Adlyxin (lixisenatide) / Zealand Pharma, Sanofi, Royalty - LARVOL DELTA

Dermatologic side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A Cross-sectional Analysis (AAD 2026) - "Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are widely used for the management of diabetes and obesity, with gastrointestinal side effects being the most commonly reported...Search terms included: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, Liraglutide, Dulaglutide, Exenatide, Lixisenatide, Albiglutide... Dermatologic AEs due to GLP-1 RAs use are relatively uncommon. Injection-site reactions represent the most frequent cutaneous complication, while alopecia, dermatitis, and urticaria are rarely reported. Proactively anticipating and addressing these dermatologic AEs are essential to optimizing patient care and counseling."

Adverse events • Alopecia • Dermatitis • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Immunology • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Pruritus • Urticaria

Not All GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Are Alike: Real-World Evidence of Differential Endocrine and Dermatologic Safety. (PubMed, Diabetes Metab Res Rev) - "This real-world pharmacovigilance study identified agent-specific differences in the endocrine and dermatologic safety profiles of GLP-1 RAs. While semaglutide exhibited disproportionate reporting for alopecia and hormonal imbalance, dulaglutide and tirzepatide showed lower or non-significant disproportionality signals for these events. These results highlight the need for personalised agent selection and continued pharmacovigilance to optimise long-term patient safety."

HEOR • Journal • Real-world evidence • Alopecia • Gynecology • Immunology • Metabolic Disorders • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Renal Outcomes of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide Across CKD Stages and Metabolic Phenotypes (Type 2 Diabetes and/or Overweight/Obesity): A Scoping Review. (PubMed, Diabetes Ther) - "GLP-1-based therapies demonstrate consistent renoprotective signals across CKD stages and metabolic phenotypes, particularly in type 2 diabetes. Evidence is strongest for semaglutide and dulaglutide, with emerging data for tirzepatide and other incretin-based agents. These findings provide a structured evidence map to inform future consensus and clinical decision-making."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Chronic Kidney Disease • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Obesity • Renal Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. (PubMed, Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes) - "When compared with oral semaglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide, liraglutide showed comparable efficacy. Liraglutide 1.2 mg showed a numerically lower incidence of nausea and similar rates of vomiting compared with other GLP-1RAs. Liraglutide 1.2 mg and 1.8 mg doses improve weight and glycemic outcomes with a favourable safety profile, supporting its role as an effective therapeutic option for comprehensive management of T2DM with comorbid obesity."

Journal • Retrospective data • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

HARMONIZED META-ANALYSIS OF GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONIST CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME TRIALS: CONSISTENT REDUCTION IN 3-POINT MACE (ACC 2026) - " To assess GLP-1RA effects on 3-point MACE (CV death, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke) and the impact of endpoint harmonization, we meta-analyzed eight placebo-controlled CV outcome trials: ELIXA (lixisenatide), LEADER (liraglutide), SUSTAIN-6 (semaglutide s.c.), EXSCEL (exenatide), HARMONY (albiglutide), REWIND (dulaglutide), PIONEER-6 (oral semaglutide), and AMPLITUDE-O (efpeglenatide). Across >60,000 T2D patients, GLP-1RAs reduced 3-point MACE by ~14%. By harmonizing endpoints and eliminating trial-level variation, this analysis clarified a consistent class effect, contrasting prior heterogeneous reports and reinforcing GLP-1RAs as a cornerstone of ASCVD prevention."

Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Relative Efficacy of Next-Generation Incretin Therapies for Cardio-Renal Protection in Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence From a Network Meta-Analysis. (PubMed, Diabetes Obes Metab) - "Cardiovascular and renal benefits of GLP-1-based therapies are outcome-specific. Semaglutide favoured MACE/MI reduction, dulaglutide and tirzepatide supported stroke prevention, and albuminuria outcomes were more responsive than eGFR. Further long-term head-to-head trials are needed."

Journal • Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Myocardial Infarction • Renal Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Comparative efficacy of tirzepatide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, Cardiovasc Diabetol) - "Among adults with T2D and established ASCVD or high CV risk, class-level analysis demonstrated that tirzepatide significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular events compared to placebo; at the agent-level, tirzepatide demonstrated comparable efficacy to individual GLP-1RAs. These findings suggest that tirzepatide provides cardiovascular benefit at least comparable to established GLP-1RAs, supporting its emerging role in cardiovascular risk reduction in T2D."

Journal • Retrospective data • Atherosclerosis • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Myocardial Infarction • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

REAL-WORLD SAFETY TRENDS OF GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS IN THE UNITED STATES: ANALYSIS OF FAERS REPORTS (2015-2025) (ISPOR 2026) - "OBJECTIVES: To descriptively characterize real world adverse event reporting associated with GLP 1 receptor agonists in the United States using FAERS data from 2015 to 2025, with a focus on patient demographics, reporter type, indications, clinical outcomes, and frequently reported reaction categories across individual GLP 1 agents. U.S. FAERS cases were extracted for albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide...Type 2 diabetes was the most frequently reported indication (77,981), followed by obesity (3,933)... GLP-1 agents show increasing real-world AE reporting in the United States, particularly for semaglutide and tirzepatide. Most reports originated from consumers, occurred among adults, and were more frequent in women."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Diabetes • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Chronic Migraine: A Real-world Cohort Study of Healthcare Utilization and Preventive Escalation (AAN 2026) - "Adults with CM initiating a GLP-1RA (liraglutide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, lixisenatide, or albiglutide) within 12 months of diagnosis were compared with topiramate initiators, excluding prior use of the opposite class. Cohorts were 1:1 propensity-score-matched for demographics, BMI, comorbidities, and prior preventive use (β-blockers, TCAs, SNRIs, valproate, CGRP mAbs/gepants, Botox)... In CM, GLP-1RA initiation compared with topiramate was associated with lower acute-care utilization and less escalation to additional preventives, despite similar baseline profiles. These findings suggest a potential role of GLP-1RAs in migraine management and warrant prospective evaluation."

Clinical • HEOR • Real-world • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Migraine • Pain

Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (PubMed, JAMA Intern Med) - "To quantify the heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) of GLP-1 RAs, including semaglutide, liraglutide, exenatide, lixisenatide, and dulaglutide, by patient characteristics. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, GLP-1 RAs produced greater weight loss among women than men; however, their efficacy was consistent across other important subpopulations. These findings may inform clinical decision-making."

Clinical • Heterogeneity • Journal • Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity

Preoperative GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Exposure Is Associated with Increased Risk of Repeat Flexor Tendon Sheath Tenolysis and Diagnosis in Diabetic Patients: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study (AAOS 2026) - "Eligible agents included liragluti de, semaglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, albiglutide, and lixisenatide...Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed based on age, sex, race, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and concurrent metformin use... Preoperative exposure to GLP-1 receptor agonists was independently associated with increased three-year risk of both repeat flexor tendon sheath tenolysis and recurrent trigger finger diagnosis in diabetic patients. These findings contradict assumptions that GLP-1 RAs confer general anti-inflammatory benefit across tissues and suggest the need for further investigation into their effects on tendon homeostasis and fibroproliferative signaling pathways. Hand surgeons should consider GLP-1 RA exposure as a potential risk factor when counseling diabetic patients undergoing tenolysis."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • Chronic Kidney Disease • Congestive Heart Failure • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Heart Failure • Hypertension • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Obesity • Renal Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Suicidality: A Systematic Review. (PubMed, Obes Rev) - "Reports of aspects of suicidality and exposure to select GLP-1 RAs exist; notwithstanding, no causality between GLP-1 RA exposure and suicidality is apparent."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Depression • Genetic Disorders • Psychiatry • Suicidal Ideation

Drug-specific Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Dementia Risk: A Network Meta-analysis (AAN 2026) - "Other agents showed non-significant trends: albiglutide 30–50 mg weekly (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.0074–2.77), efpeglenatide 2–6 mg weekly (OR 0.07; 95% CI 0.0031–1.39), lixisenatide 20 mcg daily (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.014–8.18), semaglutide 0.5–1 mg weekly (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.14–2.51), semaglutide 14 mg daily (OR 0.20; 95% CI 0.010–4.17), semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.17–3.35), dulaglutide 1.5 mg weekly (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.29–2.09), and exenatide 2 mg weekly (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.14–7.14). Liraglutide is associated with a significant reduction in all-cause dementia, while other GLP-1 receptor agonists showed non-significant trends. These findings highlight the importance of drug-level analyses and warrant further research into cognitive effects across agents."

Retrospective data • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia

Effect of lixisenatide on arterial stiffness in people with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: Results of a randomised controlled trial. (PubMed, Diabetes Obes Metab) - P4 | "In people with CKD and type 2 diabetes the use of short-acting GLP-1 RA lixisenatide did not significantly influence Ao-PWV. Further studies are needed to understand mechanisms that may explain discordance in CVOTs results observed with GLP-1 RA."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Chronic Kidney Disease • Diabetes • Diabetic Nephropathy • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • ALB

The challenges of experimental pharmacology in identifying novel treatments for Parkinson's disease. (PubMed, Curr Opin Neurobiol) - "The drugs discussed are buspirone, JM-010, befiradol, mesdopetam, foliglurax, dipraglurant, tavapadon, prasinezumab, cinpanemab, nilotinib, minzasolmin, exenatide, NLY01, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide. For each molecule, we examine how previous preclinical studies succeeded or failed in predicting efficacy in clinical trials and discuss possible ways to optimize animal-model design and selection to maximize the probability of translational success."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Assessment of lixisenatide-induced nephropathy in chick embryos: Implications for prevention of diabetic kidney disease. (PubMed, Bioinformation) - "Lixisenatide, particularly at high doses, significantly ameliorated these changes, normalizing kidney-to-body ratios and reducing MDA, TNF-α and caspase-3 activity. Thus, we show that lixisenatide directly preserves renal structure and function independent of systemic metabolic control."

Journal • Chronic Kidney Disease • Diabetes • Diabetic Nephropathy • Inflammation • Nephrology • Renal Disease • CASP3 • TNFA

Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. (PubMed, Ther Adv Neurol Disord) - "However, robust preclinical evidence and promising findings in select subpopulations warrant further RCTs to evaluate their neuroprotective potential, prioritizing long-acting and brain-penetrant agents that effectively engage central GLP-1 circuits for PD treatment. The pre-specified protocol of the present systematic review and meta-analysis has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Ongoing Systematic Reviews PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD420251008703)."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis. (PubMed, Cancers (Basel)) - "In the first analysis, adult patients with pre-existing CP were identified and stratified by use of a GLP-1 RA (semaglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide). Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted between GLP1-RA users and non-users, matching for age, sex, race, tobacco use, alcohol use, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and pancreatic cysts...Given the elevated cancer risk in CP, these findings suggest a potential beneficial effect of GLP-1RA use in this high-risk population. Prospective studies will be important to further analyze and confirm this potential benefit."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Dyslipidemia • Genetic Disorders • Hypertension • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Pancreatitis • Solid Tumor • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Engineering Marker-Free Lettuce Chloroplast Genome to Express Functional Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Exenatide and Lixisenatide. (PubMed, Plant Biotechnol J) - "GLP-1 receptor binding confirmed functionality of CTB-Exenatide/CTB-Lixisenatide with statistical significance (***p < 0.001 by t-test) and post-translational amidation in chloroplasts. Expression of functional CTB-Exenatide and CTB-Lixisenatide in an edible marker-free system for the first time and much lower dosage requirement for functionality than recently developed synthetic GLP-1RAs paves the way for clinical studies to advance oral delivery of these affordable biologics."

Journal • Cholera • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity

The Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: A Literature Review of Clinical Trials. (PubMed, Life (Basel)) - "In AD, clinical trials suggest that GLP-1RAs such as liraglutide and semaglutide may enhance brain glucose metabolism, facilitate glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier, and benefit neuronal networks...Short-term clinical trials of GLP-1RAs, including exenatide and lixisenatide, demonstrated promising effects on motor and selected non-motor symptoms in patients with PD, but their disease-modifying effects remain unproven...Despite promising findings, small study populations, heterogeneous protocols, and short observation periods limit definitive conclusions. Further larger, long-term studies are needed, particularly to clarify the risk-benefit balance, weight control, and long-term outcomes."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Obesity • Parkinson's Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

GLP-1 Signalling as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "We also compare the therapeutic potential of key GLP-1 agonists, including exendin-4, liraglutide, semaglutide, lixisenatide, and emerging dual agonists. By integrating biochemical, preclinical, and clinical domains, this review provides a comprehensive framework for interpreting the current evidence and guiding the future development of incretin-based neuroprotective strategies in PD."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Basic Science and Pathogenesis. (PubMed, Alzheimers Dement) - "The GLP-1 RAs exhibit neuroprotective mechanisms through anti-inflammatory actions, enhancing synaptic function and reducing amyloid plaque formation. These findings warrant further clinical trials to establish their efficacy and safety in humans. The comparison of in vivo studies highlights the positive impact of GLP-1 RAs on cognition, learning, memory, and reducing AD pathology, suggesting their potential as first-line treatments for AD patients."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Psychiatry • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. (PubMed, Ther Adv Psychopharmacol) - "These results provides the impetus for large, long-term, randomized controlled trials for GLP-1 RAs for the treatment of various mental disorders. This review is not registered in PROSPERO or any other registry."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder • Mental Retardation • Metabolic Disorders • Mood Disorders • Movement Disorders • Nicotine Addiction • Obesity • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

GLP-1 agonists in neurodegeneration: a multimodal biomarker-guided approach. (PubMed, Trends Mol Med) - "Agents such as exenatide, lixisenatide, and liraglutide have demonstrated disease-modifying potential in preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we review the mechanistic links between GLP1-RA signaling and neurodegeneration, summarize the evolving clinical evidence, and highlight emerging blood-based and molecular biomarkers, including those tied to insulin signaling, neurodegeneration, and metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction, that may accelerate therapeutic development. Integrating these biomarkers with digital phenotyping and artificial intelligence could enable precision approaches to advance GLP1-RA research and clinical use in neurodegeneration."

Biomarker • Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

CER-4-T2D: Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Four Second Line Pharmacological Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Study (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=781430 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Brigham and Women's Hospital | Trial completion date: Jul 2024 ➔ Jul 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2024 ➔ Jan 2026

HEOR • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Diabetic Nephropathy • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus