salinomycin (HSB-1216) / Tharimmune - LARVOL DELTA

Ultrasmall zwitterion-micelles coupled with anti-checkpoint antibody for overcoming glioma barriers to eliminate stem cells and amplify immunotherapy. (PubMed, J Control Release) - "To address these challenges, anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibodies (anti-PD-L1) are conjugated to ultra-small zwitterionic micelles (MCB) through pH-sensitive traceless linkers, followed by encapsulation of salinomycin (SAL) to construct multimodal zwitterionic micelles (MCB-PD@S)...This effect is synergistically amplified by the release of structurally intact anti-PD-L1 within the acidic tumor microenvironment, collectively fostering potent and sustained antitumor immunity that effectively suppresses GBM recurrence. This work establishes a new paradigm in brain tumor therapy by simultaneously overcoming biological delivery barriers and immune evasion, offering a clinically translatable solution for post-resection GBM management."

Journal • Brain Cancer • Glioblastoma • Glioma • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Hyaluronan like polysaccharide based nanodrugs with enhanced CD44 avidity for image-guided drug delivery to breast cancer. (PubMed, RSC Adv) - "To better target the CD44-expressing breast cancer cells, we report the design and synthesis of a new nanodrug, G2-Sal-ICG, comprising a hyaluronan (HA)-like polysaccharide (G2) conjugated with the anticancer drug salinomycin (Sal) and the imaging agent indocyanine green (ICG)...In vivo experiments with an orthotopic breast cancer model demonstrated the superior tumor-targeting capability of G2-Sal-ICG and its ability to significantly suppress tumor growth. Our findings suggested G2-Sal-ICG is a promising theranostic nanodrug for CD44-targeted therapy, combining efficient drug delivery with real-time non-invasive imaging, thus highlighting its potential for clinical applications in breast cancer treatment."

Journal • Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CD44

Comparative effects of monensin and alternative feed additives on productive performance and rumen fermentation in Zebu beef cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed, Res Vet Sci) - "Natural additives and probiotics increased ADG, but the diversity of compounds and inclusion levels limits identifying which specific components drive the response. Overall, monensin remains a consistent additive for improving FE in Zebu cattle, whereas combining it with virginiamycin resulted in even greater FE and may represent a useful strategy."

Journal • Retrospective data

Influence of olive pomace extract on performance, gut health, immune indices, carcass traits, and meat quality of broiler chickens raised under tropical conditions. (PubMed, Poult Sci) - "This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of an olive pomace extract (OPE), with or without salinomycin, on growth performance, gut health, immune indices, carcass and meat quality in broiler chickens raised under tropical conditions...No significant interactions between OPE and SAL were observed, indicating independent effects. Overall, OPE and SAL independently enhanced growth performance and immune status, with OPE additionally improving meat quality traits in broiler chickens under tropical conditions."

Journal • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • CXCL8

Bushen Huoxue Formula alleviates lipid accumulation in premature ovarian insufficiency by activating the LRP6/β-catenin signaling pathway. (PubMed, Phytomedicine) - "BSHXF activates LRP6/β-catenin signaling pathway by inhibiting the ubiquitination degradation of LRP6, thereby improving POI. This study reveals that BSHXF may improve POI by modulating LRP6 stability, thereby affecting lipid metabolism."

Journal • Metabolic Disorders • Targeted Protein Degradation • Women's Health

Combined drugs-loaded nano-lipodisk carrier for pH-responsive delivery for improved therapeutic potential on lung cancer model. (PubMed, J Biol Eng) - "To target tumors with lipodisk nanoparticle formulations, this study established ratiometric loading and transport of cancer drugs such as paclitaxel (PTX) and salinomycin (SAL) on a single platform. Moreover, co-loaded lipodisks exhibit a high tumor inhibition after intravenous administration, which results in significant anticancer effects in H1299tumor-bearing mice with minimum damage to normal organs. Finally, this work presents a simple pH-responsive lipodisk nanoparticle platform for co-loaded drug delivery to improve therapeutic potential against lung cancer cells."

Journal • Preclinical • Lung Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Targeting ferroptosis: novel therapeutic approaches and intervention strategies for kidney diseases. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "Third, it integrates translational insights rarely synthesized in prior work: mapping natural compounds (icariin II and artesunate), repurposed drugs (sorafenib and melatonin), and novel modulators to disease stages (e.g., Lip-1 for fibrosis and salinomycin for RCC stem cells); highlighting strategies to reverse ferroptosis-related drug resistance (targeting DPP9 in RCC); and identifying ferroptosis-related genes (ACSL4 and PDIA4) as prognostic biomarkers. This review not only synthesizes ferroptosis pathophysiology and research advances but also delineates disease-tailored therapeutic strategies. By addressing key knowledge gaps-crosstalk between ferroptosis and other cell death modalities (e.g., pyroptosis), lack of kidney-specific clinical biomarkers, and underexplored roles in autoimmune nephritides-it provides a conceptual roadmap for mechanism-based diagnostics, precision therapeutics, and rational drug combinations, transcending traditional disease boundaries to..."

