Afrezza (recombinant human insulin inhalation) / MannKind - LARVOL DELTA

Inhaled Technosphere Insulin (TI) Compared with Rapid-Acting Analog Insulin (RAA) in Gestational Diabetes (GDM) (ADA 2026) - "Available on Friday, May 29, 2026 at 12:00am CDT."

Diabetes • Gestational Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders

Impact of the Inflation Reduction Act on Afrezza Access: A Retrospective Review of TRx Distribution from Baseline Q4 2022 to Q1 2024 (ADA 2026) - "Available on Friday, May 29, 2026 at 12:00am CDT."

Retrospective data • Review • Metabolic Disorders

Inhaled Insulin Assessment of Incident Lung Cancer Risk among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Compared with Other Therapies for Diabetes Using Real-World Evidence (ADA 2026) - "Available on Friday, May 29, 2026 at 12:00am CDT."

Clinical • HEOR • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Exploratory Evaluation of Technosphere Insulin with Automated Insulin Delivery: Impact of Total Daily Dose Algorithms (ADA 2026) - "Available on Friday, May 29, 2026 at 12:00am CDT."

Metabolic Disorders

Inhaled Insulin Demonstrates Lower Variability and Faster Onset Compared with Subcutaneous Rapid-Acting Analogs (ADA 2026) - "Available on Friday, May 29, 2026 at 12:00am CDT."

Metabolic Disorders

Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Technosphere Insulin (TI) vs. Rapid-Acting Analog in Youth with HbA1c ≤9.5%: Subgroup Analysis from INHALE-1 (ADA 2026) - "Available on Friday, May 29, 2026 at 12:00am CDT."

Clinical • Metabolic Disorders

Inhaled Technosphere Insulin Reduces Postmeal Glucose Excursion in Youth Living with Type 1 Diabetes. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "In children with type 1 diabetes, the postmeal glucose excursion following a TI bolus was similar to the postmeal glucose excursion that occurs with TI in adults and significantly lower than the excursion that has been observed with RAA in adults. These findings are consistent with the known pharmacokinetic profile of TI."

Journal • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Pediatrics • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

INHALED INSULIN DOSING IN YOUTH WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES (ATTD 2026) - "Background and Aims: Inhaled Technosphere® insulin (TI) is an ultra-rapid-acting insulin approved for adults with diabetes... TI's unique delivery and pharmacokinetics result in different unit effects compared to RAA. Many patients require additional titration to meet glycemic targets. These findings provide practical guidance for clinicians initiating TI in youth."

Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

INHALED INSULIN USE IN PEDIATRICS – INHALE 1 STUDY (ATTD 2026) - "Abstract Body: Inhalation of Technosphere insulin (TI) has a more rapid onset of action and more rapid dissipation of effect than subcutaneous rapid acting analogue (RAA) insulin...Safety outcomes included severe hypoglycemia events, DKA events, pulmonary-related adverse events, and change in forced expiration volume in one section (FEV1). Results of the RCT and the extension phase will be presented."

Clinical • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Pediatrics • Severe Hypoglycemia

INHALED INSULIN DOSING & POST-PRANDIAL GLUCOSE EXCURSIONS ACROSS MULTIPLE STUDIES (ATTD 2026) - "Background and Aims: Inhaled Technosphere® insulin (TI) is an ultra-rapid-acting insulin approved for adults with diabetes... Across diverse T1D populations, TI dosed at a higher conversion than USPI reduced 2-hour post-prandial AUC versus RAA in adults and TI AUC was similar between studies. Additionally, AUC was lower in pediatrics with TI (1808-mg·min/dL) than in adult arms (4007-mg·min/dL, average), suggesting further potential efficacy. These findings underscore the potential of optimized TI dosing to improve post-prandial glucose control—a key aspect of overall glycemic control."

Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

MOVING FORWARD WITH EXERCISE: INSULIN AND EDUCATION STRATEGIES FOR GLYCEMIC MANAGEMENT (ATTD 2026) - "In parallel, our proof-of-concept trial (INHALE-AIDEx) evaluating Technosphere insulin (TI) as an adjunct to AID aims to address the second critical need...Enabling adults with T1D to exercise safely and effectively has potential to meaningfully improve health across the lifespan. By advancing both the behavioral and physiological aspects of exercise management, this work supports a future in which people with T1D can engage fully in the activities they enjoy, equipped with tools, insights, and therapies designed to meet the dynamic challenges of real-world physical activity."

Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Metabolic Disorders • Mood Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Beyond the Needle: Reimagining Insulin Delivery and the Evolution of Inhaled Insulins. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Technosphere® insulin (Afrezza®; Mannkind Corporation, Danbury, CT, USA) is the only available inhaled insulin that has regulatory approval for the treatment of adult individuals with diabetes mellitus and has been available for more than a decade. This review article provides an overview of the pulmonary route of administration and charts the developmental journey of inhaled insulins, with a focus on Technosphere® insulin."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders

INHALE-1st: Afrezza® For Youth With Newly-Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes (clinicaltrials.gov) - P2 | N=100 | Recruiting | Sponsor: Mannkind Corporation | Not yet recruiting ➔ Recruiting

Enrollment open • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Inhaled Technosphere Insulin in Children with Diabetes: The INHALE-1 Extension Study. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "The INHALE-1 extension phase showed no safety concerns. Although HbA1c levels deteriorated slightly during the study, in view of the safety profile and increased patient satisfaction in the RCT portion of the trial, TI may be a useful treatment option for some pediatric patients with diabetes, particularly for those who choose not to or are unable to use an AID system."

