oxazepam / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Systemic medications associate with surgically treated cataract among adults over 50 years in Finland. (PubMed, Acta Ophthalmol) - "Our large nested case-control study suggests that certain systemic medications may increase the incidence of surgically treated cataract, but with the possibility of residual confounding."

Journal • Cataract • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Ophthalmology

Benzodiazepines Prescribed to Hospitalized Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A 3-year Retrospective Observational Study. (PubMed, Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat) - "For non-selective benzodiazepines at baseline, the most commonly prescribed were lorazepam (39.6%, n=110), oxazepam (23.7%, n=66), and clonazepam (16.2%, n=45)...However, the use of clonazepam, estazolam, and alprazolam remained comparable (P > 0.05)...While its use varied significantly over time (P 0.05)...It is advisable to limit benzodiazepine prescriptions for MDD patients to within 12 months. Discontinuing benzodiazepines becomes more challenging after prolonged use beyond this period."

Journal • Observational data • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

UPLC-MS/MS Analytical Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Diazepam, Nordazepam, and Oxazepam in Patients With Alcohol Dependence. (PubMed, Alpha Psychiatry) - "We developed and validated a rapid, simple, and economic UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of DIA, NorD, and OXAZ in human serum. The method is well-suited for the determination of serum levels of DIA and its active metabolites in patients with alcohol dependence, and could be further applied to TDM and subsequent studies."

Journal • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol)

A dual-detection HPTLC platform: combining smartphone-based imaging and densitometry for the analysis of diazepam, its metabolite and degradation product. (PubMed, BMC Chem) - "The developed and validated HPTLC method employing smartphone camera detection for simultaneous determination of Diazepam (DZP), its metabolite Oxazepam (OXP) and its degradation product 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone (ACB) was intended to meet this requirement and provide a useful replacement for the usual densitometric analysis. To assess the environmental and practical merit of the methods, greenness and sustainability were evaluated using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE), White Analytical Chemistry (WAC), and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI). Results confirmed the developed methods' analytical efficiency, environmental compatibility, and alignment with the principles of green and white analytical chemistry."

Journal

Pharmacokinetics and Residue Elimination of Diazepam in Zebrafish. (PubMed, J Vet Pharmacol Ther) - "DZP was metabolized to nordiazepam (NDZP), oxazepam (OZP), and temazepam (TZP). The findings are expected to fill a critical data gap concerning the pharmacokinetics and residue elimination of DZP in zebrafish. These findings provide a framework for extending the results to similar rare edible small fish, thereby aiding in food safety assessment and risk management."

Journal • PK/PD data

Inhibitory effects of (synthetic) cannabinoids and (designer) benzodiazepines on spontaneously active neuronal networks of primary rat cortical cultures in vitro. (PubMed, Neurotoxicology) - "The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the neuromodulatory effects of various (designer) drugs, including cannabidiol (CBD), a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (RCS-4), three canonical benzodiazepines (diazepam, oxazepam, and lorazepam) and two designer benzodiazepines (flunitrazolam and fluetizolam). Our findings demonstrate the applicability of MEA recordings for neurotoxicity assessment and potency ranking of diverse (designer) drugs. The strong potency of some of these drugs is particularly concerning and underscores the urgent need for better regulation and control of these substances to safeguard public health."

Journal • Preclinical

Acute effects of partial positive allosteric GABAA receptor modulation by GT-002 on psychophysiological and cognitive measures: protocol for the TOTEMS phase II trial targeting cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "Participants will receive a single dose of GT-002 (1 mg and 2 mg, developed by Gabather AB), oxazepam (15 mg), and placebo across four study drug exposure days, separated by a washout period ≥7 days. If successful, it will support further clinical trials of longer-term GT-002 treatment as a novel pharmacological approach to target impairments in information processing in SSD, potentially ameliorating cognitive impairments. EU CT number 2024-519389-28-00."

