated Toxoplasmosis in a Kidney Transplant Patient (KIDNEY WEEK 2025) - "He received HLH-94 protocol with Intravenous Etoposide and Dexamethasone. Toxoplasmosis was managed with Sulfadiazine, Pyrimethamine and Leucovorin...Relapse is common, hence close follow up is needed at time of discharge. Hemophagocytes on bone marrow biopsy (H&E stain)"

Clinical • Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease • Fatigue • Hematological Malignancies • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Polycystic Kidney Disease • Rare Diseases • Rheumatology • Septic Shock • Transplantation

Entecavir-Associated Fanconi Syndrome in a Liver Transplant Recipient (KIDNEY WEEK 2025) - "While nucleos(t)ide analogs such as adefovir and tenofovir are well-established culprits, especially in HIV or HBV populations, Entecavir is rarely implicated...Case Description A 60-year-old male with HBV-related cirrhosis status-post liver transplantation, chronic antibody-mediated rejection (on Tacrolimus and Prednisone), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (baseline Creatinine (Cr) 1.4–1.6 mg/dL) presented with recurrent falls and altered mental status. Notable medications included Entecavir started 5 years prior , Voriconazole (for phaeohyphomycosis), and Atovaquone/Sulfadiazine (for disseminated toxoplasmosis)...Discussion Occurrence of hallmark features—including phosphaturia, uricosuria, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis—suggests a potential class effect of nucleos(t)ide analogs in susceptible individuals. Thus, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for Fanconi syndrome in patients receiving long-term nucleos(t)ide analog..."

Clinical • Antibody-mediated Rejection • Chronic Kidney Disease • Diabetes • Diabetic Nephropathy • Fibrosis • Hepatology • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Transplantation • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Evaluating the occurrence of veterinary medicines at farm scale and the efficacy of current groundwater modelling. (PubMed, Sci Total Environ) - "Pig slurry concentrations ranged from 0.004 μg/kg to 1.2 mg/kg (d/w) for azaperone, oxytetracycline, lincomycin, sulphadiazine and trimethoprim respectively. In contrast, when corrected site-specific administration data were applied, PECGROUNDWATER predictions were underestimated. While overprediction within the risk assessment context reflects the suitability of the Tiered approach for conservative evaluations, underprediction with site-specific data highlights limitations in the modelling approach to accurately simulate the environmental fate of veterinary medicines."

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Sulfur-doping gradient modulates spin-orbital engineering in cobalt single-atom catalysts: Optimized d-p orbital hybridization for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation. (PubMed, Water Res) - "Here, an S-gradient doping strategy is developed to engineer a series of Co-SxN4-x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3) SACs with progressively tuned coordination geometries, achieving a volcano-type activity trend in PMS-activated sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation...Mechanistic studies confirm the dominance of a non-radical electron transfer pathway (ETP) in Co-S1N3/PMS systems. This work establishes a "spin-orbital" activity framework, wherein sulfur-gradient engineering synergistically modulates spin states and d-p orbital hybridization, providing a universal paradigm for designing high-efficiency SACs in sustainable water remediation."

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Environmentally adaptable Fe/Pd bimetallic catalysts immobilized in ZIF-8 for efficient degradation of sulfadiazine through dual-pathway activation of PMS. (PubMed, J Environ Manage) - "Density functional theory (DFT) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses identified the vulnerable sites of SDZ and proposed four degradation pathways, while ECOSAR prediction suggested that some intermediates might pose potential ecological risks. Overall, this study demonstrates the high efficiency, environmental adaptability, and reusability of Fe/Pd@ZIF-8 for PMS activation, highlighting its potential for practical applications in antibiotic pollution control."

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Caffeic acid reduces Toxoplasma gondii proliferation in human extravillous trophoblast cells (HTR8/SVneo) through induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a death process suggestive of apoptosis. (PubMed, Microbes Infect) - "CA is a potential candidate for further research aimed at the development of novel therapies for congenital toxoplasmosis."

Journal • Infectious Disease • IL1B • MIF • TGFB1

Microalgae-mediated shaping of bacterial communities enhances antibiotic removal and antibiotic resistance control. (PubMed, Bioresour Technol) - "This study explored the regulation strategy of microbial succession towards sulfadiazine (SDZ)-containing wastewater remediation while controlling antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spread in MBSS system...This microbial succession could potentially facilitate bacterial co-degradation of SDZ and contribute to a substantially reduced level of ARGs (with the relative abundance of sul1 and sul2 decreasing to 22.9% post-treatment). Overall, the strategy of regulating microalgae inoculation in the MBSS significantly enhanced antibiotic removal and nutrient recovery while controlling the proliferation and spread of ARGs by directing microbial community succession."

Journal • Gene Therapies

Selective elimination of aniline contaminants induced by semiquinone radicals during peracetic acid oxidation of dihydroxybenzenes. (PubMed, Water Res) - "Three of the studied HBs significantly enhanced aniline degradation kinetics by PAA, with degrees following the order of catechol (CA) > protocatechuic acid > hydroquinone. The PAA/CA process at the optimal condition (initial pH 7, 100-μM PAA, 50-μM CA) achieved 90% removal efficiency of sulfadiazine in 40 min with minimal interference by anions (Cl-, SO42-, and HCO3-), humic acid, and real (waste)waters...Besides, a non-radical pathway driven by singlet oxygen (1O2) made important while non-dominant contribution to aniline degradation. Overall, this work sheds light on reactive species formation during oxidation of phenolic compounds by PAA and proposes a novel strategy for selective elimination of aniline-containing contaminants in wastewater treatment."

