reboxetine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. (PubMed, Int J Risk Saf Med) - "NRIs increased treatment discontinuation (RR 1.16, 95% CI [1.03, 1.30]) and non-serious adverse events (AEs) (RR 1.27, 95% CI [1.09, 1.49]), both with very low certainty. Atomoxetine increased serious AEs (RR 2.31, 95% CI [1.79, 2.97]; moderate certainty).ConclusionsThere is probably more harm (compared to placebo) with atomoxetine use in adults, with over two-fold increase in the number of people with serious (life-threatening) adverse events, a higher proportion of people with any adverse event amongst patients taking atomoxetine and higher withdrawal rates of people treated with atomoxetine or reboxetine."

Journal • Review • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry

Catecholaminergic Contributions to Inhibitory Control Following Physical Fatigue: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Findings. (PubMed, Eur J Sport Sci) - P3 | "On separate visits, participants received methylphenidate (MPH; 20 mg; a dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor), reboxetine (REB; 8 mg; a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor), or placebo. Instead, the findings implicate broader dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms, potentially involving alterations in the temporal dynamics of inhibitory processing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: (G095422N and identifier NCT05880342)."

Clinical • Journal • CNS Disorders • Fatigue

The Efficacy of a Pharmacological Treatment (Reboxetine Plus Ritalin) Versus Dog-Assisted Therapy in PTSD (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=160 | Recruiting | Sponsor: University of Haifa

New P2 trial • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Efficacy of Reboxetine and Methylphenidate Treatment on Attentional, Sensory and Emotional Dysregulation in Adults With PTSD (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=53 | Recruiting | Sponsor: University of Haifa | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 ➔ Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2025 ➔ Oct 2026

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Effects of antidepressant administration on physical performance and perceived exertion in athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed, Int J Clin Pharm) - "Short-term antidepressant administration in athletes was associated with a small increase in perceived exertion, without consistent impairment in objective physical performance. As the current evidence derives exclusively from male athletes and acute exposure, further research should clarify its relevance to female athletes and to longer-term antidepressant treatment in athletes with depressive disorders."

Journal • Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

A pharmacometric framework for norepinephrine transporter occupancy and dose equivalence across psychotropic medications. (PubMed, J Psychopharmacol) - "These findings suggest that variability in NET engagement across psychotropic medications may not be fully captured by conventional class-based classifications. The proposed framework offers a mechanism-informed approach to comparative pharmacological analysis and introduces a conceptual noradrenergic activity index. This approach may be useful for hypothesis generation in future studies integrating pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling with in vivo imaging and clinical outcomes."

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Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of 21 Antidepressant Drugs for the Acute Treatment of Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. (PubMed, Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)) - "In head-to-head studies, agomelatine, amitriptyline, escitalopram, mirtazapine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine were more effective than other antidepressants (range of ORs 1·19-1·96), whereas fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, reboxetine, and trazodone were the least efficacious drugs (0·51-0·84). For acceptability, agomelatine, citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, and vortioxetine were more tolerable than other antidepressants (range of ORs 0·43-0·77), whereas amitriptyline, clomipramine, duloxetine, fluvoxamine, reboxetine, trazodone, and venlafaxine had the highest dropout rates (1·30-2·32)...These results should serve evidence-based practice and inform patients, physicians, guideline developers, and policy makers on the relative merits of the different antidepressants. National Institute for Health Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.Appeared..."

Journal • Retrospective data • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Correcting congenital myasthenia-associated acetylcholine receptor defects. (PubMed, Nature) - "In receptor mutants associated with slow-channel disease, quinidine, fluoxetine and reboxetine act as pore blockers; notably, the antidepressant reboxetine selectively blocks desensitized receptors in a mutation-independent fashion, suggesting repurposing potential. Mechanistically, fast-channel mutations uncouple agonist binding from gating, whereas slow-channel mutations stabilize an abnormally widened, desensitized-like pore. These findings reveal unifying principles of CMS pathogenesis and provide a framework for precision therapies."

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Early life stress induces sex-specific changes in cognitive and affective behavior associated with disrupted noradrenergic physiology. (PubMed, Neuropsychopharmacology) - "Administration of the norepinephrine reuptake blocker reboxetine corrected ELVS-induced behavioral changes. Through this animal model of early life stress, we identified mechanisms involved in determining how stress and sex interact to cause LC activity dysregulation and related behavioral changes."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

Comparative Pharmacological Profiling of Psychotherapeutic Drugs Reveals a Functional Taxonomy Based on Direct Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Excitability. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Integrative analysis stratified compounds into four distinct functional profiles: (i) High Inhibitory Liability (e.g., nortriptyline, paroxetine), characterized by low micromolar IC50 values and dose-dependent inhibition across multiple tissues; (ii) Non-Selective Inhibition (e.g., flunarizine, cinnarizine), showing consistent but dose-independent inhibition; (iii) Tissue-Dependent Inhibition (e.g., risperidone, reboxetine); and (iv) Minimal Inhibition (e.g., moclobemide). This study reveals a previously underrecognized pharmacodynamic dimension of psychotherapeutic drugs and establishes a comparative functional taxonomy based on their direct, non-receptor-mediated inhibition of smooth muscle excitability. The identified profiles provide a mechanism-informed framework for contextualizing autonomic side-effect liability and may support improved safety evaluation in psychotherapeutic drug development."