Journal • Review • Acute Kidney Injury • Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease • Diabetic Nephropathy • Fibrosis • Genetic Disorders • Genito-urinary Cancer • Glomerulonephritis • Hematological Disorders • IgA Nephropathy • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Kidney Cancer • Lupus • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Oncology • Polycystic Kidney Disease • Renal Cell Carcinoma • Renal Disease • Solid Tumor • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • ACSL4 • ANXA2 • FABP1 • GPX4 • HMOX1 • PKD1 • PPARA • PRKD1 • SLC7A11

High-Resolution Electrospray and Ion Mobility Sequential Mass Spectrometry for Structural Characterisation of Anticancer Stem Cell Agent Salinomycin and Its Isomers. (PubMed, Molecules) - "Results from this study provided firm grounding for understanding complex structures such as salinomycin. The methodology demonstrated here could be applied to a wide range of natural products and in other drug development or metabolomic studies."

Journal • Oncology

The inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNJ12 regulates the stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. (PubMed, J Mol Cell Biol) - "Mechanistic studies using cycloheximide chase assays, Wnt pathway modulators (LiCl, SKL2001, and Salinomycin), and protein interaction analyses demonstrated that KCNJ12 stabilizes β-catenin through the physical interaction with lipoprotein receptor-associated protein 6 (LRP6), disrupting AXIN/APC/GSK-3β complex assembly and subsequent proteasomal degradation...Our findings establish KCNJ12 as a novel Wnt/β-catenin regulator and propose dual therapeutic strategies against HCC-mediated chemoresistance: pharmacological suppression of KCNJ12 channel activity and targeted disruption of KCNJ12-LRP6 protein interactions. This mechanistic framework advances our understanding of stemness regulation in HCC and provides feasible targets for developing next-generation anti-HCC therapies."

Journal • Hepatocellular Cancer • Liver Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • AXIN1 • KCNJ12

Cloning and Expression of Col10a1 Gene and Its Response to Wnt/TGF-β Signaling Inhibitors in the Chinese Three-Keeled Pond Turtle (Mauremys reevesii). (PubMed, Animals (Basel)) - "Finally, in vitro experiments demonstrated that inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with salinomycin sodium salt downregulated the expression of both its target genes (Sp5, Myc, Ccnd1) and Col10a1...These results suggest that Col10a1 expression may be positively regulated by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and negatively regulated by the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing carapace development and collagen deposition in M. reevesii, laying a crucial foundation for further investigations into the regulatory networks involving Col10a1 during carapace formation."

Journal • CCND1 • CDKN1A • SERPINE1 • TGFB1

Mitochondrial-Targeted Triphenylphosphonium-Conjugated Ionophores with Enhanced Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cells. (PubMed, Molecules) - "Salinomycin and monensin represent a class of natural ionophore antibiotics with strong anticancer properties...Our findings indicate that this approach yields conjugates with enhanced anticancer activity and selectivity, outperforming not only the parent compounds but also the widely used chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin. Comprehensive biological and biophysical analyses proved that the conjugates target the mitochondria in cancer cells, with some of the derivatives additionally promoting generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). This targeted strategy holds significant promise for the development of effective mitochondrial-targeted novel anticancer agent."

Journal • Oncology

Potentials of Bacillus subtilis-derived surfactin to improve performance, intestinal health and welfare of broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. (PubMed, Poult Sci) - "The treatments were: NC, non-challenged control; CC, NE challenged control; SRF, CC + surfactin at 0.01 %; and ANT, CC + antibiotics: zinc bacitracin and salinomycin across all feeding phases...Additionally, SRF supplementation shifted serum FITC-d, litter moisture, litter, hock burn and jejunal lesion scores towards the levels comparable to NC and ANT groups (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that surfactin may have the potential to support recovery from the NE, enhancing performance, intestinal health, and overall welfare in broilers."

Journal • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology

Efficacy of Dietary Cottonseed Bioactive Peptides Compared to Diclazuril or Salinomycin on Reducing Adverse Effects of Coccidiosis Challenge in Broiler Chickens. (PubMed, Vet Med Sci) - "Dietary CBP decreased the negative effects of coccidiosis, whereby supplemented birds had similar immune responses or even better growth performance than birds receiving anticoccidials."

Adverse events • Clinical • Journal • Infectious Disease • IL6

Deactivation of CK1α enhances the anti-cancer effects of salinomycin in colorectal cancer HCT116 cells. (PubMed, Biochem Biophys Rep) - "In conclusion, the combination of Sal and D4476 suppressed the growth of HCT116 CRC cells by inducing ferroptosis and inhibiting autophagic flux. This research could lead to a novel method of using Sal in the clinic as a new antitumor drug, particularly when combined with other therapies that target the p62-NRF2 axis, such as D4476."

Journal • Colorectal Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • BECN1 • NFE2L2 • PSAT1

Salinomycin Nanoparticles Induce Ferroptosis and Synergize with the BCL-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax to Promote AML Cell Death (ASH 2024) - "We treated human AML cell lines (MOLM-14, MOLM-13, MV4-11, HL-60, and THP-1) including venetoclax-resistant (VEN-R) THP-1 cells as well as primary AML blasts from patients with SAL-NP alone and in combination with decitabine, midostaurin, S63845 (MCL-1 inhibitor) and venetoclax and measured cell growth by trypan blue exclusion assay, cell death by propidium iodide (PI) staining and colony formation. SAL-NP in combination with VEN substantially reduced c-MYC and GPX4 levels and significantly induced cleavage of Caspase-3 and PARP compared with either agent alone.Conclusion : SAL-NP is a promising anti-AML agent. Its mechanism of action may involve the promotion of ferroptosis and increased dependency on BCL-2, which may account for the apparent activity in VEN-R cells and suggests the potential clinical benefit of combining SAL-NP with BCL-2 inhibitors."

IO biomarker • Acute Myelogenous Leukemia • Hematological Malignancies • Leukemia • Oncology • CASP3 • GPX4 • MYC

Small-sized twin-nanoparticles normalize tumor vasculature to enhance tumor accumulation and penetration for potent eradication of cancer stem-like cells. (PubMed, Acta Pharm Sin B) - "Herein, a pair of twin-like small-sized nanoparticles, sunitinib (St)-loaded ROS responsive micelles (RM@St) and salinomycin (SAL)-loaded GSH responsive micelles (GM@SAL), are developed to normalize disordered tumor vessels and eradicate CSCs. The combination therapy of RM@St plus GM@SAL produces considerable depression of tumor growth, drastically reducing CSCs fractions to 5.6% and resulting in 78.4% inhibition of lung metastasis. This study offers novel insights into rational nanomedicines designed for superior therapeutic effects by vascular normalization and anti-CSCs therapy."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Oncology • Psychiatry

Butyric and valeric glycerides blend prevents adverse impacts of coccidiosis challenge in broiler chickens. (PubMed, Poult Sci) - "The five treatments were: non-challenged control (NC); coccidiosis challenged control (CC); CC+ BVg (BV; 500, 500, and 250 g/ton in the starter, grower and finisher phases, respectively); CC + anticoccidial salinomycin, 60 g/t (AntS); and CC + salinomycin + BVg (ABV)...Additionally, BVg inclusion shifted hock burn lesions and tibia length values from the CC group towards the NC and ABV groups, respectively. These findings suggest that BVg may offer a promising nutritional strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of coccidiosis, reducing oocyst loads and gut lesions, while supporting the feed efficiency and hock burn lesions of broiler chickens."

Journal

Salinomycin promotes cell death via the activation of the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in cholangiocarcinoma. (PubMed, Neoplasma) - "Sal promoted an increase of Annexin-V positive cells in Huh-28 and RBE cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was efficiently inhibited by VX-765 (Caspase-1 inhibitor), while Sal-induced increase of ROS levels was partially inhibited by exposure to N-acetyl-L-cysteine (ROS scavenger). The activation of Sal on the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway was also identified in CCA cells and tumor tissues. Collectively, these results suggested that Sal activated the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway to promote pyroptosis-induced cell death in CCA and suggest it may be a promising treatment strategy for anti-CCA."

Journal • Biliary Cancer • Cholangiocarcinoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • ANXA5 • NLRP3

Growth performance and body composition of Eimeria-infected broiler fed berry pomaces and a Limosilactobacillus reuteri isolate. (PubMed, Poult Sci) - "A total of 480 day-old Cobb500 male broilers were placed into 60 cages allocated to 8 treatments: T1: non-infected (NI); T2: Eimeria-infected (EI); T3: EI + anticoccidials (125 mg/kg zoalene for D0-D28, 60 mg/kg salinomycin for D28-D35); T4: EI + 1 % blueberry pomace (BP); T5: EI + 1 % cranberry pomace (CP); T6: EI + 108 CFU Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L...At D21, the lowest total fat masses (% of BW) were observed in T4, T5 (pomaces) and T3 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings indicate that berry pomace alone or in combination with the studied L. reuteri isolate may be beneficial for growth performance and body composition in the broiler grower and finisher phases."

