pyrimethamine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

NSUN2-mediated Trna M5c Methylation Maintains Oncogenic Translation and Cisplatin Resistance by Stabilizing Cell-Cycle Codon-Biased Trnas. (IASLC-WCLC 2026) - "Global translation rates were interrogated by pyrimethamine uptake, immunofluorescence and sucrose-gradient polysome profiling. Conclusions : NSUN2-directed tRNA m5C methylation sustains an oncogenic translate that maintains cell-cycle progression under genotoxic stress. Targeting this epitranscriptomic checkpoint offers a rational strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance in LUAD and potentially other malignancies."

Lung Adenocarcinoma • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor

The hidden culprit: MRI and biopsy unmasking late-onset cerebral toxoplasmosis post kidney transplant (TTS 2026) - "The patient was treated with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine and leucovorin, with sustained clinical improvement. This report illustrates a rare case of late-onset cerebral toxoplasmosis in a kidney transplant recipient on dual immunosuppression and underscores the importance of brain biopsy for definitive diagnosis to guide targeted therapy. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted brain MRI demonstrates rim-enhancing round lesions with adjacent leptomeningeal enhancement and surrounding oedema"

Biopsy • Back Pain • CNS Disorders • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hepatology • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Musculoskeletal Pain • Solid Organ Transplantation • Transplantation

Ocular Toxoplasmosis Masquerading as Acute Retinal Necrosis and Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: A Systematic Review. (PubMed, Ophthalmol Retina) - "Very low certainty evidence suggests that typical ocular toxoplasmosis frequently masquerades as viral necrotizing retinitis, primarily in immunocompromised and corticosteroid-exposed individuals. As this evidence derives entirely from case reports and series subject to selection and publication bias, these findings should not be considered definitive. The resulting diagnostic delay leads to largely irreversible visual impairment. Early multimodal testing, specifically intraocular fluid PCR, and avoidance of empiric corticosteroids without concurrent anti-toxoplasma coverage may contribute to vision preservation."

Journal • Review • Cytomegalovirus Infection • Genetic Disorders • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Retinal Disorders

Oregano essential oil alone and in combination with biogenic silver nanoparticles exhibits anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity in human trophoblastic cells. (PubMed, Microb Pathog) - "These findings demonstrate the anti-Toxoplasma effect of OEO and the context-dependent effect of its combination with AgNp-Bio, standing out as a promising candidate for further investigation against congenital toxoplasmosis."

Journal • Infectious Disease

TPGS-stabilized pyrimethamine micelles promote ROS-associated apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells and suppress tumour progression in a murine lymphoma model. (PubMed, Daru) - "These findings support further preclinical investigation of TPGS-based pyrimethamine micelles as a potential anticancer delivery strategy. Additional studies are required to confirm their mechanism, pharmacokinetic behaviour, long-term safety, and efficacy in breast-cancer-specific animal models."

Journal • Preclinical • Breast Cancer • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • ANXA5 • DHFR

Comparative efficacy of free and PNAGA-encapsulated antimalarial drugs: temperature-dependent modulation of Plasmodium falciparum growth. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "After 24 h at 4 °C (below the sol-gel transition), PNAGA-mefloquine matched free mefloquine in efficacy, while PNAGA-pyrimethamine remained less effective than free pyrimethamine. These findings confirm that PNAGA is a reproducible, temperature-responsive hydrogel that efficiently encapsulates antimalarial drugs and modulates their availability according to its UCST, with reduced immediate efficacy at 37 °C (above the sol-gel transition) and higher efficacy below the sol-gel transition (4 °C) for PNAGA-mefloquine."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Toxoplasmosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis during tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy. (PubMed, ASM Case Rep) - "He had chronic lymphopenia and reported gastrointestinal intolerance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, documented as a sulfonamide allergy without formal testing, limiting prophylaxis to inhaled pentamidine, which has no anti-Toxoplasma activity...Treatment with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin was initiated, but the patient continued to deteriorate and transitioned to comfort measures. This represents the first toxoplasmosis-associated HLH during TIL therapy. It underscores the importance of distinguishing drug intolerance from true allergy, ensuring Toxoplasma-active prophylaxis in profoundly immunosuppressed patients, and recognizing that HIV-derived CD4 thresholds may not apply to non-HIV immunocompromised populations."

Journal • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte • Allergy • Dyslipidemia • Hematological Disorders • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Hypertriglyceridemia • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Melanoma • Oncology • Rare Diseases • Solid Tumor • CD4 • IL2 • IL2RA

Development and validation of a simultaneous HPLC method for three-drug combination formulation following ICH guidelines: resolving chromatographic challenges | Poster Board #1284 (ACS-Fall 2026) - "A robust high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of leucovorin (LCV), pyrimethamine (PMT), and sulfadiazine (SFZ) in a combination drug formulation. The method effectively addressed challenges associated with simultaneous separation of chemically diverse analytes and is suitable for routine quality control of combination drug products. Chromatogram of developed HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of LCV, PMT, and SFZ."

