sulphadiazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Retrospective Comparison of Gastrointestinal Toxicity in Dogs With Lymphoma Receiving Doxorubicin With or Without Prophylactic Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine. (PubMed, Vet Comp Oncol) - "No significant differences were identified between groups in severity of GI toxicity, haematologic toxicity, neutropenia or hospitalisation rates. Prophylactic TMS administration during doxorubicin chemotherapy was associated with increased GI toxicity in this cohort, contrasting with previous reports and supporting the need for prospective evaluation of prophylactic antimicrobial use in contemporary geographically distinct canine chemotherapy populations."

Journal • Retrospective data • Hematological Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Neutropenia • Oncology

Role of Toxoplasma gondii calcium-binding protein (TgpCaBP) and its implications for the development of attenuated live vaccines. (PubMed, Microbiol Spectr) - "In vivo evaluations revealed that co-administration of RHΔTgpCaBP and sulfadiazine showed limited pathological adverse effects in mice-all mice survived immunization with 100 tachyzoites without obvious organ injury, and conferred protection against lethal wild-type RH strain challenge (≤1,000 tachyzoites)...It exhibited favorable safety profiles in mice and elicited an immunomodulatory trend. Although further optimization is warranted, this study establishes a foundational framework for developing live attenuated vaccines against toxoplasmosis."

Journal • Infectious Disease • CD4 • CD8 • IFNG

The hidden culprit: MRI and biopsy unmasking late-onset cerebral toxoplasmosis post kidney transplant (TTS 2026) - "The patient was treated with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine and leucovorin, with sustained clinical improvement. This report illustrates a rare case of late-onset cerebral toxoplasmosis in a kidney transplant recipient on dual immunosuppression and underscores the importance of brain biopsy for definitive diagnosis to guide targeted therapy. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted brain MRI demonstrates rim-enhancing round lesions with adjacent leptomeningeal enhancement and surrounding oedema"

Biopsy • Back Pain • CNS Disorders • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hepatology • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Musculoskeletal Pain • Solid Organ Transplantation • Transplantation

Conformer-audited full-panel DFT refinement of frontier-orbital heterogeneity in classical sulfonamides: Beyond formal SO2NH identity. (PubMed, J Mol Graph Model) - "We examined thirteen classical sulfonamides and dapsone using a staged, quality-controlled workflow that separated exploratory GFN2-xTB/Composite-SEPI (the study-specific exploratory electronic-prioritization score) screening from full-panel B3LYP-D3BJ/def2-SVP optimization/frequency analysis, canonical PBE0-D4/def2-TZVP refinement with the conductor-like polarizable continuum model for water (CPCM(water)), and an orthogonal ωB97X-D4 sensitivity layer...In sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine, the occupied and virtual frontier orbitals remained spatially separated between the aryl/aniline and diazine-containing regions. Diffuse-basis def2-TZVPD tests yielded negative vertical electron affinities and positive anion α-spin singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) energies for 14/14 molecules, making f+ and the dual descriptor basis-sensitive while f- remained comparatively robust. Formal SO2NH identity therefore masks reproducible electronic heterogeneity, but..."

Heterogeneity • Journal

Oregano essential oil alone and in combination with biogenic silver nanoparticles exhibits anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity in human trophoblastic cells. (PubMed, Microb Pathog) - "These findings demonstrate the anti-Toxoplasma effect of OEO and the context-dependent effect of its combination with AgNp-Bio, standing out as a promising candidate for further investigation against congenital toxoplasmosis."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Decoupled sulfonamide biodegradation and resistance gene responses in leachate treatment sludge. (PubMed, Bioresour Technol) - "Here, sludge from the primary (PNS) and secondary (SNS) nitrification units of a full-scale leachate treatment plant were exposed to a mixture of sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and trimethoprim (TMP) at 10 and 500 µg/l for each compound in batch experiments...Apparently,antibiotic biodegradation potential and resistance-associated risks were not coupled in leachate treatment systems. These results will shed some lights into standardized antibiotic-associated risk assessments of leachate biological treatment systems."