Journal • P2 data • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Phthalates and pharmaceuticals in soil, groundwater, and surface water downgradient of a wastewater soil infiltration system. (PubMed, J Hazard Mater) - "Substantial reductions were observed for caffeine (>99 %), carbamazepine (>96 %), losartan (>99 %), and phthalates (51 ± 72 % and 92 ± 5 %), with the higher attenuation for phthalates comparable to conventional activated sludge treatment...Several pharmaceuticals, including metoprolol, irbesartan, and metformin, were detected in soil samples, though it is unclear whether they were sorbed to the soil matrix or present in porewater. In downgradient surface water, diclofenac and ibuprofen exceeded risk quotient thresholds, while oxazepam surpassed the lowest predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) in one sample, indicating ecological risks. Overall, the findings highlight both the strengths and limitations of soil infiltration systems in mitigating micropollutant contamination, emphasizing the importance of vadose zone processes while underscoring uncertainties in sorption and degradation mechanisms."

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Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of diazepam and its metabolites in aquaculture environment in the Pearl River Delta region. (PubMed, Mar Pollut Bull) - "The concentrations of DIAZ and its metabolites-nordazepam (NDZ), oxazepam (OXZ), and temazepam (TEM)-were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Environmental risk assessment revealed that NDZ and OXZ presented low ecological risks in both matrices at all sites, whereas DIAZ and TEM posed medium to high risks at certain water sites, with DIAZ also showing medium risks in some sediments. The study provides an integrated evaluation of occurrence, spatial distribution, and ecological risks of DIAZ and its metabolites in aquaculture systems, offering critical evidence to support food safety measures and strategies for pharmaceutical pollution control in the Pearl River Delta."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Anxiolytic Potential of Passiflora incarnata in Oral Surgery: Mechanisms, Evidence and Clinical Application. (PubMed, Pak J Biol Sci) - "Clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials demonstrates that passion flower effectively reduces preoperative anxiety in dental and surgical settings, performing comparably to traditional anxiolytics like midazolam and oxazepam, but with fewer side effects and minimal psychomotor impairment. In general, this review highlights the need for larger, multicenter trials and standardized preparations to establish passion flower's efficacy and safety conclusively. With further research and careful clinical integration, passion flower may become a valuable adjunct or alternative to conventional anxiolytics in oral surgery, improving patient comfort and surgical outcomes through a gentler, natural approach to anxiety management."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • Cognitive Disorders • Pain • Psychiatry

Biodistribution of atogepant and rimegepant in mouse peripheral and central structures of relevance to migraine pathogenesis. (PubMed, Cephalalgia) - "BackgroundSecond and third generation gepants have been recently approved for migraine therapy. However, a preferred delivery of atogepant to the TG was obtained with the intranasal route. At variance with oxazepam, the two gepants did not accumulate in the TG or parietal brain cortex upon a seven day oral treatment.ConclusionsThe data obtained in the present study indicate substantial and transient permeation of the mouse brain by gepants."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

High-intensity transcranial alternating current stimulation combined with pharmacotherapy for adolescent major depressive disorder: a prospective case report study. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "All participants received a standardized pharmacological regimen consisting of sertraline hydrochloride with adjunctive aripiprazole, while oxazepam was permitted as needed for insomnia. The combination of HI-tACS and pharmacotherapy demonstrated potential early effects in this small cohort of adolescents with MDD, particularly during the initial phase of treatment. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation through large-scale randomized controlled trials to establish efficacy and safety profiles, and to further characterize suicide risk trajectories."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Insomnia • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Construction and Comparison of UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS and UPLC-MS/MS Methods for the Detection of Diazepam Residues in Complex Aquatic Matrices. (PubMed, Foods) - "A standardized pretreatment protocol was established for simultaneous determination of diazepam and its metabolites-nordazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam-in aquatic products using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Recoveries ranged from 73.8% to 117.9% (p > 0.05). The dual-platform detection system developed herein demonstrates high sensitivity, strong matrix interference resistance, and excellent reproducibility, enabling accurate trace quantification of diazepam and its metabolites in heterogeneous aquatic samples."