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Evaluation of ethanolic extract and isolated α-bisabolol from Siparuna guianensis in the treatment of experimental neurotoxoplasmosis. (PubMed, Exp Parasitol) - "The most commonly used therapy for neurotoxoplasmosis involves a combination of sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid, but this treatment is associated with numerous side effects, leading to high rates of discontinuation. Biochemical and histopathological analysis of the livers and kidneys indicated low liver and kidney toxicity of EE. Based on these results, it is concluded that EE at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day was more effective in controlling T. gondii, being able to cross the blood-brain barrier, as well as being less toxic to the host, showing an action similar to conventional treatment."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Transplantation

CEREBRAL TOXOPLASMOSIS AFTER LYMPHOMA THERAPY (CHEST 2025) - "CASE PRESENTATION: A 71-year-old man with Epstein-Barr virus-positive classic Hodgkin lymphoma and low-grade B cell lymphoma, previously treated with 2 doses of rituximab (last dosed 2 months prior) and 6 cycles of BV-AVD (brentuximab vedotin, doxorubicin, vinblastine and dacarbazine; last dosed 2 months prior), presented with several weeks of encephalopathy. A computed tomography (CT) brain scan revealed multifocal expansile edema, most pronounced in the left basal ganglia, prompting initiation of dexamethasone...Treatment includes trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pyrimethamine with sulfadiazine and leucovorin. While toxoplasmosis is typically associated with T cell deficiency, this case demonstrates its occurrence in patients receiving B cell-targeted therapies like rituximab. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for opportunistic infections in patients treated with immunosuppressive agents, as these therapies can impair T cell immunity despite their B..."

B Cell Lymphoma • Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma • CNS Disorders • CNS Lymphoma • Epilepsy • Epstein-Barr Virus Infections • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hematological Malignancies • Hodgkin Lymphoma • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Lymphoma • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology

Light-Gated Thermal Domains in Nano-Lanterns: Confined Heat Hotspots Sparks Electron Localization for Water Purification. (PubMed, Adv Sci (Weinh)) - "The degradation efficiency of sulfadiazine in the HPCS+PAA catalytic system reached more than 98% within 90 min of irradiation, with a reaction rate constant 11 times higher than that in the non-confined system...Zebrafish embryo experiments validated the pollutant detoxification capabilities of this system. This "light-gated thermal domains" ensures long-lasting robustness of PAA activation and paves a novel way for the development of sustainable catalytic water purification technologies."

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Occurrence, Dominance, and Combined Use of Antibiotics in Aquaculture Ponds. (PubMed, Toxics) - "By October, sulfonamides, particularly sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine, became more prevalent, with a maximum sulfadiazine concentration exceeding 4 µg/L...These findings underscore that antibiotic application patterns in aquaculture are strongly linked to production stages, with potential consequences for environmental safety, resistance development, and food security. Effective monitoring, stricter regulation, and alternative disease management strategies are urgently required to mitigate risks and promote sustainable aquaculture practices."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Antagonistic toxicity of co-exposure to DEHP and sulfadiazine in Eisenia fetida: Multi-level responses and molecular insights. (PubMed, J Hazard Mater) - "Transcriptomics data demonstrated that SDZ activated pathways related to oxidative stress repair (peroxisome pathways) and detoxification (glutathione metabolism) in earthworms, which explains the relatively lower toxicity of co-exposure. Overall, these findings provide multi-level insights into the antagonistic effects of compound pollution in soil ecosystems and support the ecological risk assessment of PAEs and antibiotics."

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Direct oxidation of sulfonamides on carbon anode surface at low current density: Effect of R substituents and adsorption ability. (PubMed, J Hazard Mater) - "At j = 1.67 mA/cm2, degradation efficiency of sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, and sulfamethazine reached 100, 90.1, 81.6, 92.8, 84.2, and 90.8 % at CC, and 100, 81.5, 54.2, 79.3, 83.2 and 79.1 % at GP, respectively...Sulfaguanidine, without heterocycle in R substituent, was more refractory to degrade at CC and GP surface even at higher j. The quenching experiments and DFT calculation disclosed that direct electron transfer (DET) process took a fundamental role on SAs decomposition. The surface sorbed [•OH] was responsible for mineralization of SAs. The two anodes can efficiently degraded sulfathiazole in different high-salinity wastewater samples at low j. Low-energy consumption and excellent mineralization efficiency endowed CC and GP with promising application for electrochemical oxidation of SAs from wastewater."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Unmasking IRIS due to Toxoplasma gondii in a new HIV-positive individual with CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 and disseminated tuberculosis (EACS 2025) - "IgG for Toxoplasma gondii was positive and atovaquone was started for primary prophylaxis (to minimize medullar toxicity related to cotrimoxazole) without pyrimethamine...Empirical treatment with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine was initiated... This case highlights how IRIS-related Toxoplasma encephalitis can occur despite CD4 ≥200 cells/mm 3 and its prophylaxis. CD4 cell count by itself may not predict IRIS risk, especially early after initiating ART. Rapid neuroimaging, empirical treatment and high suspicion are essential for timely diagnosis and recovery, even in the presence of more than one confirmed opportunistic infection."

Clinical • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Tuberculosis • CD4

Central nervous system lesions in late-presenting person living with HIV – opportunistic infection or a brain tumour? (EACS 2025) - "Antiretroviral therapy (ART) with bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofoviralafenamide was initiated...Empirical treatment for cerebral toxoplasmosis (sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, leucovorin) was started with adjunct dexamethasone due to perilesion oedema...Conclusion : This case illustrates the diagnostic challenge in late-presenting PLWH with cerebral lesions, highlighting that detecting T. gondii in CSF does not exclude malignancy. In cases of diagnostic uncertainty and limited clinical improvement, brain biopsy should be strongly considered to guide timely and targeted treatment."

Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • CD4