oxazepam / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Biodistribution of atogepant and rimegepant in mouse peripheral and central structures of relevance to migraine pathogenesis. (PubMed, Cephalalgia) - "BackgroundSecond and third generation gepants have been recently approved for migraine therapy. However, a preferred delivery of atogepant to the TG was obtained with the intranasal route. At variance with oxazepam, the two gepants did not accumulate in the TG or parietal brain cortex upon a seven day oral treatment.ConclusionsThe data obtained in the present study indicate substantial and transient permeation of the mouse brain by gepants."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Pain

High-intensity transcranial alternating current stimulation combined with pharmacotherapy for adolescent major depressive disorder: a prospective case report study. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "All participants received a standardized pharmacological regimen consisting of sertraline hydrochloride with adjunctive aripiprazole, while oxazepam was permitted as needed for insomnia. The combination of HI-tACS and pharmacotherapy demonstrated potential early effects in this small cohort of adolescents with MDD, particularly during the initial phase of treatment. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation through large-scale randomized controlled trials to establish efficacy and safety profiles, and to further characterize suicide risk trajectories."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Insomnia • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Construction and Comparison of UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS and UPLC-MS/MS Methods for the Detection of Diazepam Residues in Complex Aquatic Matrices. (PubMed, Foods) - "A standardized pretreatment protocol was established for simultaneous determination of diazepam and its metabolites-nordazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam-in aquatic products using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Recoveries ranged from 73.8% to 117.9% (p > 0.05). The dual-platform detection system developed herein demonstrates high sensitivity, strong matrix interference resistance, and excellent reproducibility, enabling accurate trace quantification of diazepam and its metabolites in heterogeneous aquatic samples."

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Benzodiazepine prescriptions in Croatia: An analysis of national database trends (ECNP 2025) - "In the USA, diazepam and alprazolam have been reported as the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepines [1], while in the EU the most frequently prescribed were lorazepam and oxazepam [2], namely to the older population. This study highlights a consistent increase in benzodiazepine prescriptions in Croatia over the past decade, with a notable peak during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting global trends of heightened anxiolytic use. The predominance of prescriptions among older adults, particularly women, underscores ongoing concerns regarding the vulnerability of high-risk populations despite existing guidelines advising caution. Although the overall post-pandemic period showed a slight decline in prescriptions, the persistence of long-term use in a significant subset of patients raises important public health considerations regarding dependency and appropriate prescribing practices."

CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

What does data on adverse reactions reveal about benzodiazepines and suicide-related risk?: A disproportionality analysis using FDA FAERS pharmacovigilance data. (PubMed, Medicine (Baltimore)) - "After excluding 26 BZDs with insufficient psychiatric disorder-related AEs (<50 reports), 12 (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, potassium clorazepate, lorazepam, bromazepam, clobazam, alprazolam, flurazepam, triazolam, temazepam, and midazolam) were retained for disproportionality analysis using zolpidem as a control. Adults <65 years who used potassium clorazepate, lorazepam, clobazam, alprazolam, or triazolam faced a significantly higher suicide-related risk than those ≥65 years. Compared to zolpidem, BZDs demonstrate varied suicide-related risks, which necessitated personalized risk-benefit evaluations and increased monitoring for high-risk agents such as flurazepam and alprazolam."

Adverse events • Journal • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

Impacts of an anxiolytic drug on fish behaviour and habitat use in a natural landscape. (PubMed, Proc Biol Sci) - "Therefore, we examined the effects of oxazepam, a widely prescribed anxiolytic drug, on the behaviour of a cyprinid fish (the common roach, Rutilus rutilus) in the wild, combining slow-release exposure implants with continuous tracking via acoustic telemetry...Exposed fish appeared to get closer to the predators when these were caged, but not when predators were free-roaming. Our findings highlight the importance of considering ecological context to understand how pharmaceuticals affect fish behaviour, which is crucial for assessing risks at population and ecosystem levels."

