thioridazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

QT interval prolongation in acute antipsychotic poisoning: systematic review and recommendations. (PubMed, Clin Toxicol (Phila)) - "Individual medication recommendations were made for amisulpride (15 articles), thioridazine (11 articles), ziprasidone (eight articles) and quetiapine (13 articles), whilst consensus statements based on limited data were made for acute ingestions of clozapine, haloperidol, iloperidone, pimozide, pipamperone, olanzapine and risperidone (14 articles in total). The QT Interval Prolongation in Clinical Toxicology Workgroup suggests the same approach for patients with overdoses of haloperidol, iloperidone, pipamperone and pimozide. The risk of torsade de pointes is likely overstated for acute antipsychotic medication overdose as a general class group, and concern should rather focus on a few specific medications."

Journal • CNS Disorders

Pharmacogenetic Guidelines and Resources to Support Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Use in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP 2025) - "The FDA categorizes drug-gene pairs by implications on therapeutic management, safety, or pharmacokinetics. If a patient has genotype results available, the CPIC and/or FDA currently provide assessments supporting the utility of PGx to inform the use of many antidepressants including es/citalopram (CYP2C19), fluvoxamine (CYP2D6), paroxetine (CYP2D6), sertraline (CYP2C19 and CYP2B6), TCAs (CYPC19 and/or CYP2D6), venlafaxine (CYP2D6), and vortioxetine (CYP2D6)...FDA labeling provides specific dosing based on CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotypes for aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, iloperidone, pimozide, and thioridazine... CPIC and FDA resources are useful for identifying evidence-based PGx information for commonly used antidepressants and antipsychotics. PharmGKB and Sequence2Script support access to foundational literature and the clinical implementation of PGx results.PPC, ADP, APS"

Biomarker • Clinical • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • CYP19A1 • CYP2C19 • HTR2A • SLC6A4

Repurposed Drugs and Efflux Pump Inhibitors Against Gram-Negative Urinary Tract Pathogenic Bacteria. (PubMed, Antibiotics (Basel)) - "Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of thioridazine (TZ), promethazine (PMZ), fluoxetine (Fx), sertraline (Sr), phenylalanine arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), and the glutamine uptake inhibitor V9302 were determined at pH 5-8... TZ reduced biofilm formation in sensitive K. pneumoniae at all pH levels and enhanced ciprofloxacin (CIP) activity, whereas PMZ showed a weaker effect, limited mainly to neutral pH...V9302 was a potent biofilm inhibitor in K. pneumoniae and resistant E. coli and interfered with efflux activity, showing strong effects in acidic environments. Repurposed drugs and EPIs may be useful as antibiotic adjuvants or biofilm inhibitors in treating resistant UTIs."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Nephrology • Pneumonia

The Future of Oncology in Psychiatric Medications. (PubMed, J Clin Med) - "The anticancer potential of psychiatric drugs seems to be extremely broad, and the most extensive anticancer literature has been reported on antidepressants (fluoxetine, amitriptyline, imipramine, mirtazapine, and St John's Wort) and antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, pimozide, thioridazine, and trifluoperazine)...Among antidementia drugs, memantine has documented anticancer effects, while there is limited evidence for galantamine. Of the new psychiatric substances, the antipsychotic drug brexpiprazole and the antidepressant vortioxetine have a very interesting body of literature regarding glioblastoma, based on in vitro and in vivo animal survival studies...The anticancer properties of psychiatric drugs may prove particularly useful in the period between chemotherapy and radiotherapy sessions to maintain the tumor-inhibitory effect. While further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms, clinical implications, dose-dependence of the effect, and clear..."

Journal • Brain Cancer • CNS Disorders • Depression • Glioblastoma • Oncology • Psychiatry • Solid Tumor • BCL2 • CDKN1A • SIRT1

Phenothiazine Derivatives and Their Impact on the Apoptosis Processes: A Review. (PubMed, J Appl Toxicol) - "Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, levomepromazine, mepazine, perphenazine, promazine, promethazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, and trifluoperazine analog (3dc) more often induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines, human hepatocytes, and lymphocytes, and the final effect depends on the type and concentration of drug used, the type of cell line, and the methodology used. The obtained results allow for a better understanding of the biological action of phenothiazine derivatives and will help reposition this group of drugs to cancer treatment, resulting in faster, safer, easier, and cheaper therapy."

Journal • Review • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Oncology • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Identification and Characterization of Static Craniofacial Defects in Pre-Metamorphic Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. (PubMed, J Dev Biol) - "This study explores the differential remodeling responses of craniofacial defects by comparing the effects of two pharmacological agents, thioridazine-hydrochloride (thio) and ivermectin (IVM), on craniofacial morphology in X. laevis...Additionally, unique neuronal profiles suggest a previously underappreciated role for the nervous system in tissue remodeling. This study provides novel insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying craniofacial defect remodeling and lays the groundwork for future investigations into tissue repair in vertebrates."