Journal • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Pediatrics • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Pulmonary Safety and Clinical Considerations for Inhaled Insulin: A Comprehensive Review. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "Ongoing innovation in inhaled insulin led to FDA approval of Technosphere® Insulin (TI), the therapeutic component of the Afrezza® inhaled insulin delivery system (MannKind Corporation, Westlake Village, CA). However, many clinicians remain cautious about the potential for adverse events with chronic use beyond the duration of closely monitored clinical trials. In this article, we address the pulmonary safety concerns that are often associated with TI and present evidence demonstrating the safety of TI in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes populations."

Journal • Review • Cough • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Respiratory Diseases • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulins for type 2 diabetes. (PubMed, Med Lett Drugs Ther) - No abstract available

Journal • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Comparison chart: Some available insulins for type 2 diabetes. (PubMed, Med Lett Drugs Ther) - No abstract available

Journal • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

30 Years of Developing Inhaled Insulin. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "Since the discovery of insulin in 1921, we have seen a constant stream of innovative insulin formulations designed to more closely mimic physiological insulin secretion in people with type 1 diabetes and insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes. This article briefly reviews the development of inhaled insulin over the past 30 years."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Use of Inhaled Insulin with Automated Insulin Delivery Systems. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "While the integration of inhaled insulin with AID systems presents an opportunity to address the limitations of subcutaneous insulin formulations, challenges remain in harmonizing the pharmacokinetics of inhaled insulin with AID systems. This article reviews the current evidence supporting the potential role of concomitant use of TI with AID and gaps in our current knowledge that need to be filled with future studies."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Impact of Inhaled Insulin Therapy on Hypoglycemia. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "Technosphere inhaled insulin is a viable option for mealtime insulin coverage and post-meal corrections, providing a "fast on, fast off" insulin activity profile that closely aligns with the timing of glucose absorption from meals to achieve desired postprandial glycemic control while likely minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia. This article discusses the advantages of TI over injected rapid-acting insulin analogs in addressing hypoglycemia fear and the other barriers associated with treatment adherence."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Potential Role of Inhaled Insulin in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "Technosphere® insulin (TI), the main component of the Afrezza® Inhalation System, has the potential to address these challenges by improving glycemic management, reducing hypoglycemia, and promoting treatment adherence. TI is characterized by a rapid onset of action and a short duration of effect, distinguishing it from traditional injectable rapid-acting insulin analogs. This article discusses greater flexibility in insulin delivery, along with potential applications, benefits, and challenges of treatment with Technosphere inhaled insulin in these two patient populations."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Gestational Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Metabolic Disorders • Pediatrics • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Overcoming Therapeutic Inertia with Inhaled Insulin Therapy. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "Inhaled insulin therapy with Technosphere® insulin has the potential to overcome these obstacles. This article reviews the impact of therapeutic inertia in individuals with diabetes who are treated with insulin or require insulin therapy and discusses how the use of inhaled insulin may overcome many of the barriers to insulin treatment intensification."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Potential Applications of Inhaled Insulin in Diabetic Ketoacidosis Prevention and During Exercise: Two Case Presentations. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "Unlike injected or infused rapid-acting insulins, Technosphere® insulin (TI) may bypass the slower absorption and hepatic degradation associated with subcutaneous delivery, ensuring faster systemic availability, however definitive studies have not been conducted...The RAA and URAA profile characteristics are also problematic for individuals who engage in regular physical activity, often resulting in hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or both. This article reviews the challenges and potential dangers associated with managing T1D and discusses how TI, the only commercially available inhaled insulin, may overcome the inherent limitations of current RAA and URAA therapies."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Dosing Afrezza: It's Not that Complicated. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "Although Afrezza has been commercially available for more than a decade, its adoption has been limited by lack of clinician awareness, confusion about dosing, and skepticism about its efficacy and safety. This article presents our perspectives on Afrezza regarding dosing and titration strategies, patient selection and education, and other practical considerations."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Metabolic Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The Potential of Inhaled Insulin Therapy in Overcoming Treatment Barriers in People with Insulin-Treated Diabetes. (PubMed, Diabetes Technol Ther) - "The Afrezza® inhaled insulin system, with Technosphere® insulin (TI), is a promising alternative to subcutaneous insulin injections, offering a rapid pharmacokinetic profile and ease of use...Individual choice, supported by shared decision-making, is essential for individualized diabetes care, empowering people with diabetes and improving outcomes. Broader adoption requires increased clinician awareness and insurance coverage."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Metabolic Disorders • Pain