Tectin (tetrodotoxin) / CK Life Sci - LARVOL DELTA

Circadian Norepinephrine Rhythm Regulates Outflow Facility and IOP in Rat Eyes. (PubMed, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci) - "The aqueous NE concentration, IOP, and C were respectively measured by ELISA, tonometry, and constant-pressure perfusion in eight rats during subjective day (SD) in light and dark and subjective night (SN) before and after tetrodotoxin instillation...The rat IOP rhythm is driven by clock sympathetic activity that elevates the aqueous NE level, constricts DVs, and decreases C at night. NE alters IOP partly through effects on C and mostly through other unspecified effectors."

Journal • Preclinical • CD31 • PECAM1

A Review on Climate Change Redefining Tetrodotoxin Accumulation and Ecological Dynamics in Pufferfishes. (PubMed, Mar Drugs) - "We organize findings around three mechanistic pathways: (1) warming-associated proliferation of TTX-producing bacteria and consequent shifts in environmental TTX availability, (2) climate-driven range shifts and hybridization that generate novel and unpredictable toxicity phenotypes, and (3) physiological responses of pufferfishes to warming, hypoxia, and acidification that may alter toxin allocation. We identify priority research needs, long-term monitoring, multi-stressor experiments, and standardized LC-MS/MS-based surveillance and outline an integrated framework for anticipating climate-driven shifts in pufferfish toxicity."

Journal • Review

Optimization and Intra-Laboratory Validation of the Neuro-2a Assay for Tetrodotoxin Detection in Mussels. (PubMed, Mar Drugs) - "The minimum mussel extract dilution of 1:100 did not result in matrix-related interference, allowing accurate TTX quantitation, with a LOQ of 0.54 µg TTX equivalents/kg mussel meat. Given its sensitivity, the optimized Neuro-2a assay represents a promising tool for toxicity-based TTX quantitation in mussels before their consumption."

Journal • Neuroblastoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Ultra-slow release of hydrophilic drugs via multilamellar-multivesicular liposomes formed by unsaturated phospholipids. (PubMed, Nat Biomed Eng) - "These effects correlated with the emergence of multilamellar and multivesicular structures and extended across diverse hydrophilic drugs. In a rat sciatic nerve block model, tetrodotoxin-loaded liposomes produced 2-3 weeks of blockade without systemic toxicity, establishing a simple platform for sustained local delivery."

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Minimally toxic tetrodotoxin analogs function as rapid chemical warning signals in pufferfish larvae. (PubMed, iScience) - "These findings suggest that TDT functions as a high-efficiency chemical warning signal that prompts rapid unlearned aversion. Our study highlights a complementary survival strategy during vulnerable early life stages, where lethal toxicity and sensory-mediated deterrence complement each other to maximize protection."

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Development and characterization of tetrodotoxin reference materials. (PubMed, Anal Bioanal Chem) - "Liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods with tandem mass spectrometry detection were developed for characterization of the materials and showed good agreement. The availability of a TTX calibration solution CRM, established processes for matrix RM preparation, and improved characterization methods provide the tools necessary for supporting TTX analyses in shellfish considering its increased occurrence globally."

Journal • SNAI2

Efficacy and Safety Study of Halneuron in the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=240 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Dogwood Therapeutics Inc. | Recruiting ➔ Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Aug 2026 ➔ Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2026 ➔ Dec 2026

Enrollment closed • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Neuralgia • Pain

6-Nitrodopamine as a Novel Mediator of Prostatic Smooth Muscle Function in Mouse and Human. (PubMed, Andrology) - "6-ND represents a novel pathway involved in local prostate regulation and a potential therapeutic target for prostatic disorders."

Journal • Preclinical

Adult Acute Flaccid Paralysis Associated With Food Consumption: A Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Case Report and Differential Diagnosis. (PubMed, J Acute Med) - "When immediate laboratory confirmation is not possible, analysis of patient clinical history is crucial for diagnosis. Because this condition progresses rapidly, prompt stabilization of vital signs by clinicians increases the likelihood of survival and reduces the risk of death."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Myasthenia Gravis

Myotonic Muscle Activity Drives a Persistent Pain State Responsive to NaV1.8-directed Analgesics. (PubMed, J Clin Invest) - "Transient myotonia increased total sodium current density in sensory neurons, with a shift toward a greater tetrodotoxin-resistant current fraction. Pharmacological inhibition with the NaV1.8-directed analgesic Suzetrigine markedly attenuated pain-like behaviors in both models of myotonia. Together, these findings establish a link between myotonia and persistent alterations in nociceptive processing and identify NaV1.8-directed analgesia as a promising therapeutic strategy for myotonia-associated pain."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Inflammation • Pain • NAV1

Selective Activation of Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Sodium Channels by AaH-II Drives Arrhythmogenic Late Na+ Current in the Heart. (PubMed, Europace) - "AaH-II provides a powerful new tool to selectively probe TTX-S INaL and reveals these channels as previously underappreciated contributors to cardiac electrical instability. Targeting TTX-S Nav channels may therefore represent a novel and potentially safer strategy for antiarrhythmic therapy."

