tetrabenazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

L-theanine from Camellia sinensis (L.) attenuates 3-NP-induced Huntington's disease-like alterations by remedying behavioral patterns and modulating neurotransmitters across three distinct brain regions: evidence from in-vivo and in-silico approaches. (PubMed, Metab Brain Dis) - "The animals received a 7-day pretreatment consisting of normal saline, extract of C. sinensis (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w., i.p.), L-TH (10 mg/kg b.w., i.p.), and standard Tetrabenazine (TBZ, 25 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.)...These findings suggest that L-TH may attenuate 3-NP-induced Huntington's disease-like alterations in rats. However, additional studies using genetic HD models and molecular mechanisms are required to confirm its therapeutic efficacy and underlying mode of action."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders

Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes of deutetrabenazine in patients with chorea associated with Huntington disease: A retrospective chart review study. (PubMed, J Huntingtons Dis) - "Fifty patients had pre- and post-DTBZ TMC scores and reached a stable dose, including 30 with no prior tetrabenazine (TBZ) or DTBZ exposure, 8 with prior TBZ exposure with a switch to DTBZ after a gap, and 9 with prior TBZ exposure with a switch to DTBZ without a gap. Overall, 27 (33.8%) patients had ≥1 adverse event recorded between DTBZ initiation and the first visit with a TMC score after reaching their last stable DTBZ dose or DTBZ discontinuation for those without a stable dose.DiscussionThis real-world study describes improvements in TMC scores among patients with HD-associated chorea treated with DTBZ, regardless of prior treatment. The observed safety profile supports the known safety profile of DTBZ in this population."

HEOR • Journal • Real-world evidence • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders

Vesicular Monoamine Transporters at the Crossroads of Structure and Function: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. (PubMed, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol) - "Clinically, VMATs are targeted by the inhibitors tetrabenazine and reserpine, used to treat hyperkinetic movement disorders and hypertension, respectively, while amphetamines exploit VMAT2-mediated dopamine efflux to treat ADHD...Despite their importance, the molecular mechanisms driving proton-coupled transport, inhibition, and psychostimulant action remain poorly understood. This review summarizes current biochemical, structural, and functional insights into VMATs, highlighting proton coupling, transport kinetics, inhibition mechanisms, unresolved questions, and future research directions."

Journal • Review • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Depression • Hypertension • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry • Substance Abuse

Perceptions on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with tardive dyskinesia: a cross-sectional survey among physicians in Italy. (PubMed, Riv Psichiatr) - "This study highlights variability and unmet needs in TD diagnosis and management among Italian specialists. Add-on treatments such as tetrabenazine are not considered standard of care in Italy due to lack of clinical practice guidelines, concerns around drug efficacy, adverse events, and overall treatment satisfaction."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry

Management of severe tardive dyskinesia induced by arpiprazole in a schizophrenic patient: a case report. (PubMed, J Med Case Rep) - "This case emphasizes clinical awareness of the possibility of risk for tardive dyskinesia despite atypical antipsychotics such as aripiprazole and the therapeutic value of tetrabenazine as an important treatment option for this intractable condition."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Secondary parkinsonism associated with tetrabenazine: A case report. (PubMed, Dusunen Adam) - No abstract available

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

The nano-intervention in Huntington's disease: A theragnostic approach. (PubMed, Neuroscience) - "Existing medicines which include tetrabenazine, deutetrabenazine, and off-label drugs offer only symptomatic treatment to improve the patient's quality of life and not to treat its root cause. In the last ten years, many clinical trials have been conducted, but no disease-modifying therapy has yet been developed. Researchers across the globe are putting strenuous efforts to develop biomarker-driven strategies for diagnosis and drug delivery technology for treatment of Huntington's disease."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders • Otorhinolaryngology

Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Tetrabenazine Treatment in a Caenorhabditis elegans Huntington's Disease Model. (PubMed, MicroPubl Biol) - "These results indicate that tetrabenazine reduces survival, while vitamin C, a known antioxidant, mitigates these effects and improves outcomes, particularly in pathogenic poly‑Q strains. Our findings suggest that antioxidant supplementation may counteract tetrabenazine‑associated oxidative stress and enhance therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative disease."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders

Chorea as a Non-Thrombotic Manifestation in an Adolescent with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Heterozygous Prothrombin G20210A Gene Mutation: A Case Report. (PubMed, Case Rep Neurol) - "She started acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and tetrabenazine, with chorea improvement...Therefore, ASA was switched to enoxaparin...Intravenous immunoglobulin was administered, and hydroxychloroquine was initiated...Consequently, mycophenolate mofetil and enalapril were started...Antiphospholipid antibodies alone do not seem to be enough to trigger chorea. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms that trigger this movement disorder."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Genetic Disorders • Glomerulonephritis • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Lupus Nephritis • Movement Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • Thrombosis

A Systematic Comparative Review of Antipsychotic Efficacy and Safety in the Treatment of Hiccups. (PubMed, Neurosciences (Riyadh)) - "Nine studies reported that hiccups were completely resolved in patients treated with 10-25 mg oral and intramuscular chlorpromazine, 1-2 mg oral and intramuscular haloperidol, 2.5-10 mg oral olanzapine, 25-150 mg tetrabenazine, and 3 mg oral risperidone. However, more evidence-based studies and controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and minimize the side effects. (CRD42024511626)."

Clinical • Journal • Review • CNS Disorders

Deciphering the interaction of tetrabenazine with lactoferrin: Insights from molecular dynamics and multi-spectroscopic approaches. (PubMed, Int J Biol Macromol) - "Overall, our findings provide molecular-level insights into the binding mechanism and structural consequences of TBZ interaction with lactoferrin. This study highlights the potential of drug repurposing strategies to modulate protein function and offers a foundation for further exploration of LTF-targeted therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Inflammation • Movement Disorders

Mass spectrometry imaging uncovers species-specific dopaminergic effects of tetrabenazine in rodents (CINP 2026) - "The combination of MSI and FMP-10 derivatization enables the quantification of neurotransmitters in brain sections with high spatial resolution. The observed behavioral differences between rats and mice were mirrored by species-differences at the neurochemical level. These findings underscore the importance of considering species-specific neurochemical profiles when interpreting results from preclinical models and provide a robust basis for future investigations focused on the dopaminergic system."

Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Effect of Deuterated Drugs on Safety: Insights from Pharmacovigilance Data Analysis. (PubMed, Biol Pharm Bull) - "Tetrabenazine (TBZ), a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor, is commonly used to manage chorea; however, it may exhibit fluctuating plasma levels and elicit frequent adverse events...We compared the safety profiles of TBZ and deutetrabenazine (DTBZ) in real-world clinical practice using disproportionality analysis and the large-scale pharmacovigilance database, VigiBase-the WHO's global database of adverse drug reactions...DTBZ showed fewer adverse event signals and a lower proportion of serious adverse events than TBZ. These findings suggest potential differences in the safety profiles of the two drugs, which may influence tolerability in the treatment of HD."

Adverse events • Journal • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Acute Onset Extrapyramidal Symptoms With Clozapine: A Report of a Rare Case. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Clozapine was discontinued promptly, and tetrabenazine was initiated, resulting in significant clinical improvement, with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score decreasing from 20 to 9. Owing to persistent psychotic symptoms and intolerance to clozapine, the patient was subsequently treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This case underscores that clozapine, despite its well-recognized favorable extrapyramidal safety profile, may rarely precipitate acute EPS even at low doses. Clinicians should remain vigilant during the initiation phase and monitor for atypical movement disorders to enable timely intervention and optimize outcomes in patients with TRS."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Long-Term Use of Tiapride and Tetrabenazine in Huntington's Disease: A 25-Year Retrospective Single-Center Analysis. (PubMed, Clin Ther) - "Tiapride was prescribed more frequently and showed fewer documented adverse effect-related discontinuations than tetrabenazine. Reinitiation proved feasible in selected patients. Careful monitoring is needed in the first year of combination therapy. The long timeframe captures evolving clinical practices but also contributes to heterogeneity and incomplete documentation. Prospective studies with standardized psychiatric assessments and chorea ratings are needed to confirm these findings and guide long-term treatment strategies."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Fatigue • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry

Self-nanonizing gelatin oleyl conjugate solid dispersions for enhanced solubility and permeability of tetrabenazine. (PubMed, Int J Pharm) - "Reduced crystallinity and increased affinity through hydrogen-bonded molecular dispersion of TBZ into the hydrophobic oleyl cores of GOC and the formation of an amorphous drug-Fu electrostatic complex are also crucial, boosting encapsulation efficiency and dissolution rates by producing approximately 170 nm-sized nanoparticles. Collectively, the current self-nanonizing SD system resolved the solubility and permeability issues associated with TBZ to improve oral drug treatment."

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Serotonin stimulates proliferation of ionocytes via the 5-HT2A receptor in zebrafish larvae. (PubMed, J Exp Biol) - "Tetrabenazine treatment in fish exposed to acidic pH reduced ionocyte proliferation, implicating a source of 5-HT that uses vmat2 in regulation of ionocyte populations. These results demonstrate the importance of a pathway initiated by 5-HT2A activation that regulates ionocyte proliferation in developing zebrafish exposed to environmental acidification."

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Real-world patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and healthcare resource utilization and costs of tardive dyskinesia in Germany. (PubMed, J Psychiatr Res) - "Among 3,236,637 patients in the InGef research database, 389 adults with TD were identified (mean [SD] age 67.2 [16.0] years, 64.0% female, 21.1% with claims for authorized treatments for TD [tetrabenazine or tiapride])...Annual post-index mean all-cause total healthcare costs were significantly higher for the incident TD cohort compared with non-TD controls (€13,176 vs €7288; p < 0.001). Higher healthcare costs in the incident TD population were driven by increased inpatient encounters."

HEOR • Journal • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Mental Retardation • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry

Beyond motor symptoms: efficacy of pharmacotherapies on motor, functional, and cognitive domains in Huntington's disease - a systematic review. (PubMed, Eur J Pharmacol) - "Dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic drugs exhibit distinct efficacy profiles across various motor and non-motor UHDRS components. This positions them as therapeutic options for attenuating both the motor and non-motor symptoms in HD."

Clinical • Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry

Tetrabenazine-Responsive Choreo-Ballism and Akathisia After Cardioversion and Coronary Angiography: A Case Report. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Metabolic and inflammatory serum studies were unremarkable, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated no acute causative lesion, including no basal ganglia abnormality, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was non-inflammatory with negative infectious, autoimmune, and paraneoplastic testing. Low-dose tetrabenazine produced rapid (>80%) and sustained remission, permitting drug discontinuation after 16 months without relapse. When choreo-ballism emerges after cardiac interventions, transient basal ganglia dysfunction related to peri-procedural hypoxia or contrast neurotoxicity may be considered as a possible mechanism, and early vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT-2) inhibition may facilitate recovery."

Journal • Immunology • Movement Disorders • Oncology

Progressive Chorea Responsive to Immunotherapy: Anti-CASPR2 Antibody Encephalitis Initially Misdiagnosed as Huntington’s Disease (AAN 2026) - "He was able to discontinue tetrabenazine. Maintenance immunotherapy was started with rituximab, and mycophenolate was added as he did not feel rituximab was adequate. On the combination, he has had near-complete resolution of his abnormal movements. Conclusions This case illuminates the value of considering immune-driven pathogenesis in newly diagnosed movement disorders."

IO biomarker • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders • Sleep Disorder

Effect of tetrabenazine on Stroop interference in Huntington's disease: Protocol. (PubMed, MethodsX) - "12.5 mg of TBZ will be administered just after the first Stroop test and also 3 h later. On Stroop test will to be administered 6 h after the off Stroop test.The raw Stroop word reading, color naming, and interference scores will be recorded and used for further analysis using Golden's formula."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Movement Disorders

Pharmacological evaluation of Orai-1 inhibitor in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington disease. (PubMed, J Pharm Pharmacol) - "The findings suggest the therapeutic potential of targeting Orai-1 channel using the inhibitor Synta-66 could serve as a neuroprotective treatment in a 3-NPA-induced HD model in mice."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Huntington's Disease • Inflammation • Movement Disorders

Severe neurotoxicity from accidental tetrabenazine ingestion in a child, with laboratory confirmation. (PubMed, Clin Toxicol (Phila)) - No abstract available

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Non-ketotic hyperglycaemic hemichorea as the first manifestation of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in an elderly patient. (PubMed, Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep) - "Treatment with insulin, haloperidol, and tetrabenazine achieved a gradual symptomatic improvement, with a marked reduction in involuntary movements at three months, although resolution was protracted compared to the typical cases. Some patients can achieve symptom resolution by glucose control alone. However, the majority require additional anti-chorea medications."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Vascular Neurology