Journal

Sexual dysfunctions related to use of antipsychotics: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed, PLoS One) - "The antipsychotic medications of interest are amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, chlorpromazine, clopenthixol, clozapine, droperidol, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, haloperidol, iloperidone, levomepromazine, loxapine, lurasidone, molindone, olanzapine, paliperidone, penfluridol, perphenazine, perazine, pimozide, prochlorperazine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, thiothixene, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, ziprasidone, zuclopenthixol and zotepine. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and RoB 2.0 will be used to assess the risk of bias in studies. We will evaluate the quality of the evidence contributing to network estimates for the primary outcomes using the GRADE framework, and key factors that may affect the observed effects will be analysed for consistency across studies."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Sexual Disorders • PRL

Thioridazine induces phospholipid accumulation and necroptosis in parental and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. (PubMed, Mol Omics) - "Furthermore, thioridazine co-treatment enhances the efficacy of tamoxifen in resistant breast cancer cells, augmenting its potential for combinatorial treatment. Altogether, Thioridazine induces phospholipid accumulation followed by necroptosis in both parental and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines, highlighting its potential application in breast cancer treatment."

Journal • Breast Cancer • CNS Disorders • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CDKN1A

Synergistic anticancer and antibacterial effects of novel regimens of phytopolyphenols and repurposing drugs on cultured cells. (PubMed, Oncol Res) - "This study evaluated the anticancer and antibacterial efficacy of PTM regimens that included phytopolyphenols (specifically curcumin (C) and green tea polyphenols (G)), repurposed drugs (memantine (Mem), thioridazine (TRZ), cisplatin (Cis), and 5-fluorouracil (5FU)), and ZnSO4 (Zn) across three cultured cancer cell lines and four cultured pathogens. Given that all drugs incorporated in the PTM regimens have been clinically validated for safety and efficacy, particularly regarding their synergistic selective anticancer efficacy, inhibition of efflux pump ATPase, and antibiofilm formation of pathogens, these regimens may offer a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate the severe side effects and drug resistance typically associated with chemotherapeutic agents. Further preclinical and clinical investigations are warranted."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Oncology

Impact of Early Antipsychotic Prescription Choice on Weight Gain in the First 5 Years of Psychotic Illness: a Retrospective Cohort Study. (PubMed, Neurol Ther) - "Younger women were at elevated risk for weight gain as were people prescribed multiple antipsychotics in the 1st year. Some older antipsychotics associated with as much weight gain as the newer prescribed agents. More than 40% of people did not put on weight."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Obesity • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

A thioridazine-derived molecule exhibits potential anti-inflammatory activity through IKK inhibition. (PubMed, Inflammopharmacology) - "This study highlights the potential of ligand-based lead optimisation techniques for mitigating off-target effects, thereby offering a safer anti-inflammatory therapeutic candidate. By overcoming the cardiotoxicity associated with thioridazine, TDZ-D2 presents a promising avenue for drug development for inflammatory diseases."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Inflammation • NFKBIA

Human Health and Ecological Impacts of Pharmaceuticals and Metals Released by Municipal Wastewater in Tehran: A Life Cycle Impact Assessment. (PubMed, Environ Toxicol Chem) - "Acetaminophen (7.7 µg/L) and zinc (88.4 µg/L) had the highest concentrations in untreated wastewater, while citalopram (0.4 µg/L) and zinc (55.1 µg/L) dominated in treated wastewater. The lowest concentrations were for alprazolam, vanadium, and beryllium, ranging from 2 to 100 ng/L...Sertraline and cadmium posed the greatest risks to human health, while thioridazine and cadmium was found to be most detrimental to ecosystems. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved wastewater management and further research into high-risk micropollutants."

Journal

Unsupervised Graph Clustering Reveals a Clinical Taxonomy of Antipsychotics (APA 2025) - "Cluster 1 contained Aripiprazole, Brexpiprazole, Cariprazine, Lurasidone, Sertindole, and Ziprasidone, and was characterized by an excellent side-effect profile but also with the lowest efficacy. Cluster 2 contained Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Loxapine, Molindone, Perphenazine, and Thiothixene, and showed strong efficacy in positive symptoms, but also had a high-risk for EPS, QTc prolongation and seizures. Cluster 3 contained Clozapine, Iloperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Thioridazine, and Zotepine, and showed strong overall efficacy but carried the highest risk for sedation and metabolic side effects. Cluster 4 contained Amisulpride, Asenapine, Paliperidone, Risperidone, and Sulpride, and showed excellent positive and negative symptom efficacy but carried the highest risk of hyperprolactinemia. Cluster 5 contained Flupentixol, Fluphenazine, Pimozide, and Trifluoperazine and showed the lowest efficacy with a high risk of causing EPS. Conclusion Despite traditional..."

Clinical • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Hypotension • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Identification of YAP regulators through high-throughput screening and NanoBiT-based validation-drug repositioning for cancer therapy. (PubMed, Anim Cells Syst (Seoul)) - "Among the identified YAP regulators, the microtubule destabilizer vinorelbine promoted YAP nuclear localization and transcriptional activation, while the antipsychotic drug thioridazine enhanced YAP phosphorylation at Ser127, resulting in its cytoplasmic retention and reduced transcriptional activity, effectively suppressing cancer cell growth. These findings demonstrate the potential of FDA-approved drugs in modulating YAP activity and present a novel screening strategy for developing YAP-targeting therapeutics. Furthermore, this approach can be extended to identify modulators of other signaling pathways, advancing drug discovery for a wide range of diseases."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Oncology

Carbon Materials in Voltammetry: An Overview of Versatile Platforms for Antidepressant Drug Detection. (PubMed, Micromachines (Basel)) - "Moreover, the combination of voltammetric approaches with the unique characteristics of carbon and its derivatives has led to the development of powerful electrochemical sensing tools for detecting antidepressant drugs, which are highly desirable in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, carbon-based materials, such as glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond, and a wide spectrum of carbon nanoparticles, including graphene, graphene oxides, reduced graphene oxides, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were described in terms of the sensing performance of agomelatine, alprazolam, amitriptyline, aripiprazole, carbamazepine, citalopram, clomipramine, clozapine, clonazepam, desipramine, desvenlafaxine, doxepin, duloxetine, flunitrazepam, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, nifedipine, olanzapine, opipramol, paroxetine, quetiapine, serotonin, sertraline, sulpiride, thioridazine, trazodone, venlafaxine,..."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Personality Disorder • Psychiatry

Study on the common mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and interstitial lung disease. (PubMed, Hum Immunol) - "In summary, we have screened out the hub genes with diagnostic value in ILD and GERD, and also revealed the close relationship between the hub genes and the disease immune microenvironment, providing new research directions for the common mechanism and interaction of the two diseases."

Journal • Gastroenterology • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Interstitial Lung Disease • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • ADAMTS1 • AGR2 • BMP4 • CD73 • EPCAM • GATA6 • MMP1 • NT5E • PPARG

Targeting Ion Channels: Blockers Suppress Calcium Signals and Induce Cytotoxicity Across Medulloblastoma Cell Models. (PubMed, Bioengineering (Basel)) - "Spontaneous calcium signals were significantly reduced by mibefradil (calcium channel blocker), paxilline (calcium-activated potassium channel blocker), and thioridazine (potassium channel blocker)...In contrast, digoxin and ouabain, inhibitors of the Na/K pump, reduced the calcium signaling by over 90% in DAOY cells and induced approximately 90% cell death in DAOY cells and 80% cell death in D283 cells. However, these effects were significantly diminished in the cells derived from a patient with MB, highlighting the variability in drug sensitivity among MB models. These findings demonstrate that calcium signaling is critical for MB cell survival and that the targeted inhibition of calcium pathways suppresses tumor cell growth across multiple MB models."

Journal • Brain Cancer • Medulloblastoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Drug-associated hyperprolactinemia: a comprehensive disproportionality analysis based on the FAERS database. (PubMed, Eur J Pharmacol) - "Sensitivity analysis indicated that most signals remained robust, with risperidone exhibiting the strongest signal for HPRL, followed by amisulpride, paliperidone, fluphenazine, and thioridazine. In conclusion, we identified and ranked drugs associated with HPRL, primarily psychotropic medications, and observed variations in signal strength and onset time across gender and age. These findings emphasize the importance of individualized HPRL screening based on specific medications, gender, and age."

Journal • CNS Disorders

Repurposing thioridazine as a potential CD2068 inhibitor to mitigate antibiotic resistance in Clostridioides difficile infection. (PubMed, Comput Struct Biotechnol J) - "In a mouse CDI model, thioridazine demonstrated potential in restoring gut microbial balance and improving survival, although it did not show superiority to vancomycin. These findings suggest that thioridazine has potential as a novel therapeutic for CDI, either as an adjunct to existing antibiotics or as part of a combination therapy to combat antibiotic resistance. Further research, including replication studies and dose optimization, is needed to fully evaluate thioridazine's therapeutic potential."

Journal • Infectious Disease • MRC1

Thioridazine Induces Increase in Expression of the Pyruvate Transporter MPC1 Associated with Immune Infiltration in Malignant Tumors. (PubMed, Dokl Biol Sci) - "Our experiments showed that the mRNA level of the MPC1 gene in the non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 increases 5-fold under the influence of the schizophrenia neuroleptic thioridazine. The observed elevation of MPC1 level may cause tumor infiltration by immune cells, complementing the previously reported data indicating the ability of thioridazine to slow cell growth, induce apoptosis and reduce the ability of cells to migrate."

Journal • Cervical Cancer • CNS Disorders • Gastric Cancer • Immunology • Lung Cancer • Non Small Cell Lung Cancer • Oncology • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia • Solid Tumor

Analysis of a mouse germ cell tumor model establishes pluripotency-associated miRNAs as conserved serum biomarkers for germ cell cancer detection. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "miR-291-293 were expressed and secreted specifically by pluripotent EC cells, and expression was lost following differentiation induced by the drug thioridazine...These findings reveal that expression of the miR-290-295 and miR-371-373 clusters in mice and humans, respectively, is a conserved feature of malignant TGCTs, further validating the mouse model as representative of the human disease. These data also highlight the potential of serum miR-371-373 assays to improve patient outcomes through early TGCT detection, possibly even prenatally."

Biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Embryonal Tumor • Germ Cell Tumors • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Testicular Cancer

Lurasidone versus typical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. (PubMed, Cochrane Database Syst Rev) - "We are very uncertain about whether lurasidone offers benefits to the mental state, total serious adverse events, or severe adverse events when compared to typical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia. The evidence included in this review is of very low certainty, derived from two small trials. Study limitations (risk of bias) and imprecise results impacted our confidence in the evidence. Furthermore, data on mortality (due to suicide or natural causes) or quality of life are unavailable. Further large-scale randomized studies are needed to provide clearer insights into the benefits and harms of lurasidone compared to typical antipsychotics for treating schizophrenia."

Clinical • Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Identification and characterisation of two functional antibiotic MATE efflux pumps in the archaeon Halorubrum amylolyticum. (PubMed, NPJ Antimicrob Resist) - "Antimicrobial susceptibility of the wild-type H. amylolyticum CSM52 testing revealed a lack of sensitivity to a wide range of antimicrobials, including glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. However, the presence of EPIs, such as thioridazine, fluoxetine, and chlorpromazine, significantly increased the susceptibility of H. amylolyticum CSM52 to a number of these antimicrobials, indicating the potential involvement of efflux pumps in the observed resistance...Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of both MATE pumps showed low similarity with bacterial representatives, suggesting the presence of novel and distinct MATE efflux pumps in archaea. Our findings provide the first experimental evidence of active antibiotic efflux mechanisms in archaea and their potential roles in antimicrobial resistance, broadening our understanding of mechanisms of archaeal antimicrobial resistance, an overlooked aspect of..."

Journal

Unveiling the critical roles of cellular metabolism suppression in antibiotic tolerance. (PubMed, NPJ Antimicrob Resist) - "In our study, we systematically explored the synergistic interactions of various metabolic inhibitors-such as chloramphenicol (a translation inhibitor), rifampicin (a transcription inhibitor), arsenate (an ATP production inhibitor), and thioridazine (a PMF inhibitor)-in combination with ofloxacin. In contrast, thioridazine consistently demonstrated elevated synergy scores, especially in pre- and co-treatment scenarios, albeit its synergy decreased during post-treatment conditions. When multivariable linear regression analyses were used for all drugs and conditions examined, a correlation between the synergy of thioridazine and its ability to suppress cellular energy metabolism became evident, underscoring the potential utility of certain metabolic inhibitors as effective anti-persistence adjuvants."

Journal

In silico Characterization of a Hypothetical Protein (PBJ89160.1) from Neisseria meningitidis Exhibits a New Insight on Nutritional Virulence and Molecular Docking to Uncover a Therapeutic Target. (PubMed, Evol Bioinform Online) - "To mitigate the pathogenicity associated with the HP function, it was docked with the natural ligand methionine and five other drug compounds like Verapamil, Loperamide, Thioridazine, Chlorpromazine, and Auranofine. Following ADMET analysis and binding affinity assessments from the docking studies, Loperamide emerged as the most promising therapeutic compound, effectively inhibiting the ATP transporter activity of the HP. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that this protein is specific to N. meningitidis and has no homologs in human proteins, thereby identifying it as a potential target for therapeutic intervention."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Meningococcal Infections