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Case Report: Unusual inferonasal peripheral retinal involvement in ocular toxoplasmosis: a case report with diagnostic and therapeutic implications. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "After treatment with pyrimethamine combined with glucocorticoids and adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapy, intraocular inflammation was controlled and the lesion became stable...Definitive diagnosis can be made by combining pet exposure history, laboratory pathogen testing, and characteristic imaging manifestations. Standard anti-parasitic combined with anti-inflammatory therapy can achieve favorable prognosis."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Uveitis • IL6

Quantification of Parasite Load in Macrophage Cells and Spleen Tissue of Infected Mice in Acute Toxoplasmosis Following Treatment with Rosuvastatin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Real-time PCR. (PubMed, Microb Pathog) - "In this in vivo experiment, BALB/c mice were infected with tachyzoites of the RH strain of T. gondii; subsequently, they were treated with different formulations: CH-NP, ROS, CH-NP-ROS administered via injection and oral routes, and the standard anti-toxoplasmosis therapy with sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine (SDZ/PYR). The parasite load was significantly lower in mice receiving CH-NP-ROS in injection form or orally than in mice receiving ROS (p<0.05). The present study indicated that CH-NP-ROS has greater anti-Toxoplasma effects than ROS and CH-NP in vitro and murine models."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Ameliorate the Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Immunosuppressed Mice. (PubMed, Iran J Parasitol) - "Mice were immunosuppressed using dexamethasone prior to infection with the Tehran strain of T. gondii. AuNPs were administered orally at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, alone or combined with pyrimethamine (PYR; 10 mg/kg), in a 0.2 mL volume for 14 days...AuNPs, particularly in combination with PYR, demonstrate significant efficacy against toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed murine models. Clinical trials are warranted to further assess the safety and therapeutic potential of this combination approach."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • BAG1 • IFNG • IL12A • IL4

Synthesis and antimalarial activity of novel C30-aminated betulin derivatives. (PubMed, Bioorg Med Chem Lett) - "Screening of the seventeen synthesized C30-aminated betulin derivatives for antimalarial activity revealed that the C30-tryptamine analogue 5g exhibited good inhibitory activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and the chloroquine-mefloquine-pyrimethamine multiresistant strain P. falciparum Dd2 with IC50 values of 0.62 μM and 0.24 μM, respectively. Moreover, the compound did not cause red blood cell lysis at concentrations up to 25 μM and displayed moderate cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 4.2 μM against human keratinocytes HaCaT cells. These results highlight the great potential of the prop-1-en-2-yl moiety on lupane triterpenoids to improve biological and physicochemical properties and support the extension of the chemical diversity at the C30 position towards new bioactive antiprotozoal betulin analogues."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Malaria

Structural insights into a substrate translocation pathway revealed by the RND efflux pump complex MexJK from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (PubMed, Sci Adv) - "The key residues for triclosan efflux are further shown essential for two other potential substrates of MexK, chloramphenicol and pyrimethamine. Our results provide the molecular basis for an unusual drug trafficking pathway in RND efflux pumps."

Journal

Persistent CD4+ lymphopenia is associated with recurrent Nocardia farcinica infection and acquired resistance in an AIDS patient: a case report with immunological warning. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "A 32-year-old man with AIDS and persistent CD4+ count below 100 cells/μL for over three years (nadir 2 cells/μL) developed right lower lobe pneumonia caused by Nocardia farcinica four years before the current admission, which was cured with a TMP-SMX-containing regimen...One year before the current admission, he received sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine for clinically diagnosed cerebral toxoplasmosis, but his adherence was poor and irregular...He improved after switching to imipenem plus amikacin...The distinction between true reinfection and late relapse could not be definitively established in the absence of strain-level homology data. Irregular, sub-therapeutic sulfonamide exposure, combined with a non-functional immune system, can select for resistant strains."

Journal • Preclinical • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Pneumonia • Respiratory Diseases • Septic Shock • CD4

Targeting Chronic Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Hosts: In Vivo Antiparasitic and Immuno-Apoptotic Effects of Phellandrene Combined with Pyrimethamine. (PubMed, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis) - "In summary, PR, particularly in combination with PYM, demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy against chronic toxoplasmosis in ICM mice. This effect appears to be mediated through modulation of oxidative stress, enhancement of antioxidant defenses, regulation of apoptosis, and improvement of host immune responses. Importantly, no significant toxicity was observed in vital organs. These findings highlight PR as a promising adjunct candidate; however, further pharmacokinetic and clinical investigations are required to confirm its translational potential."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • BAG1 • BAX • BCL2 • CASP3 • IFNG • IL12A • IL4

Hidden risks of treatment: The vital role of patient education in preventing life-threatening adverse drug effects: A case report of toxoplasmosis encephalitis medication mismanagement. (PubMed, IDCases) - "In this case report, we presented a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patient who was treated with pyrimethamine due to Toxoplasmosis encephalitis. He unaware of the critical role of folinic acid, neglected to take it, resulting in severe hematologic complications, including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)...It also underscores the need for healthcare systems to implement robust safety protocols, enhance training for healthcare professionals, and encourage a culture of transparency in error reporting. Preventing medication errors requires both systemic changes and a commitment to continuous education for both patients and providers to ensure patient safety and improve healthcare quality."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Sarcocystosis from a One Health perspective: Revisiting zoonotic potential, transmission dynamics, clinical features, and control strategies. (PubMed, Adv Parasitol) - "Therapeutic options are limited; antiprotozoal agents including sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, decoquinate, clindamycin, and triazine derivatives have shown high efficacies. Increasing human-wildlife interactions elevate the risk of cross-species transmission of novel Sarcocystis species. Adopting a One Health approach is fundamental for understanding the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of zoonotic sarcocystosis and reducing future outbreaks through effective diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive interventions."