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Quantitative Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Trimethoprim-Sulfonamide Combination Activity Against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. (PubMed, J Vet Pharmacol Ther) - "This study investigated the interaction between TMP and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfadimethoxine (SDMX) against two Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing, time-kill curve (TKC) experiments and semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic modelling incorporating a General Pharmacodynamic Interaction (GPDI) framework...Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic simulations of clinically relevant canine dosing regimens predicted transient bacterial suppression but not bacterial eradication. These findings demonstrate that TMP-sulfonamide synergy is dynamic, concentration-dependent and bacterial species-specific, highlighting the importance of PK/PD-informed optimisation of potentiated sulfonamide therapy in veterinary medicine."

Journal • PK/PD data

Rational design of bispecific aptamers with high stability and affinity. (PubMed, Anal Chim Acta) - "To address this, we employed a "sequence-structure-dynamic simulation" framework to design BsApts targeting sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole...Conversely, L-type aptamers exhibited weak or lost recognition. This study provides a robust computational strategy for engineering high-affinity, stable bispecific aptamers for enhanced food safety monitoring."

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Trophic magnification of antibiotics in a coral reef food web from the South China Sea: Bioaccumulation, source apportionment, and human health risks. (PubMed, Environ Pollut) - "Spatial analysis showed slightly higher contamination near the reef and shore than offshore, indicating land-based and aquaculture inputs...Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin showed strong bioaccumulation potential; six antibiotics demonstrated trophic magnification (trophic magnification factors > 1). Ecological risk assessment indicated low overall risks, with only norfloxacin and sulfadiazine presenting minor concerns in seawater. Dietary risk assessment suggests minimal impact on human health through seafood consumption. This is the first multi-matrix study evaluating antibiotic presence, sources, bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and risk in a southern Hainan coral reef ecosystem, providing essential baseline data for pollution management."

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Mechanisms of combined tetracycline and sulfadiazine stress inhibiting nitrogen transformation in aerobic granular sludge: Insights from oxidative stress, energy metabolism and functional genes. (PubMed, J Environ Manage) - "This TCA cycle inhibition further cut off the supply of ATP and some electron donors (e.g., NADH and FADH2) essential for nitrification and denitrification, forming a self-reinforcing inhibitory loop. Overall, this study demonstrated that antibiotics inhibit AGS nitrogen transformation through a well-defined "oxidative stress-energy metabolism-functional gene" cascade mechanism."

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Toxoplasmosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis during tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy. (PubMed, ASM Case Rep) - "He had chronic lymphopenia and reported gastrointestinal intolerance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, documented as a sulfonamide allergy without formal testing, limiting prophylaxis to inhaled pentamidine, which has no anti-Toxoplasma activity...Treatment with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin was initiated, but the patient continued to deteriorate and transitioned to comfort measures. This represents the first toxoplasmosis-associated HLH during TIL therapy. It underscores the importance of distinguishing drug intolerance from true allergy, ensuring Toxoplasma-active prophylaxis in profoundly immunosuppressed patients, and recognizing that HIV-derived CD4 thresholds may not apply to non-HIV immunocompromised populations."

Journal • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte • Allergy • Dyslipidemia • Hematological Disorders • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Hypertriglyceridemia • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Melanoma • Oncology • Rare Diseases • Solid Tumor • CD4 • IL2 • IL2RA

Bioaugmentation enabled simultaneous biodegradation of sulfadiazine and nitrification. (PubMed, Environ Res) - "Metagenomic analysis supported that NNB was responsible for nitrification, while bioaugmented SDAB was responsible for SDZ biodegradation that allowed simultaneous removal of NH4+-N and SDZ. For example, metagenomic analysis further showed that SDAB contained 4 genes for monooxygenations critical to initiating SDZ biodegradation, but NNB was enriched in genes for oxidations of NH4+ and NO2-."