Journal • CNS Disorders

Reboxetine Treatment Reduces Hippocampal Gliosis in the P301S Tauopathy Mouse Model. (PubMed, ASN Neuro) - "We observed that the administration of reboxetine with osmotic pumps for 28 days to 9-month-old mice reduced the accumulation and activation of microglia and astrocytes in different areas of the hippocampus. These findings indicate that reboxetine treatment prevents the neuroinflammatory response known to cause brain damage in Alzheimer's disease even when the treatment is initiated at an advanced stage of the disease."

Journal • Preclinical • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Alzheimer's Disease • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Inflammation • Psychiatry • Vascular Neurology • MAPT

The Impact of Sex on the Dysfunction of Endogenous Pain Control after Traumatic Brain Injury. (PubMed, J Neurotrauma) - "We employed the selective noradrenergic (NA) reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, adrenoceptor antagonists' prazosin (α1-adrenoceptors) and atipamezole (α2-adrenoceptors), and the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron. These results demonstrate key differences in the susceptibility of endogenous pain modulatory pathways and the adaptations of those pathways between male and female rats after TBI. These findings suggest that sex needs to be considered when designing mechanism-based therapies for pain after TBI."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Pain • Vascular Neurology

Distinct Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in Physical Fatigue. (PubMed, Eur J Sport Sci) - P3 | "Participants ingested methylphenidate (MPH; 20 mg; primarily enhancing DA signaling), reboxetine (REB; 8 mg; selectively enhancing NA signaling), or placebo (10 mg lactose) prior to performing dynamic leg extensions until exhaustion. This study provides new evidence on how DA and NA shape both performance and perception during fatiguing leg-extension exercise in males and females. Trial Registration: G095422N and identifier NCT05880342."

Journal • Fatigue

A systematic review of pharmacological effects on human aversive memory. (PubMed, Neurosci Biobehav Rev) - "Three compounds were used by the majority of studies: hydrocortisone (n=25), propranolol (n=19), and D-cycloserine (n=8), while many of the remaining 33 compounds were investigated in single studies only...Solid evidence emerges for an impact of propranolol on reconsolidation, and weak evidence for an impact of propranolol, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), benzodiazepines, yohimbine, reboxetine, and D-cycloserine on aversive memory encoding/consolidation, and valproic acid on extinction encoding/consolidation. Furthermore, 15 compounds showed significant effects in individual studies with no published replication attempts to date. We discuss potential research directions and suggest steps for greater comparability of findings between compounds, memory models, and laboratories."

Journal • Review

ECHINATIN AS A MULTIMODAL MODULATOR OF MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM: PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE FOR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE ACTIVITY. (PubMed, Eur J Pharmacol) - "Male BALB/c mice received echinatin (20 or 30 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or reboxetine (20 mg/kg). The anti-immobility effect was abolished by serotonergic (PCPA, WAY-100635), noradrenergic (AMPT, phentolamine, propranolol) and dopaminergic (SCH-23390, sulpiride) interventions, but was not altered by ketanserin. These findings provide the first pharmacological evidence that echinatin elicits antidepressant-like effects through broad monoaminergic modulation and support its further evaluation as a potential lead compound for antidepressant drug development."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Necl1 deficiency induces noradrenergic dysfunction and depressive-like states in rodents: A cross-species model validated by pharmacological intervention. (PubMed, J Affect Disord) - "Our study establishes Necl1 as a synaptic-noradrenergic integrator that gates emotional processing via region-specific circuits. The Necl1 knockout rat serves as a stable genetic model of depression, while the knockout mouse presents a valuable model for studying anxiety-related mechanisms, together providing a cross-species platform for investigating emotional regulation."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Comparative gastrointestinal effects of antidepressants for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a network and dose‒response meta-analysis. (PubMed, Transl Psychiatry) - "Commonly used antidepressants have different gastrointestinal effects. Duloxetine, levomilnacipran, and vilazodone carry a higher risk of inducing nausea and vomiting, whereas trazodone, amitriptyline, agomelatine, and mirtazapine tend to be better tolerated. Amitriptyline, clomipramine, and reboxetine are more prone to induce constipation. Diarrhoea is more commonly associated with vilazodone, fluvoxamine, and sertraline. Amitriptyline, reboxetine, and duloxetine are more likely to cause anorexia. Amitriptyline, reboxetine, and trazodone are related to causing dry mouth. Compared with the placebo, amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and paroxetine were associated with a greater incidence of dyspepsia."

Journal • Retrospective data • Review • Anorexia • CNS Disorders • Constipation • Depression • Dyspepsia • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Major Depressive Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Xerostomia

Neurocompuational Underpinning of Valuation Uncertainty in Healthy Humans (Neuroscience 2025) - "We tested how reboxetine (NE enhancer), methylphenidate (DA enhancer), and nicotine (ACh enhancer) affect valuation uncertainty. Both DA and NE decreased perceived valuation uncertainty and attenuated the extent to which noise scaled with outcome magnitude. Additionally, DA lowered the conservative decision criterion, becoming more certain overall across noise conditions, while NE reduced both prior noise and encoding noise in value representation."

Clinical • CNS Disorders

Efficacy of adjunctive antidepressants in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, Psychol Med) - "These findings suggest that adjunctive use of mirtazapine and duloxetine can effectively improve the negative symptoms of schizophrenia in patients who are stably receiving antipsychotic treatment. Therefore, incorporating antidepressants into future treatment plans for negative symptoms of schizophrenia is a promising strategy that warrants further exploration."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Side effect profile and comparative tolerability of newer generation antidepressants in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, BMJ Open) - "The following antidepressants will be considered: agomelatine, alaproclate, bupropion, citalopram, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, edivoxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, levomilnacipran, milnacipran, mirtazapine, paroxetine, reboxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, vilazodone and vortioxetine. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and may be presented at international conferences. CRD420251011399."

Adverse events • Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Depression • Major Depressive Disorder • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Suicidal Ideation

Redressing long-term antidepressant use in general practice (RELEASE) (ECNP 2025) - "Antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (sertraline, escitalopram fluoxetine, paroxetine, fluvoxamine and citalopram); serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine); and other antidepressants (mirtazapine, vortioxetine, mianserin, moclobemide, reboxetine, agomelatine). 26 practices and 485 participants randomised. Data collection complete November 2025. Implications: This study will develop new knowledge applicable internationally on the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of the RELEASE multi-strategy intervention in prompting review of antidepressant medication and supporting informed decision-making and safe cessation via hyperbolic tapering to minimise withdrawal symptoms to improve primary mental health care and outcomes for patients."

Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Mood Disorders • Neuralgia • Psychiatry

Noradrenergic modulation of appetite and impulse control: reboxetine in a treatment-resistant case of bulimia nervosa (ECNP 2025) - "The initial treatment comprised fluoxetine 20 mg/day (increased up to 60 mg/day in the follow-up of one month) and the add-on of aripiprazole 5 mg/day, in conjunction with dietary interventions...Fluoxetine was gradually reduced, and sertraline 50 mg/day was initiated and titrated up to 200 mg/day within a month...Its noradrenergic effect may assist in diminishing binge eating and associated symptoms. Additional studies, particularly randomized controlled trials, are necessary to elucidate its function in the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders."

Clinical • Bulimia • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

A network meta-analysis of Noradrenergic-Antimuscarinic Combinations for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (ERS 2025) - "Compared to placebo, 4mg reboxetine + 20mg hyoscine butylbromide best reduced apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)3% (surface under cumulative ranking curves [SUCRAs] 80%; mean difference [MD] = -18; 95% confidence interval [CI] -45.67, -9.76). Most regimens didn't affect NREM (non-rapid eye movement) or total sleep time but reduced REM sleep time compared to placebo. Conclusion With the equivalence of the interventions in reducing AHI and affecting sleep architecture, reboxetine 4mg + oxybutynin 5mg shows the most promise in managing OSA by significantly reducing hypoxic burden versus other interventions."

Retrospective data • Obstructive Sleep Apnea • Respiratory Diseases • Sleep Disorder

INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL, PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC AND NEUROSTIMULATORY TREATMENT OPTIONS IN TREATMENT-RESISTANT ANXIETY DISORDERS. (PubMed, Psychother Psychosom) - "According to RCTs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or clomipramine are effective in TR-PD after failure to respond to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In pharmacological TR-SAD, switching from one SSRI to another or to venlafaxine was found helpful in open label trials. RCTs further suggest augmentation with quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine or pregabalin in TR-GAD, pindolol in TR-PD and clonazepam in TR-SAD. Open label studies in TR-AD provide preliminary evidence for ketamine or augmentation with nefazodone, reboxetine, buspirone, aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, divalproex sodium, levetiracetam, zonisamide, flumazenil, pregabalin, cannabidiol and acamprosate...Only inconclusive support was identified for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in TR-AD. In summary, this integrative review may provide an evidence base for expert recommendations, inform clinical guidelines, and inspire further research into..."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • General Anxiety Disorder • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Social Anxiety Disorder

Effects of Reboxetine alone and in combination with Oxybutynin on quantitative electroencephalogram measures of alertness in obstructive sleep apnea (WSS 2025) - "Reboxetine with and without oxybutynin did not improve or impair morning alertness as measured by delta and theta EEG power during resting wakefulness. Despite the lack of improved alertness, these findings support the safety profile of these agents."

Combination therapy • CNS Disorders • Excessive Daytime Sleepiness • Obstructive Sleep Apnea • Respiratory Diseases • Sleep Apnea • Sleep Disorder