Journal • Infectious Disease

First In Vitro Characterization of Salinomycinic Acid-Containing Two-Line Ferrihydrite Composites with Pronounced Antitumor Activity as MRI Contrast Agents. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "The study explored the use of salinomycin-ferrihydrite composites as possible effective ensembles of imaging and therapeutic units in the same molecule, evaluating their anticancer activity and influence on the signal in MRI...The new Sal-ferrihydrite composite showed a pronounced cytotoxicity in all three human cancers in line with enhanced signal in MRI, which makes it a promising candidate for future biomedical applications. The superior cytotoxic effect, together with the strong signal enhancement, makes these compounds promising candidates for further detailed investigations as future theranostic agents."

Journal • Preclinical • Colon Cancer • Colorectal Cancer • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Ovarian Cancer • Solid Tumor

Comprehensive Characterization and Pharmacological Targeting of Stem‐like Side Population Compartment in Multiple Myeloma (IMS 2025) - "Furthermore, we pharmacologically targeted SP-enriched MM cells by evaluating small-molecule inhibitors, including vismodegib (Hedgehog pathway inhibitor), plumbagin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway suppressor), deguelin (oxidative stress inducer via SOD and GSH upregulation), parthenolide (NF-κB pathway inhibitor), and the polyether ionophores salinomycin and monensin, to assess their capacity to deplete SP cells and elucidate their mechanisms of action. Systematic interrogation of this stem-like SP thus provides a compelling strategy for biomarker discovery and preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics, with the ultimate goal of eradicating relapse-initiating cells and substantially improving patient outcomes.This study was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency VEGA 2/0088/23 (JJ), VEGA 2/0087/23 (DC), the SRDA grants APVV-20-0183 (JJ), APVV-19-0212 (DC), APVV-21-0215 (JJ), APVV-23-0482 (DC) and the NextGenerationEU project No.09I03-03-V04-00451 (JJ) and No...."

Clinical • Hematological Malignancies • Monoclonal Gammopathy • Multiple Myeloma • ABCG2 • CD24 • CTNNB1 • CXCR4 • GLI1 • GLI2 • KLF4 • NANOG • NES • NOTCH1 • PTCH1 • PTCH2 • SOX2

Anti-breast cancer stem cell activity of titanocene complexes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (PubMed, Dalton Trans) - "Titanocene(IV)-NSAID complexes Cp2Ti(mefenamate)2 (4) and Cp2Ti(flufenamate)2 (5) show enhanced redox stability and potent cytotoxicity against breast cancer stem cells (CSCs), with 5 rivaling salinomycin and cisplatin. Complex 5 induces DNA damage and apoptosis, and its nanoparticle encapsulation improves biocompatibility. This is the first report targeting breast CSCs with titanocene-based metallodrugs."

Journal • Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Coccidiosis in chickens: From temporal patterns of Lesion development and Oocyst shedding to predictive modeling. (PubMed, Poult Sci) - "Treatments included: (1) Control, (2) Challenged, (3) Challenged supplemented with ionophore (Salinomycin, SAL) at 66 ppm, and (4) Challenged supplemented with a blend of chemical/ionophore (Maxiban®, MAX) at 72 ppm...In conclusion, this study demonstrates the value of frequent, time-sensitive measurements and the potential of data-driven approaches. Hence, the integration of classical statistics with machine learning techniques may be essential for improving the understanding of coccidiosis in broilers."

Journal

Salinomycin conjugates as potential anti-cancer agents (ACS-Fall 2025) - "Salinomycin was identified as one of the most potent inhibitors of breast cancer stem cells based on a high throughput screening of compounds with several fold higher potency than the anticancer drug Paclitaxel. We took up a project involving the design and synthesis of novel analogs of salinomycin for development as potential anti TNBC agents. We identified a novel lead compound based on our research and the chemical/biological evaluation studies will be presented."

Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Self-assembly driven nano-salinomycin for high-efficiency cancer immunotherapy by reticulum stress mediated stemness suppression. (PubMed, Biomaterials) - "Salinomycin, as a polyether antibiotic demonstrating robust cytotoxicity against tumor stem cell, is co-assembled with thymopentin (TP5) and ER-targeted phototherapeutic agent s-780, and tailored with DSPE-PEG-biotin to obtain DTSS NPs. Importantly, salomycin synergistically boosted s-780-mediated ER stress to effectively inhibit the stemness of cancer cells, thereby enhancing the responsiveness of cancer cells to T cells. As expected, DTSS NPs activate systemic immunity and suppress cancer metastasis and recurrence, providing promising solutions for sensitizing cancer immunotherapy by inhibiting cancer cell stemness."

IO biomarker • Journal • Oncology