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Constructing Highly Efficient Oxygen Capture Tentacles Within Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Water Purification. (PubMed, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl) - "COF-EP3 thus achieves exceptional photocatalytic degradation performance towards sulfadiazine (99.5% removal in 25 min, k = 0.21 min-1), which is 16.2 and 2.8 times higher than that of COF-EP1 (k = 0.013 min-1) and COF-EP2 (k = 0.076 min-1), respectively. Besides, COF-EP3 exhibits high sulfadiazine degradation performance in complicated water matrices, continuous-flow system, and scaled-up reactor, demonstrating its practical application potential."

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Development and validation of a simultaneous HPLC method for three-drug combination formulation following ICH guidelines: resolving chromatographic challenges | Poster Board #1284 (ACS-Fall 2026) - "A robust high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of leucovorin (LCV), pyrimethamine (PMT), and sulfadiazine (SFZ) in a combination drug formulation. The method effectively addressed challenges associated with simultaneous separation of chemically diverse analytes and is suitable for routine quality control of combination drug products. Chromatogram of developed HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of LCV, PMT, and SFZ."

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Hot-spot intensity and density govern SERS peak intensity and detection limits in single-particle and ensemble substrates | Poster Board #1573 (ACS-Fall 2026) - "This design principle is further validated using solid Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) without intraparticle gaps and is exemplified by the detection of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) in water at concentrations as low as 2.5 ng mL-1, below the WHO maximum residue limit. These results offer generalizable guidelines for optimizing nanoparticle size and packing density in complex nanogap-based SERS substrates."

Innovative drug-modified low-generation PAMAM dendrimer complexes for enhancing the solubility and permeability of BCS class II and IV drugs. (PubMed, Int J Pharm) - "The aqueous solubility and membrane permeability of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II and IV drugs, such as furosemide (FUR), sulfadiazine (SDZ), verapamil (VEP), mefloquine (MEF), and the bioactive compound quercetin (QUE), are low. PAMAM dendrimer complexes were able to considerably enhance the solubility of BCS class II and IV drugs through amorphization and non-covalent interactions. We expect that these systems will further improve key biopharmaceutical properties directly associated with the bioavailability of other poorly water-soluble drug candidates."

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Accommodating Sulfite Allergies During Cardiopulmonary Bypass (ASA 2026) - "Anesthetic planning required meticulous medication review: phenylephrine was avoided entirely due to no available sulfite-free formulation; sulfite-free epinephrine, a sulfadiazine-free CVC, and bupivacaine without epinephrine were utilized...Propofol, fentanyl, heparin, protamine, sugammadex, TXA, and remimazolam were safely administered. Sulfite allergies are clinically distinct from sulfa allergies and pertain to preservatives, not drug structure, this a critical distinction requiring. Optimizing patient safety requires an awareness beyond the physiologically active component."

Allergy • Immunology

Population pharmacokinetic modeling of sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine and sulfadimethoxine combined with trimethoprim in calves. (PubMed, Vet J) - "Monte Carlo simulations indicated that only 0.2% (TMP/SDZ), 11.6% (TMP/SMX) and 21% (TMP/SDMX) of simulated calves (n = 50,000) reached ratios between 1:10 - 1:50 at marketed doses. These results provide a first step toward optimizing the antimicrobial activity of these antibacterial, highlighting the need for further PD and PK/PD investigations."

Journal • PK/PD data • Infectious Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Decoupling the CT Paradigm in Membrane Chlorination: Equivalent Versus Inequivalent Impacts of Hypochlorite Concentration and Exposure Time on Contaminants Rejection. (PubMed, Environ Sci Technol) - "High-C chlorination induced more severe polyamide degradation than long T chlorination, drastically compromising contaminant rejection (e.g., sulfadiazine rejection of 98.2% vs 59.3% for membranes chlorinated at 2000 ppm × 10 h and 20,000 ppm × 1 h, respectively). Based on these results, a conceptual framework was established to decouple the traditional CT paradigm, revealing the fundamental mechanisms of chlorination-induced changes in membrane rejection."