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Pharmacotherapy for psychiatric inpatients with alcohol use disorder or acute intoxication: results from an observational pharmacovigilance program-status and changes between 2000 and 2016. (PubMed, J Neural Transm (Vienna)) - "The most common drugs were carbamazepine (11.1%), diazepam (10.1%), mirtazapine (8.5%) and oxazepam (8.2%). However, we also observed a high utilization of non-benzodiazepine sedating drugs-such as trazodone, mirtazapine and quetiapine-even though there is insufficient evidence to support their use in this context. Further research is warranted."

Adverse events • Journal • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for the detection of 38 benzodiazepines and 2 Z-drugs in blood. (PubMed, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci) - "The method was successfully applied for the identification and quantification of benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines in blood samples from 15 authentic poisoning cases. Ten analytes were detected: alprazolam (130.2-575.3 ng/mL), hydroxyalprazolam (2.3-37.3 ng/mL), clonazepam (11.7-773.2 ng/mL), lorazepam (63.4-166.9 ng/mL), 7-aminoclonazepam (17.4-385.3 ng/mL), oxazepam (2.6-964.1 ng/mL), diazepam (227.2 ng/mL), nordazepam(22.4 ng/mL), zolpidem (11.8-64.0 ng/mL), midazolam (70.2 ng/mL), and hydroxymidazolam (162.8 ng/mL)."

Journal • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders • Depression • Epilepsy • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

The kidney and substance abuse – a toxic relationship (ECP 2025) - "PVP is a hydrophilic polymer widely employed as a carrier in pharmaceutical and biomedical preparations and has been previously described as a cause of CKD in patients after intravenous misuse of methadone syrup. The source of PVP in our case, however, was enigmatic as EU regulations banned PVP from methadone preparations in 2014. Upon further inquiry, the patient eventually admitted to having dissolved Oxazepam (Anxiolit forte) and Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) tablets for intravenous injection."

Chronic Kidney Disease • Glomerulonephritis • Hepatitis C • Hepatology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Substance Abuse

Study on the Residual Dynamics of Diazepam in Freshwater Fish of Zhejiang, China and Its Implications for Human Health. (PubMed, Environ Pollut) - "Among DZP metabolites, nordiazepam (NZP) exhibited stable detection rates (1.20-1.37%), while oxazepam and temazepam were rarely detected, suggesting selective metabolic pathways. Health risk assessments indicated low average dietary exposure for adults, whereas under extreme exposure scenarios, hazard quotients (HQ) for children approached the threshold of concern (HQ=0.49). These findings underscore the urgent need for strengthened regulation of bait quality and contamination control in recreational fishing areas to mitigate future food safety risks."

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Psychotropic pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments: Occurrence and analytical challenges. (PubMed, Sci Total Environ) - "Antidepressants such as fluoxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine, along with anxiolytics like diazepam, alprazolam, and oxazepam, are among the most commonly reported...Transformation products, such as O-desmethylvenlafaxine, norfluoxetine, and carbamazepine-epoxide, are also prevalent and may occur at levels exceeding those of their parent compounds, indicating persistence and potential toxicity...A scientometric overview complements the discussion, highlighting research trends and regional monitoring gaps. This review advocates for harmonized regulation, improved detection of TPs, and integrated environmental strategies."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders

Global Occurrence and Hazards of Benzodiazepines in Water Resources: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. (PubMed, Environ Pollut) - "Numerous ecotoxicity data gaps were present for almost all BZDs; in fact, sufficient toxicity data to calculate both morphometric and behavioral PNECs was only available for diazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam. Our findings highlight important water quality hazards among global regions and aquatic matrices, which can inform future research efforts to understand and manage BZDs in the environment."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Assessing the safe prescribing of pharmacological detox regimen among patients with liver cirrhosis who have alcohol withdrawal syndrome (BSG 2025) - "Introduction Although chloradiazepoxide remains the drug of choice in alcohol withdrawal syndrome(AWS), lorazepam or Oxazepam is considered a safer option in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis due to the increased risk of drowsiness and respiratory depression.The aim of this study is to assess the safe prescribing of pharmacological detox regimen among patients with liver cirrhosis in the gastroenterology ward at Leighton hospital.Methodology The patients with AWS who were admitted into gastroenterology ward from June to Decemeber 2024 were recruited in this study. We found that 25% of doctor's answers were incorrect.InterventionThe result of the study was passed to the gastroenterology consultants and the ward manager to correctly implement the trust policy on AWS when reviewing these patients in the ward.There was a presentation of these findings and teaching on AWS in the gastroenterology teaching session(comprising of Consultants, junior doctors and..."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Fibrosis • Gastroenterology • Hepatology • Immunology • Liver Cirrhosis • Psychiatry

Monitoring Community Use of Benzodiazepines Through Wastewater-Based Epidemiology. (PubMed, Drug Test Anal) - "Downstream biomarkers had higher population-normalised mass loads but cannot be interpreted in isolation, for example, lorazepam (ranging 4-25 mg/day/1000 inhabitants over all locations), lormetazepam (8-30), oxazepam (10-50) and temazepam (1-12). These findings highlight challenges in interpreting BZD consumption trends and emphasise the need of distinguishing different biomarker classes to ensure accurate and comparable results across studies needed to guide informed decision-making."

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Intrahospital oral benzodiazepine use in surgical patients (Euroanaesthesia 2025) - "Temazepam (33%), oxazepam (24%), zopiclone (19%) and lorazepam (13%) were prescribed most often. Benzodiazepine administration during admission was positively associated with higher 30-day surgical readmission, with an adjusted OR of 1.37 (1.22 to 1.54).Conclusion(s): 21.6% of surgical patients uses an oral benzodiazepine during hospital stay. Oral benzodiazepine use is associated with the female sex and surgical readmission."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Evaluating the value of entomotoxicology in forensic toxicology casework using the first minipig model. (PubMed, Forensic Toxicol) - "These findings are relevant to forensic casework, as there is potential for misinterpreting that the deceased consumed oxazepam or nordazepam rather than diazepam. This caution may also apply to other drugs that can form through metabolism in larvae."

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Poisonings With Opioids and Benzodiazepines in Denmark: A Retrospective Study From the Danish Poison Information Centre. (PubMed, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol) - "In our 9-year study period, we observed large increases in poisonings with alprazolam and oxycodone. In the remaining drugs examined, we observed no change or even a reduction of the poisonings when adjusted for the general increase in enquiries to the DPIC."

Journal • Observational data • Retrospective data • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Pain • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

Nomograms based on clinical factors to predict abnormal metabolism of psychotropic drugs. (PubMed, Biomed Rep) - "The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for haloperidol, olanzapine, paroxetine, mirtazapine/venlafaxine and oxazepam/lorazepam in the validation dataset were 0.767, 0.767, 0.705, 0.740 and 0.789, respectively, indicating the models had moderate diagnostic efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to develop predictive models for psychotropic drug metabolism. These models offer clinicians practical tools to identify patients with impaired drug-metabolizing capacity, thereby enabling more precise and personalized medication management."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Hypertension • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Oncology • Renal Disease

Determination of diazepam and its active metabolites in aquatic products and aquaculture environments using modified QuEChERS-based UPLC-MS/MS. (PubMed, Anal Methods) - "This study developed a modified QuEChERS method combined with UPLC-MS/MS to determine the residues of diazepam and its active metabolites, nordiazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam, in aquatic products and aquaculture environments. The risk assessment results showed that the residues of diazepam in aquaculture posed an acceptable risk to human health and a medium risk to the ecosystem. These results confirmed that the established method is suitable for the simultaneous analysis of diazepam and its active metabolites in aquatic products and aquaculture environments."