Journal • Cardiovascular • NAV1

Differential Accumulation and Excretion of Tetrodotoxin and 5,6,11-Trideoxytetrodotoxin in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Following Ingestion of Toxic Flatworm Larvae. (PubMed, Mar Biotechnol (NY)) - "These findings provide the first evidence for the accumulation and excretion of TDT in bivalves and suggest that its faster elimination contributes to its rare detection in naturally contaminated specimens. The results also indicate that detection of TDT in wild bivalves may reflect relatively recent ingestion of TTX-bearing organisms, providing new insights into TTX analog dynamics and contributing to seafood safety monitoring."

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Melatonin exerts dual, concentration-dependent effects on intestinal pacemaker networks via MT2 receptor activation and redox pathways. (PubMed, Br J Pharmacol) - "Melatonin modulates ICC networks in a concentration-dependent manner: stimulation via MT2 signalling at functionally relevant levels and inhibition via antioxidant pathways at supraphysiological levels. These findings indicate that ICC networks contribute to melatonin responses and reveal distinct receptor-dependent and redox-dependent mechanisms regulating gastrointestinal pacemaker networks."

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Poison Apple-like Fruit Ingestion: A Case Report and Review of Manchineel Fruit Toxicity. (PubMed, Int J Environ Res Public Health) - "When exposures do occur, it may be reasonable to dispose of potentially contaminated fabrics to avoid recurrent exposures, particularly if recurrent symptoms are observed, as in our patient. We further contextualize manchineel toxicity within a comparative review of select tropical foodborne intoxications of plant origin (ackee, lychee, cassava, papain) and marine origin (ciguatera, scombroid, neurotoxic and diarrhetic shellfish poisonings, tetrodotoxin), distinguishing manchineel's local irritant mechanism from the systemic toxidromes of these comparators and underscoring the absence of a specific antidote."

Journal • Review • Conjunctivitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Ocular Infections • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Pain

Photovoltaic Stimulation of Mouse and Pig Retina With Pyrolytic Carbon Microelectrodes Integrated on High-Density Silicon Solar Cell Arrays. (PubMed, Adv Healthc Mater) - "In electrophysiological ex vivo experiments with mouse retinal tissue, the intra- and extracellular spike activity significantly increased upon NIR-induced photovoltaic stimulation with the retinal implant compared to spontaneous activity, while spike amplitudes were comparable to the natural response to white light. The absence of action potentials after subsequent blocking of Na channels with tetrodotoxin confirmed the biological nature of the signals recorded during stimulation...Photovoltaic retinal implants with 3D carbon pillar electrodes were explored for ex vivo stimulation of porcine retinal tissue, confirming their ability to evoke action potentials in retinal neurons. The results demonstrate the potential of miniaturized photovoltaic pixels with 3D pyrolytic carbon electrodes."

Journal • Preclinical

Cooperative Chemical Biosynthesis of Tetrodotoxin: Evidence from Marine Microbial Contributors. (PubMed, Mar Biotechnol (NY)) - "Groups A and B were more discriminating than the broadly distributed Groups C and D. Accordingly, C. gottheilii 1839 and P. tetraodonis DSM 16,099 are proposed as high-priority targets for integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, targeted gene disruption, and pathway-mining studies. The results support a dispersed, multi-module working hypothesis for microbial contribution to TTX-associated ecology, while emphasizing that the pathway, its products, and the causal role of individual strains remain to be experimentally resolved."

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Species-dependent seasonal variation of tetrodotoxin and its analogues in Korean pufferfish (Takifugu spp.) and dietary risk assessment | Poster Board #1086 (ACS-Fall 2026) - "Exposure assessments showed that in January 2023, the estimated daily intake of TTX and its analogues from T. pardalis muscle among Koreans aged 50–64 exceeded the EFSA acute reference dose (ARfD), whereas no such exceedance was observed for T. niphobles muscle throughout the study period. These findings suggest that species-specific ecological and physiological factors may modulate TTX accumulation, leading to differences in toxicity profiles and dietary exposure risks among pufferfish species."

Dynamic covalent polymeric prodrugs as supramolecular biomaterials for prolonged local anesthesia (ACS-Fall 2026) - "Tetrodotoxin (TTX), an ultrapotent site-1 sodium channel blocker, is an attractive candidate for prolonged local anesthesia because of its high potency and minimal local toxicity, but its clinical use is limited by severe systemic toxicity and the difficulty of achieving slow, effective release of this small hydrophilic molecule...In the best-performing formulation, nerve block duration reached 9.7 ± 2.0 h, compared with 1.6 ± 0.6 h for free TTX; co-delivery of dexamethasone further extended blockade to 21.8 ± 5.1 h. These results show how polymer structure and supramolecular assembly can be used to tune in vivo function, and highlight dynamic covalent polymeric prodrugs as a promising biomaterials strategy for prolonged local anesthesia. Chains of phenylboronic acid appended to a 10 kDa PEG are conjugated to TTX, then formed into nanoparticles. After injection at the sciatic nerve, the TTX diffuses away from the nanoparticle depot and blocks sodium..."

Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol)

Species-dependent seasonal variation of tetrodotoxin and its analogues in Korean pufferfish (Takifugu spp.) and dietary risk assessment | Poster Board #1046 (ACS-Fall 2026) - "Exposure assessments showed that in January 2023, the estimated daily intake of TTX and its analogues from T. pardalis muscle among Koreans aged 50–64 exceeded the EFSA acute reference dose (ARfD), whereas no such exceedance was observed for T. niphobles muscle throughout the study period. These findings suggest that species-specific ecological and physiological factors may modulate TTX accumulation, leading to differences in toxicity profiles and dietary exposure risks among pufferfish species."

Activation of the Dopamine D2 Receptor Enhances Colonic Motility via Disinhibition of Somatostatinergic Signalling in Rodents. (PubMed, Eur J Pharmacol) - "This pro-contractile effect was completely abolished by tetrodotoxin, indicating a neuron-dependent mechanism...In conclusion, D2 receptor is critical for maintaining colonic motility by modulating inhibitory SST-expressing enteric neurons, thereby suppressing myogenic SST2 receptor signalling. Moreover, the observed upregulation of this pathway in 6-OHDA rats suggests that a disrupted D2 receptor-SST-SST2 receptor axis may contribute to the colonic dysfunction in PD."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • DRD2 • SSTR • SSTR2

Ultraviolet-B sensitizes silent nociceptors and desensitizes C-touch fibers to slow depolarizing electrical stimuli in pigs. (PubMed, Pain Rep) - "Tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-sensitive sodium channel subtypes 1.8 and 1.9 play a key role on "silent" (mechano-insensitive) nociceptors activation during sinusoidal electrical stimulation...Potentially, the combination of desensitized C-touch and polymodal nociceptors with sensitized silent nociceptors might be based on high expression of depolarization-resistant NaV1.8 sodium channels in silent nociceptors. Functionally, sensitized silent nociceptors appear to be the primary candidate to underlie hyperalgesia in acute UV-B inflammation."

Journal • Inflammation • NAV1

Mechanisms Underlying the Benefits of Coffee in Postoperative Ileus. (PubMed, Nutrients) - "Coffee consumption does not attenuate inflammatory response but improves GI motor function and stimulates intestinal smooth muscle contractions in the mouse model of POI. Coffee stimulates contractions in a caffeine-independent manner through a cholinergic muscarinic receptor-dependent mechanism."

Journal • Inflammation • CCL2 • CXCL1 • IL6

A comprehensive study on freshwater pufferfish Pao baileyi: profiles of toxin possession, accumulation, and uptake. (PubMed, Front Vet Sci) - "Toxic freshwater pufferfish contain saxitoxin (STX) but lack tetrodotoxin (TTX), which is commonly found in marine pufferfish...Tissues of P. baileyi could selectively take up STX. This study reveals the profiles of toxin possession, accumulation, and uptake of representative Pao freshwater pufferfish."

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Peptide Coacervates as Dynamic and Interactive Depots for Tetrodotoxin in Long-Acting Local Anesthesia. (PubMed, Adv Healthc Mater) - "Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that coacervate structures stabilize TTX through a dynamic hydrogen-bonding network and multivalent interactions. This work establishes peptide coacervates as a potential platform for delivery of hydrophilic therapeutics."

Journal • Anesthesia

Near-field recordings expose the limits of far-field measures of peripheral vestibular nerve activity: implications for experimental controls. (PubMed, Hear Res) - "NF responses revealed a ∼90% reduction during transient hypoxia and an almost complete abolition following tetrodotoxin application to the otolithic macula. Micro-CT imaging of the guinea pig temporal bone confirmed the close anatomical proximity of the utricular macula to the FNC, providing the anatomical basis for the superior signal amplitude recorded at this site. Together, these findings demonstrate that NF FNC recordings provide a more sensitive and selective measure of peripheral vestibular nerve activity than FF scalp electrodes in the guinea pig, demonstrating the important need for optimising recording location and experimental controls when recording vestibular evoked potentials."

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