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Quantification of Parasite Load in Macrophage Cells and Spleen Tissue of Infected Mice in Acute Toxoplasmosis Following Treatment with Rosuvastatin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Real-time PCR. (PubMed, Microb Pathog) - "In this in vivo experiment, BALB/c mice were infected with tachyzoites of the RH strain of T. gondii; subsequently, they were treated with different formulations: CH-NP, ROS, CH-NP-ROS administered via injection and oral routes, and the standard anti-toxoplasmosis therapy with sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine (SDZ/PYR). The parasite load was significantly lower in mice receiving CH-NP-ROS in injection form or orally than in mice receiving ROS (p<0.05). The present study indicated that CH-NP-ROS has greater anti-Toxoplasma effects than ROS and CH-NP in vitro and murine models."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Population Dynamics and Cross-Feeding in an Antibiotic-Degrading Synthetic Ecosystem: Insights from Single-Cell Raman Spectroscopy and Stable Isotope Probing. (PubMed, Environ Sci Technol Lett) - "We report on commensalism enabling the entire degradation of the sulfadiazine antibiotic by a consortium composed of Microbacterium sp...The cell counts in axenic culture and coculture were consistent with HPLC analyses, reflecting their metabolic activities and trophic interactions. Stable isotope probing and subsequent analyses of Raman spectra of Terrabacter in the synthetic consortium revealed a significant shift from 1000 cm-1 to 988 cm-1, proving that this bacterium assimilates 2-AP for biomass synthesis and that less than 50% of Terrabacter cells were degrading 2-AP."

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Flower honey matrix for in situ deep eutectic solvent formation and microextraction: liquid chromatographic determination of sulfonamides after derivatization. (PubMed, Talanta) - "To demonstrate this possibility, the determination of sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamonomethoxine, and sulfadimidine) in flower honey by high-performance liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection (HPLC-UV/Vis) was chosen as an analytical task...Validation of the procedure showed limits of detection of 5-10 μg kg-1, linear ranges of 15(30)-150 μg kg-1 and relative standard deviations below 14 %, and relative bias below 20 %. The results demonstrate that the flower honey matrix itself can be turned into the functional DES medium enabling derivatization and microextraction in a single workflow suitable for the determination of trace concentrations of sulfonamides."

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Sulfonamides Inhibit Root Growth via ROS-Triggered and MPK3/6-Modulated Synthesis of the Ethylene Precursor ACC. (PubMed, Biology (Basel)) - "Sulfadiazine (SD) strongly inhibits root elongation, an effect strictly dependent on ACS1, as the acs1-1 mutant is completely insensitive...Furthermore, SD partially depends on the MPK3/6 cascade to post-translationally stabilize ACS2/ACS6, with mpk3 and mpk6 mutants showing partial resistance. Collectively, sulfonamides employ a dual-pronged mechanism: ROS transcriptionally activate ACS1, while MPK3/6 post-translationally stabilizes ACS2/ACS6, driving aberrant ethylene precursor ACC biosynthesis and root growth inhibition."

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Antibiotic exposure during weaning disrupts oral microbiota assembly in piglets. (PubMed, J Anim Sci Biotechnol) - "Our findings demonstrate that early-life antibiotic exposure disrupts the developmental programming of the oral ecosystem. The oral microbiota serves as a sensitive indicator of antibiotic impact and a key mediator of systemic health, highlighting the need for strategies that safeguard microbial succession to promote sustainable swine health."

Journal • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders

Interactions between sulfonamide antibiotics and metal ions: does toxicity increase or decrease? (PubMed, RSC Adv) - "In this study, two representative sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), together with three environmentally relevant metal ions (Fe(iii), Al(iii), and Cu(ii)), were selected to investigate changes in spectroscopic characteristics, physicochemical properties, and toxicity following metal binding...Especially, when the intrinsic toxicity of a metal ion exceeded that of the corresponding antibiotic, the observed toxicity of the equilibrated metal-antibiotic system was lower than the sum of the individual toxicities. Overall, interactions between sulfonamide antibiotics and metal ions significantly influence their spectroscopic behavior and toxicity, with important implications for contaminant fate, bioavailability, environmental risk assessment, and remediation strategies in aquatic environments."

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