betaxolol hydrochloride / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Engineering multifunctional solid drug nanoparticle–encapsulated ZIF-8 for synergistic glaucoma therapy | Poster Board #1085 (ACS-Fall 2026) - "The repurposed neuroprotectant maprotiline (MAP) and the IOP-lowering drug betaxolol (BX) were utilized to form the solid drug NPs, which were then coated with ZIF-8 (designated as MBZ). After a four-week in vivo biosafety evaluation, the MBZ eye drops exhibited satisfactory biocompatibility, comparable to the PBS control. Our results indicate that the MBZ formulation represents a promising controlled-release platform with potential to enhance long-term glaucoma management by simultaneously addressing IOP reduction and neuroprotection."

CNS Disorders • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Source-sink dynamics of WADA-prohibited compounds in coastal urban aquatic environments: From WWTP to bay. (PubMed, J Environ Manage) - "Four β-blockers (bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol, and sotalol), cocaine, and furosemide were quantified throughout the continuum, alongside CAF and NCT...As a sink, surface sediment in the bay retained only 10 WADA-prohibited compounds across 4 seasonal sampling events, including fentanyl and betaxolol, which were below quantification limits in water samples, likely due to particulate-bound transport and sedimentation. Gender differences on consumption patterns might also influence environmental loadings of WADA-prohibited compounds, in contrast to CAF (with comparable coffee consumption between male and female populations) and NCT (with male-biased smoking prevalence) in the region. This catchment-based study provides a comprehensive understanding of the environmental behaviors of the WADA-prohibited compounds within an urban aquatic system."

Journal

Quality-by-design-based fabrication of betaxolol hydrochloride-loaded nano-ocular carrier via ternary phase mapping of solid/liquid lipids and BBD modeling for enhanced transcorneal flux and IOP-lowering effect. (PubMed, AAPS PharmSciTech) - "Moreover, NC-9 was non-hemolytic (0.8 ± 0.2%) compared with slightly hemolytic BH solution (3.33 ± 0.69%), indicating improved biocompatibility. Overall, the developed lipid-based NC system significantly improved ocular retention, permeability, and therapeutic efficacy of BH compared to conventional eye drops."

Journal • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Estimation of Beta-Blocker Consumption in the Urban Population Using the Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Approach. (PubMed, Molecules) - "The aim of this work was to develop methods for the isolation and analysis of seven beta-blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, metoprolol, nadolol, pindolol and propranolol) in wastewater samples collected from the influent of the wastewater treatment plant in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in order to estimate their consumption among the population in two time periods (February and October 2024) using WBE. From the obtained results, it can be observed that metoprolol is the most used beta-blocker in the investigated population, followed by atenolol, propranolol and betaxolol. Other beta-blockers are consumed in small quantities or occasionally."

Journal

Controlled Release of Thermosensitive Hydrogel Incorporating Betaxolol-Loaded Resin Microspheres for Glaucoma Therapy. (PubMed, AAPS PharmSciTech) - "Ocular irritation studies confirmed excellent biocompatibility. Compared to Betoptic® S, the BH@CER@P407 offers enhanced ocular residence and prolonged therapeutic efficacy, presenting a promising strategy for improving glaucoma treatment."

Journal • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

The Underlying Mechanism of Shanxian Granule in the Treatment of Glioma Based on Network Pharmacological and Bioinformatics Analysis. (PubMed, Curr Top Med Chem) - "This study combines network pharmacological and bioinformatics analysis to identify potential targets and functional pathways of SXG function on glioma, and SXG may be a potential treatment for glioma."

Journal • Brain Cancer • Gene Therapies • Glioma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • CACNA2D1 • FGFR3 • PTK2B

NeuProIO: A dual-Action Solid Drug Nanoparticle Topical Formulation for Simultaneous Intraocular Pressure Reduction and Neuroprotection for Glaucoma. (PubMed, Chem Eng J) - "Using flash nanoprecipitation in a multi-inlet vortex mixer, we fabricated the first NeuProIO solid drug NPs incorporating the repurposed neuroprotective agent maprotiline (MAP) and the IOP-lowering agent betaxolol (BX), forming MAP/BX NPs for synergistic glaucoma treatment. A comprehensive biosafety evaluation confirmed the safety of NeuProIO, with assessments of corneal thickness, RGC viability, and major organ histology revealing no adverse local or systemic effects. Taken together, NeuProIO has the potential to redefine glaucoma treatment, offering a more effective and long-lasting solution to preserving vision and improving patient outcomes."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Compounding and stability studies of liquid oral formulations of beta-blockers (bisoprolol, betaxolol, and nadolol) for paediatric patients. (PubMed, J Pharm Pharm Sci) - "Nadolol 10 mg.mL-1 was stable for 3 months when stored at 2-8 °C, for 1 month after opening at 2-8 °C, and for 15 days when stored at 25 °C/60% RH. Hospital pharmacies can compound batches of beta-blocker liquid oral suspensions and store them for secure dispensing and administration."

Journal • Pediatrics

Engineered Multifunctional Drug-Loaded Dendrimer Nanoparticles for Glaucoma: Triple Mechanism via Antioxidant Activity, Iron Chelation, and Enhanced Ocular Transport. (PubMed, Biomacromolecules) - "In this study, we developed multifunctional nanoparticles based on polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers functionalized with caffeic acid (CA) and poly(ethylene glycol) maleimide (PEGM) for the topical delivery of hydrophobic antiglaucoma drugs brimonidine (BM) and betaxolol (BX). Both PAMAM-CA and PAMAM-CA-PEGM nanoparticles exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity comparable to that of CA. These findings suggest the potential of this multifunctional dendrimer-based nanoparticle system as an innovative strategy for glaucoma medication."

Journal • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Evaluation of betaxolol in improving the glasgow outcome scale extended (GOSE) of the acute phase of patients with mild to moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: a double blinded randomized clinical trial. (PubMed, Neurol Res) - "Betaxolol was well-tolerated but these findings do not support its efficacy for routine use in acute mild-to-moderate TBI. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up are needed for conclusive evaluation."

Clinical • Journal • CNS Disorders • Vascular Neurology

Cationic separation of medium strong bases by electrophoretic focusing on inverse electromigration dispersion profile. Sensitive analysis of beta-blockers in blood and water with ESI-MS detection. (PubMed, J Chromatogr A) - "The method allows direct injection of aqueous dried blood spot extracts and sensitive determination of metoprolol and betaxolol in real samples with limits of detection at the 2 nM (500 ngL-1) level. Experiments with direct injection of spiked water samples show that the method can be used also for analysis of beta-blockers in waters with almost the same sensitivity."

Journal

Effects of taurine, brimonidine and betaxolol on oscillation modulation and stimulation efficiency in degenerated rd10 mouse retinas. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "The drugs tested appear to be promising therapeutic candidates for improving the residual function of RGCs. They will be further investigated and combined with other RP treatments, such as retinal prostheses, in the future."

Journal • Preclinical • Genetic Disorders • Inherited Retinal Dystrophy • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Retinal Disorders • Retinitis Pigmentosa

Cat scratch disease: ocular manifestations (SOE 2025) - "Initial therapy was Agapurin, Milgamma, Betaxolol drops and Nurofen...Dexamethasone, Dorzolamide, Timolol and Bromfenac eye drops were added... Cat scratch disease is an infectious illness primarily caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae, commonly transmitted through scratches or bites from infected cats. While typically characterized by swollen lymph nodes, it can present with diverse range of symptoms. Ocular manifestations can serve as the sole or initial presentation of the disease."

Ophthalmology

Drugs for open-angle glaucoma. (PubMed, Med Lett Drugs Ther) - No abstract available

Journal • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Enhanced ocular retention and intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of hydrophobic microspheres for glaucoma treatment. (PubMed, Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces) - "This study aimed to address these challenges by developing betaxolol hydrochloride-loaded mesoporous silica polyacrylic resin microspheres (BH@MCM-41 MPs) and comparing their safety, ocular retention, and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy with previously reported betaxolol hydrochloride-loaded montmorillonite polyacrylic resin microspheres (BH@MMT MPs), BH solution, and commercially available Betoptic®...The area under the IOP reduction curve (AUC0-36h) for BH@MCM-41 MPs was 1.2-fold greater than for BH@MMT MPs, and significantly higher than for the BH solution and Betoptic. These findings suggest that BH@MCM-41 MPs offer enhanced efficacy for sustained glaucoma treatment through improving precorneal retention."

Journal • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

The Effectiveness of Liquid-Phase Microextraction of Beta-Blockers from Aqueous Matrices for Their Analysis by Chromatographic Techniques. (PubMed, Molecules) - "The aim of this research is to test the effectiveness of two green liquid-phase microextraction procedures, such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and solidification of floating organic droplet microextraction (SFOME) for the selective extraction of eight beta-blockers (atenolol, nadolol, pindolol, acebutolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, propranolol, and betaxolol) from aqueous matrices for their analysis by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC). Good limits of detection (0.13 to 0.69 µg/mL for GC and 0.07 to 0.15 µg/mL for HPLC) and limits of quantification (0.39 to 2.10 µg/mL for GC and 0.20 to 0.45 µg/mL for LC) were obtained. The developed procedures were successfully applied to the analysis of selected beta-blockers in wastewater samples, proving their applicability to the real samples."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Hypertension

Restraint stress effects on glutamate signaling protein levels in the rats' frontal cortex: Does β1 adrenoceptor activity matter? (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "In the current study, we adopted a restraint stress (RS) model in male Wistar rats to investigate whether the blockade of β1 adrenergic receptors (β1AR) with betaxolol (BET) in stressed animals influences the body's stress response and the expression of selected signaling proteins in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)...β1AR blockade normalized only the blood concentration of ACTH. These results suggest that decreased Fyn kinase activity, indicated by phosphorylation at Y530, underlies the stress-evoked downregulation of GluN2B in the FC in a manner independent of β1AR activity."

Journal • Preclinical • FYN • GRIN2B • SLC2A1

β-Blockers and Asthma: Surprising Findings from the FAERS Database. (PubMed, Respir Med) - "Risk stratification underscores the need for cautious β-blocker selection in asthmatic patients or those predisposed to asthma. The study highlights significant variability in risk among different β-blocker classes, crucial for clinical decisions and patient outcomes. Drugs like esmolol, metoprolol, nebivolol, and nadolol may be safer for asthmatic patients, whereas betaxolol, bisoprolol, timolol, and propranolol should be avoided. Regular respiratory monitoring is crucial for asthmatic patients on β-blockers, starting treatment at low doses and adjusting to minimize bronchoconstriction risk."

Journal • Asthma • Cardiovascular • Immunology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Spatiotemporal dynamics of reactive oxygen species and its effect on beta-blockers' degradation in aquatic plants' rhizosphere. (PubMed, J Hazard Mater) - "Through mass balance analysis and quenching experiment, we revealed that ROS contributed significantly to rhizodegradation for beta-blockers, ranging from 22.18 % for betaxolol to 83.83 % for atenolol. ROS production patterns were driven by rhizosphere chemistry (Fe and humic substances) and microbiome variations in different rhizocompartments. These findings not only deepen understanding of ROS production in aquatic plants rhizosphere but also shed light on advancing phytoremediation strategies."

Journal

Consistent Intraocular Pressure Reduction by Solid Drug Nanoparticles in Fixed Combinations for Glaucoma Therapy. (PubMed, Adv Sci (Weinh)) - "Utilizing hydrophobic antiglaucoma drugs brimonidine (BM) and betaxolol (BX), uniform fixed combination BM/BX SDNs are fabricated through a continuous process, improving batch-to-batch consistency for combined glaucoma treatment. Notably, BM/BX SDNs displayed consistent intraocular pressure lowering effects in vivo in both normotensive rats and glaucoma mice. Collectively, this study demonstrates the potential of the scalable fabrication strategy and the resultant BM/BX SDNs for improving glaucoma management through eyedrops."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology

Sex differences in hippocampal β-adrenergic receptor subtypes drive retrieval, retention, and learning of cocaine-associated memories. (PubMed, Front Behav Neurosci) - "Rats were infused directly to the dorsal hippocampus with Propranolol (β1 and β2) or ICI-118,551 (β1) and/or Betaxolol (β2), immediately prior to testing (retrieval), or paired to each cocaine (10 mg/kp, IP) conditioning session (learning). Furthermore, sub regions of the dorsal hippocampus appear to activate differently between male and female rats during CPP. Therefore DG, CA3, and CA1 may have separate region- and sex-specific impacts on driving drug- associated, or context-associated cues."

Journal • CA3

Drugs for hypertension. (PubMed, Med Lett Drugs Ther) - No abstract available

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular • Hypertension

Sex Differences in Contextual Cocaine Seeking Behavior are Driven by Noradrenergic Signaling to the Dorsal Hippocampus (CPDD 2024) - "We administered β-AR antagonists (Betaxolol (β1) and/or ICI 118,551 (β2)) to the dHPC prior to retrieval in both CPP and CSP... There are significant sex differences in the role of dorsal hippocampus β-ARs in the encoding and expression of both Pavlovian and operant cocaine memories. Furthermore, these effects may be driven by sex differences in adrenergic tone between the locus coeruleus and dorsal hippocampus. Thus, the substantial sex differences in the retrieval and retention of cocaine memories may be driven in part by adrenergic signaling."

CNS Disorders

LC and LC-MS/MS Studies for the Separation and Identification of Impurities and Degradation Products of Betaxolol. (PubMed, J Chromatogr Sci) - "Based on LC-ESI/MS analysis, the found results revealed that Bx decomposes in acidic, basic and oxidizing environments. All degradation products were identified with the help of their fragmentation pattern and the masses obtained upon the MS analysis."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Glaucoma • Hypertension • Ophthalmology

Different concentrations of betaxolol switch cell fate between necroptosis, apoptosis, and senescence in human corneal stromal cells. (PubMed, Chem Biol Interact) - "Finally, clinical concentrations of betaxolol had a pro-apoptotic effect on rabbit corneal stromal cells in vivo. These results suggest that betaxolol induces cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner in HCSCs, and that caspase-8 and Bcl-2 family proteins may be critical switches in the conversion of different HCSC death mechanisms."

IO biomarker • Journal • Stroma • Corneal Abrasion • Glaucoma • Ophthalmology • BCL2 • BCL2L1 • CASP8 • CASP9 • RIPK1