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Benzodiazepine prescriptions in Croatia: An analysis of national database trends (ECNP 2025) - "In the USA, diazepam and alprazolam have been reported as the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepines [1], while in the EU the most frequently prescribed were lorazepam and oxazepam [2], namely to the older population. This study highlights a consistent increase in benzodiazepine prescriptions in Croatia over the past decade, with a notable peak during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting global trends of heightened anxiolytic use. The predominance of prescriptions among older adults, particularly women, underscores ongoing concerns regarding the vulnerability of high-risk populations despite existing guidelines advising caution. Although the overall post-pandemic period showed a slight decline in prescriptions, the persistence of long-term use in a significant subset of patients raises important public health considerations regarding dependency and appropriate prescribing practices."

CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

What does data on adverse reactions reveal about benzodiazepines and suicide-related risk?: A disproportionality analysis using FDA FAERS pharmacovigilance data. (PubMed, Medicine (Baltimore)) - "After excluding 26 BZDs with insufficient psychiatric disorder-related AEs (<50 reports), 12 (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, potassium clorazepate, lorazepam, bromazepam, clobazam, alprazolam, flurazepam, triazolam, temazepam, and midazolam) were retained for disproportionality analysis using zolpidem as a control. Adults <65 years who used potassium clorazepate, lorazepam, clobazam, alprazolam, or triazolam faced a significantly higher suicide-related risk than those ≥65 years. Compared to zolpidem, BZDs demonstrate varied suicide-related risks, which necessitated personalized risk-benefit evaluations and increased monitoring for high-risk agents such as flurazepam and alprazolam."

Adverse events • Journal • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

Impacts of an anxiolytic drug on fish behaviour and habitat use in a natural landscape. (PubMed, Proc Biol Sci) - "Therefore, we examined the effects of oxazepam, a widely prescribed anxiolytic drug, on the behaviour of a cyprinid fish (the common roach, Rutilus rutilus) in the wild, combining slow-release exposure implants with continuous tracking via acoustic telemetry...Exposed fish appeared to get closer to the predators when these were caged, but not when predators were free-roaming. Our findings highlight the importance of considering ecological context to understand how pharmaceuticals affect fish behaviour, which is crucial for assessing risks at population and ecosystem levels."

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Pharmacotherapy for psychiatric inpatients with alcohol use disorder or acute intoxication: results from an observational pharmacovigilance program-status and changes between 2000 and 2016. (PubMed, J Neural Transm (Vienna)) - "The most common drugs were carbamazepine (11.1%), diazepam (10.1%), mirtazapine (8.5%) and oxazepam (8.2%). However, we also observed a high utilization of non-benzodiazepine sedating drugs-such as trazodone, mirtazapine and quetiapine-even though there is insufficient evidence to support their use in this context. Further research is warranted."

Adverse events • Journal • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for the detection of 38 benzodiazepines and 2 Z-drugs in blood. (PubMed, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci) - "The method was successfully applied for the identification and quantification of benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines in blood samples from 15 authentic poisoning cases. Ten analytes were detected: alprazolam (130.2-575.3 ng/mL), hydroxyalprazolam (2.3-37.3 ng/mL), clonazepam (11.7-773.2 ng/mL), lorazepam (63.4-166.9 ng/mL), 7-aminoclonazepam (17.4-385.3 ng/mL), oxazepam (2.6-964.1 ng/mL), diazepam (227.2 ng/mL), nordazepam(22.4 ng/mL), zolpidem (11.8-64.0 ng/mL), midazolam (70.2 ng/mL), and hydroxymidazolam (162.8 ng/mL)."

Journal • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders • Depression • Epilepsy • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

The kidney and substance abuse – a toxic relationship (ECP 2025) - "PVP is a hydrophilic polymer widely employed as a carrier in pharmaceutical and biomedical preparations and has been previously described as a cause of CKD in patients after intravenous misuse of methadone syrup. The source of PVP in our case, however, was enigmatic as EU regulations banned PVP from methadone preparations in 2014. Upon further inquiry, the patient eventually admitted to having dissolved Oxazepam (Anxiolit forte) and Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) tablets for intravenous injection."