Journal • Review • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain • Myositis • Pain

Azithromycin versus azithromycin-pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis: a retrospective comparative case-series. (PubMed, Eye (Lond)) - "Azithromycin had similar outcomes to azithromycin-pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of TRC, whilst having a better tolerance."

Journal • Retrospective data • Infectious Disease

Quinolones as anti-Toxoplasma agents: a comprehensive scoping review of in vitro and in vivo efficacy. (PubMed, Parasitol Res) - "In vitro analysis revealed a stark dichotomy: while clinical fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (IC50 = 3.44-20 µM) possessed weak-to-moderate activity, experimental scaffolds, particularly Hydroxyquinolone derivatives (e.g., Compound A, IC50 = 0.0004 μM) and endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) (e.g., ELQ-316, IC50 = 0.000007 μM) achieved sub-nanomolar potency by inhibiting the mitochondrial electron transport chain...Combination regimens (e.g., gatifloxacin-pyrimethamine) maximized efficacy while also lowering resistance risks...Efficacy is determined by precise structure activity relationships (particularly at the C-7 position) and advanced drug delivery systems. Despite ongoing translational challenges such as bioavailability optimization, tissue penetration barriers, and resistance management new quinolone compounds and combination regimens hold great promise as anti-Toxoplasma drugs."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Discovery of novel anti-Toxoplasma gondii agent derived from thiazolidinone-isatin hybrids: synthesis, biological assessment, and computational modeling. (PubMed, RSC Adv) - "Crucially, 4a exhibited an exceptional safety profile and a remarkably broad therapeutic window, achieving a selectivity index (SI) in Hs27 host cells of >1171, vastly outperforming pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and trimethoprim. In silico molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations suggested TgCDPK1 as a potential target and revealed a highly stable binding complex with 4a. Overall, this study validates the thiazolidinone-isatin hybrid scaffold as a highly effective new chemotype for antitoxoplasmic drug discovery and highlights 4a as a compelling candidate for further in vivo preclinical evaluation."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of two novel synthetic compounds based on pyridine, benzimidazole and benzoxazole scaffolds in human maternal-fetal interface models. (PubMed, Microb Pathog) - "Congenital toxoplasmosis remains a major public health concern, and current therapy with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine is limited by toxicity and efficacy, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. These findings demonstrate that RVI 30 and RVI 33 exert potent anti-T. gondii activity at the maternal-fetal interface through direct parasite damage and modulation of invasion and inflammatory pathways, supporting their potential as therapeutic candidates."

Journal • Infectious Disease • CXCL8 • DHFR • MIF • TYMS

Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy (PubMed, Rev Prat) - "Prenatal diagnosis is performed by amniocentesis. In case of congenital toxoplasmosis, prompt treatment with pyrimethamine and sulphonamide reduces the risks of brain or eye damage; long-term follow-up of the child is required."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine combined with sulfadiazine in a Chinese neonate: a case report. (PubMed, Front Pediatr) - "In the initial phase of treatment, due to the lack of routine access to standard therapeutic drugs in China, azithromycin was administered as empirical therapy. Subsequently, through multidisciplinary discussions and comprehensive communication with the family, and after obtaining informed consent from the parents who sourced the medications themselves, standard combined therapy with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid was initiated, strictly following an individualized regimen...Outpatient follow-up at one year showed no adverse events, with normal growth and development assessments. This case demonstrates that, by adopting a standardized approach to address the challenge of drug accessibility, the implementation of this standard treatment regimen is feasible in China, providing a valuable reference for the clinical management of similar rare diseases."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Rare Diseases

Lauramide-Functionalized Silver-Selenide Nanoparticles Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of Pyrimethamine in Murine Reactivated Toxoplasmosis. (PubMed, Acta Trop) - "Their effects were associated with reduced parasite burden, modulation of oxidative stress, and regulation of immune- and apoptosis-related responses. Further mechanistic and toxicological investigations are warranted."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Atypical congenital toxoplasmosis presenting with neonatal jaundice and central nervous system involvement: a case report and therapeutic challenges to limited access to first-line anti-toxoplasma medications. (PubMed, Front Pediatr) - "Due to initial unavailability of pyrimethamine, azithromycin followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was administered; however, no clear improvement in CSF inflammatory indices was observed during this period. Standard pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine-folinic acid therapy may be associated with better clinical and radiological outcomes and should be used when available. Long-term multidisciplinary follow-up is necessary to monitor potential sequelae."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Endocrine Disorders • Genetic Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Infectious Disease • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Otorhinolaryngology • Retinal Disorders • Uveitis • Ventriculomegaly