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Quantitative prediction of drug disposition for uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase substrates using humanized mice. (PubMed, Drug Metab Dispos) - "To estimate human hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLh,int) in vitro, UGT substrates (acetaminophen, entacapone, ketoprofen, lorazepam, oxazepam, posaconazole, and zidovudine) were incubated with cryopreserved human hepatocytes...For predicting UGT-mediated drug-drug interactions, 2 UGT substrates were administered intravenously to hu-PXB mice with or without probenecid (a UGT inhibitor)...SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human liver chimeric mice can accurately predict the clearance of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) substrate drugs and are likely to predict the magnitude of UGT-mediated drug-drug interactions. Findings from in vivo studies in humanized mice enable the selection of better candidates in drug discovery and allow for the more precise physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of UGT substrate drugs in clinical practice."

Journal • Preclinical • Genetic Disorders • Immunology • Primary Immunodeficiency • Transplantation

Investigation of commercially available recombinant and conventional β-glucuronidases to evaluate the hydrolysis efficiencies against O-glucuronides and N-glucuronides in urinary drug screening. (PubMed, Forensic Toxicol) - "Suitable enzymes and hydrolysis conditions were determined for the rapid and systematic screening of drug metabolites in human urine. These findings are expected to streamline the analytical workflow and reduce the need for tedious sample preprocessing."

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Medications and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: Cohort cluster analysis of 15,428 patients. (PubMed, J Alzheimers Dis) - "We performed unsupervised clustering to classify patients based on their current cognition and cognitive decline from previous testing. Atorvastatin, simvastatin, warfarin, metformin, and zopiclone presented a positive and statistically significant associations with cognition, while oxazepam, cyanocobalamin, felodipine, furosemide and paracetamol, were associated with the worst cluster."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia

Acute cardiovascular effects associated with the use of prescription medications: A Danish nationwide screening study. (PubMed, Br J Clin Pharmacol) - "The results highlight several potentially important associations across various pharmacological drug classes that warrant further investigation in tailored pharmacoepidemiological analyses."

Journal • Atrial Fibrillation • Cardiovascular • Congestive Heart Failure • Heart Failure • Inflammation • Ischemic stroke • Myocardial Infarction • Pain • Venous Thromboembolism

Pilot-scale adsorption of pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater effluent using low-cost magnetite-pine bark: Regeneration/enumeration of viable bacteria with a study on their biotoxicity. (PubMed, Environ Res) - "A variety of compounds were removed after the pilot-scale column, including trimethoprim (99.7%), hydrochlorothiazide (81.8%), candesartan (26.0%), carbamazepine (86.1%), ketoprofen (89.4%), clindamycin (86.6%), oxazepam (91.3%), sulfadiazine (38.6%), sulfamethoxazole (58.3%), tramadol (88.9%), zopiclone (73.5%), venlafaxine (93.7%), furosemide (93.5%), fexofenadine (91.6%) and losartan (81.2%). The study confirms that MPB is efficient for the adsorption of pharmaceuticals and can be applied in column mode with a support material such as BC. Therefore, MPB is a viable alternative for AC for the remediation of pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewaters."

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Fate and transformation of psychotropic drugs in urban wastewater systems and receiving rivers via the integration of targeted and suspect screening analysis. (PubMed, Water Res) - "For instance, venlafaxine (VEL) was slightly removed by 2.64 % and 10.8 % in these two WWTPs. The concentrations of oxazepam (OZP) and lamotrigine (LMT) dramatically increased after the overall treatment processes due to their metabolic conversion and regeneration processes, respectively...In receiving rivers, the risk quotient (RQ) presented OZP, sertraline (SER), and VEL posed high potential risks; the integration of the toxicological priority index (ToxPi) and the toxicity-weighted concentration (TWC) suggested TP-CIT-322 and TP-OCX-195 as the high-priority contaminants. Given the recalcitrance and environmental risks of psychotropic drugs and their TPs in WWTPs and environments, it is crucial for the further exploration of their effective treatment technologies and emission control strategies ."

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