Chronic Kidney Disease • Glomerulonephritis • Hepatitis C • Hepatology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Substance Abuse

Study on the Residual Dynamics of Diazepam in Freshwater Fish of Zhejiang, China and Its Implications for Human Health. (PubMed, Environ Pollut) - "Among DZP metabolites, nordiazepam (NZP) exhibited stable detection rates (1.20-1.37%), while oxazepam and temazepam were rarely detected, suggesting selective metabolic pathways. Health risk assessments indicated low average dietary exposure for adults, whereas under extreme exposure scenarios, hazard quotients (HQ) for children approached the threshold of concern (HQ=0.49). These findings underscore the urgent need for strengthened regulation of bait quality and contamination control in recreational fishing areas to mitigate future food safety risks."

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Psychotropic pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments: Occurrence and analytical challenges. (PubMed, Sci Total Environ) - "Antidepressants such as fluoxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine, along with anxiolytics like diazepam, alprazolam, and oxazepam, are among the most commonly reported...Transformation products, such as O-desmethylvenlafaxine, norfluoxetine, and carbamazepine-epoxide, are also prevalent and may occur at levels exceeding those of their parent compounds, indicating persistence and potential toxicity...A scientometric overview complements the discussion, highlighting research trends and regional monitoring gaps. This review advocates for harmonized regulation, improved detection of TPs, and integrated environmental strategies."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders

Global Occurrence and Hazards of Benzodiazepines in Water Resources: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. (PubMed, Environ Pollut) - "Numerous ecotoxicity data gaps were present for almost all BZDs; in fact, sufficient toxicity data to calculate both morphometric and behavioral PNECs was only available for diazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam. Our findings highlight important water quality hazards among global regions and aquatic matrices, which can inform future research efforts to understand and manage BZDs in the environment."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Assessing the safe prescribing of pharmacological detox regimen among patients with liver cirrhosis who have alcohol withdrawal syndrome (BSG 2025) - "Introduction Although chloradiazepoxide remains the drug of choice in alcohol withdrawal syndrome(AWS), lorazepam or Oxazepam is considered a safer option in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis due to the increased risk of drowsiness and respiratory depression.The aim of this study is to assess the safe prescribing of pharmacological detox regimen among patients with liver cirrhosis in the gastroenterology ward at Leighton hospital.Methodology The patients with AWS who were admitted into gastroenterology ward from June to Decemeber 2024 were recruited in this study. We found that 25% of doctor's answers were incorrect.InterventionThe result of the study was passed to the gastroenterology consultants and the ward manager to correctly implement the trust policy on AWS when reviewing these patients in the ward.There was a presentation of these findings and teaching on AWS in the gastroenterology teaching session(comprising of Consultants, junior doctors and..."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Fibrosis • Gastroenterology • Hepatology • Immunology • Liver Cirrhosis • Psychiatry

Monitoring Community Use of Benzodiazepines Through Wastewater-Based Epidemiology. (PubMed, Drug Test Anal) - "Downstream biomarkers had higher population-normalised mass loads but cannot be interpreted in isolation, for example, lorazepam (ranging 4-25 mg/day/1000 inhabitants over all locations), lormetazepam (8-30), oxazepam (10-50) and temazepam (1-12). These findings highlight challenges in interpreting BZD consumption trends and emphasise the need of distinguishing different biomarker classes to ensure accurate and comparable results across studies needed to guide informed decision-making."

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Intrahospital oral benzodiazepine use in surgical patients (Euroanaesthesia 2025) - "Temazepam (33%), oxazepam (24%), zopiclone (19%) and lorazepam (13%) were prescribed most often. Benzodiazepine administration during admission was positively associated with higher 30-day surgical readmission, with an adjusted OR of 1.37 (1.22 to 1.54).Conclusion(s): 21.6% of surgical patients uses an oral benzodiazepine during hospital stay. Oral benzodiazepine use is associated with the female sex and surgical readmission."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder