abacavir / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

A Strategic Implementation Framework for Integrating Pharmacogenomics (PGx) into Personalized Healthcare in Saudi Arabia. (PubMed, Genes (Basel)) - "Five pathways are proposed for initial implementation: CYP2C19-clopidogrel, DPYD-fluoropyrimidines, TPMT/NUDT15-thiopurines, HLA-guided anticonvulsant prescribing and HLA-B*57:01-abacavir. We propose a framework that could be supported by the Population Health Observatory and a six-phase roadmap, moving from governance and technical design to multicenter pilots, national scale-up and continuous evaluation."

Biomarker • Journal • Review • CYP2C19 • DPYD • HLA-B • NUDT15

Application of an intracellular LC-MS/MS assay for the determination of carbovir-triphosphate and remdesivir-triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dried blood spots. (PubMed, J Pharm Biomed Anal) - "Here, we extend a previously validated intracellular LC-MS/MS method to carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP) and remdesivir-TP (RDV-TP), the active anabolites of abacavir (ABC) and remdesivir (RDV), respectively, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and dried blood spots (DBS). Both analytes demonstrated accuracy and precision across tested concentration ranges and matrices, meeting regulatory criteria outlined in current bioanalytical guidance. These methods support novel intracellular data for CBV-TP and RDV-TP in PBMC and DBS, which will facilitate wider use in antiviral pharmacology research."

Journal

Replication Stress Tolerance in Adult T-Cell Leukemia. (PubMed, Biomolecules) - "Consistent with this vulnerability, ATL cells exhibit marked sensitivity to replication stress-inducing agents such as irinotecan (CPT-11) and the chain-terminating nucleoside analog abacavir. SLFN11 determines the fate of stressed replication forks independently of lesion processing, acting as an execution factor that converts otherwise tolerable RS into irreversible replication arrest. We conclude by discussing therapeutic strategies that exploit RS tolerance defects in ATL, including biomarker-guided nucleoside analog therapy, and rational combination approaches targeting compensatory RS pathways."

Journal • Review • Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma • Hematological Malignancies • Leukemia • Lymphoma • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology • SLFN11 • TDP1

An updated review of enantioselective syntheses and biological actions of carbanucleosides. (PubMed, Med Chem Res) - "These compounds are variations or derivatives of the nucleoside, including carbanucleosides bearing a sulfur atom in the sugar ring, abacavir, neplanocin C, deazaneplanocin A, and a dopamine uptake inhibitor. Each compound is shown with its molecular structure, highlighting differences in the sugar ring or attached groups relative to the typical nucleoside."

Journal • Review • Oncology

Beyond histocompatibility: human leukocyte antigen as a cross-disciplinary platform for immune recognition and clinical decision-making. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "Pharmacogenomic testing has clearer clinical value for selected drugs, including abacavir, carbamazepine and allopurinol. Clinical implementation requires reliable assays, validated clinical associations, evidence of patient benefit, multi-ancestry validation, consistent reporting and equitable access. We distinguish established clinical practice from developing risk-stratification methods and early mechanistic findings."

Journal • Review • Acute Lung Injury • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Diabetes • Graft versus Host Disease • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Metabolic Disorders • Oncology • Respiratory Diseases • Solid Organ Transplantation • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • Transplantation • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • HLA-E

Early outcomes of South African children with persistent viral non-suppression following switch to dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy. (PubMed, South Afr J HIV Med) - "We provide evidence that recycling abacavir is safe in children with persistent viral non-suppression switching to dolutegravir. Supporting adherence and preventing therapy interruption is key to success."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Carbamazepine activates private self and viral reactive TCRs through a drug-permissive HLA-B cleft. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "CBZ did not detectably induce broad abacavir-like peptide motif alterations but amplified HIV Gag KF11 peptide-driven T cell activation in an allele- and mutation-dependent manner. These findings support a model in which CBZ potentiates binding of selected peptide-HLA-TCR interfaces governed by HLA cleft architecture and clonotype-level TCR sensitivity. This mechanism explains why HLA screening alone incompletely predicts CBZ-SJS/TEN risk and highlights peptide-HLA-TCR functional context as a potential determinant for improved risk assessment and mechanistic drug hypersensitivity testing."

IO biomarker • Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Steven-Johnson Syndrome • CD69 • HLA-B

CHAPAS-5: An Adaptive Platform Trial for Evaluation of Novel Treatment Regimens in Children and Adolescents With HIV in Africa (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=800 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: University College, London

New P3 trial • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Longitudinal Clinical and Molecular Characterization of a Single Pediatric Case of Vertically Acquired HIV-1 Subtype C with Baseline Resistance to Protease Inhibitors. (PubMed, Microorganisms) - "Stanford HIVdb predicted high-level resistance to lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lamivudine, and emtricitabine; low-level resistance to darunavir/ritonavir and abacavir; and preserved susceptibility to tenofovir, zidovudine, and the evaluated NNRTIs...Following treatment optimization with an integrase inhibitor-based regimen and subsequent transition to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF), HIV-1 RNA became Target Not Detected (TND) from November 2024 onward. At the latest follow-up, the CD4 count was 877 cells/µL, the CD8 count was 722 cells/µL, and the CD4:CD8 ratio had improved to 1.21, indicating substantial immune recovery. This single-patient case highlights the clinical value of baseline genotypic resistance testing and individualized, genotype-guided antiretroviral therapy in achieving durable virological suppression in pediatric HIV."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Pediatrics • CD4 • CD8

Drug-associated psoriasis: a pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS database. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "These signals involved several pharmacological categories, including anti-infective agents (e.g., Abacavir, Fluconazole, Moxifloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole), anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs (e.g., Celecoxib, Tofacitinib), cardiovascular agents (e.g., Acebutolol, Telmisartan, Clonidine), neuropsychiatric drugs (e.g., Nortriptyline, Temazepam, Zopiclone, Wellbutrin), hormonal agents (e.g., Progesterone, Prometrium), and respiratory medications (e.g., Ventolin). Our findings suggest that multiple drug classes are associated with psoriasis signals in pharmacovigilance data. These results highlight the importance of early recognition of drug-associated psoriasis and may assist clinicians in medication review and risk stratification in routine practice."

Adverse events • Journal • Cardiovascular • Dermatology • Immunology • Psoriasis • Psychiatry

Forced degradation study of abacavir using the electrochemistry-mass spectrometry setup. (PubMed, J Pharm Biomed Anal) - "The vast majority of degradation products were identical in both methods, and the most abundant ones were also in agreement. The study thus shows that, keeping in mind certain limitations in comparing the data, the online EC-MS approach can be used as a fast and simple indicative method for rapid screening of drug stability and susceptibility to oxidative degradation."

Journal

National cross-sectional survey on acquired HIV drug resistance in Haiti in 2023: warnings resistance to dolutegravir (AIDS 2026) - "3.77% of HIVs were resistant to dolutegravir and bictegravir, 4.4% to cabotegravir, 4.72% to raltegravir, and 5.03% to elvitegravir. Additionally, 15.19% of the viral strains were resistant to abacavir, 13.92% to lamivudine and emtricitabine, 6.65% to zidovudine, 8.23% to stavudine and didanosine, and 4.13% to tenofovir...Furthermore, some HIVs strains developed resistance against efavirenz (49.37%), nevirapine (50%), Rilpivirine (20.25%), Etravirine (12.66%), and doravirine (3.61%). Finally, HIV genome resistance was 0.63% against atazanavir/ritonavir and indinavir/ritonavir, 0.95% against lopinavir/ritonavir and 0.32% against darunavir/ritonavir. HIV acquired pharmacoresistance is moderate in Haiti and requires innovating adapted strategy for preventing its development, its transmission, and for protecting PLHIV health, while emphasizing on children and male individuals."

Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Respiratory Diseases

High virological failure in people with major DTG-associated DRTs continuing on standard dose DTG: the Ndovu RCT (AIDS 2026) - "Participants on DTG for at least 6 months, with persistent viraemia of = 200 copies/ml despite enhanced adherence counselling, and = one major DTG-associated drug resistance mutations (DRMs) are randomised 1:1 to continue once daily DTG or to switch to ritonavir boosted darunavir (DRV/r), in combination with tenofovir (abacavir for children <30kg) and lamivudine...Country Kenya Lesotho Mozambique Tanzania 38 (100%) 0 0 0 33 (97.1%) 1 (2.9%) 0 0 Sex Female Male 25(65.8%) 13 (34.2%) 18 (52.9%) 16 (47.1%) Age (years) Median (IQR) =15 years 3-14 years 30.5 (18.0, 42.0) 32 (84.2%) 6 (15.8%) 37.5 (20.0, 44.0) 28 (82.4%) 6 (17.6%) Enrollment Viral Load Category 400-999 1,000-9,999 10,000-99,999 100,000-499,999 =500,000 1 (2.6%) 18 (47.4%) 12 (31.6%) 5 (13.2%) 2 (5.3%) 0 (0.0%) 15 (44.1%) 13 (38.2%) 5 (14.7%) 1 (2.9%) Major resistance mutations DTG associated DRMs G118R +/- (E138K, N155H, R263K) N155H +/- (E92Q) Q148HRK +/- (E138KA, G140A, N155H) R263K PI Major DRMs NRTI..."

Late-breaking abstract • Gene Therapies • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Prevalence and patterns of reported antiretroviral therapy stockouts in the South African public sector: a 12-month pharmaceutical surveillance study (AIDS 2026) - "While the overall national prevalence of reported ART stockouts was under 10%, significant clustering and geographic concentration reveal weaknesses in the pharmaceutical supply chain. The recurrent patterns suggest systemic, predictable stressors rather than random failures. The findings advocate for targeted stock management before high-risk periods (e.g., year-end transitions) and enhanced monitoring for high-volume products like Abacavir and Efavirenz."

Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Do newly optimized HIV drug regimens work better for young people living with HIV? Evidence from Uganda (AIDS 2026) - "Regimen transitions were classified into 11 groups, including Abacavir (ABC)/Zidovudine (AZT) to DTG, DTG to DTG, Efavirenz (EFV) or Nevirapine (NVP) to DTG, EFV or NVP to Protease Inhibitor(PI), EFV or NVP to PI/DTG, and PI to DTG, PI, or PI/DTG. ART optimization at MUgH enhanced viral suppression, particularly with dolutegravir-based regimens, while protease inhibitor transitions showed slower improvement. Persistent viremia and frequent respiratory events highlight the need for vigilant monitoring, adherence evaluation and support, and timely interventions to sustain long-term treatment success among children and adolescents living with HIV."

Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

HIV-1 drug resistance in children receiving twice-daily dolutegravir during rifampicin-based TB treatment, in Durban, South Africa: ORCHID Trial (AIDS 2026) - P4 | "Additionally, 1/9 (11.1%) children had NRTI mutations D67N and K70E at baseline and follow up, which together confer low-level resistance to tenofovir, zidovudine and abacavir. Emergent INSTI resistance was rare, observed in only one child. Apart from M184V/I, which reduces viral replicative capacity, no other emergent mutations were detected. These findings support the use of twice-daily DTG in children with HIV undergoing rifampicin-based TB therapy."

Clinical • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis • CD4

Sex differences in central obesity after dolutegravir initiation among adults living with HIV in Ghana (AIDS 2026) - "Among females, Abacavir-based regimen (3.74, 95% CI: 2.16 – 6.47) and ART duration (0.92, 95% CI: 0.87 – 0.98) were predictors of central obesity. Central obesity increased substantially after DTG initiation, with markedly higher incidence among women. Sex-specific predictors were observed. Routine anthropometric measurements and metabolic monitoring with tailored interventions are needed to reduce cardiometabolic risk among persons living with HIV receiving DTG-based therapy."

Clinical • Genetic Disorders • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Obesity

HIV viral suppression outcomes of Tenofovir- and Abacavir-based antiretroviral regimens among children on ART in Zambia. (PubMed, Front Public Health) - "An increase in age showed about 20% reduced odds of virological suppression (AOR 0.80, CI 0.71-0.95), while a child on ABC/3TC/LPV-r combination of ART compared to TDF/XTC/DTG, showed about 88% reduced odds of virological suppression (AOR 0.12, CI 0.04-0.41). Despite an increased uptake of ART, the viral suppression found in this study was lower than the UNAIDS target of 95% of people on ART to be virally suppressed. Greater sensitization and education on the importance of treatment adherence are required to achieve this target, and further studies are needed to determine the factors contributing to the low viral load suppression in children."

Journal • Retrospective data • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Pediatrics

Proinflammatory signaling in Ewing sarcoma is driven by retroelement activity and counteracted by reverse transcriptase inhibitors. (PubMed, Cell Rep) - "We also demonstrate that some EREs, particularly LINE-1 and HERV-K, retain the ability to encode proteins and to reverse transcribe, coincident with the activation of cGAS-IFN-I, STAT3, and NF-κB antiviral and proinflammatory programs in tumor cells and target monocytes. Treatment with reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors abacavir (ABC) and lamivudine (3TC) reduced RT activity, inflammatory signaling, and cytokine release, suggesting a potential strategy for overcoming systemic inflammation and immunosuppression in EwS."

Journal • Ewing Sarcoma • Oncology • Sarcoma • Solid Tumor • FLI1 • STAT3

CYP1A2 and ADH1C contribute to abacavir aldehyde intermediate formation in the human liver. (PubMed, Drug Metab Dispos) - "In HepaSH cells, hepatocytes from chimeric mice with humanized livers, abacavir carboxylate formation was decreased by 50% by α-naphthoflavone, a CYP1A2 inhibitor, and increased approximately 7-fold by omeprazole, a CYP1A2 inducer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrates that CYP1A2, in addition to ADH1C, significantly contributes to the formation of the reactive aldehyde metabolite abacavir-CHO in the human liver. This finding suggests a need to reconsider the conventional view that alcohol dehydrogenases are the primary enzymes responsible for this pathway and indicates that CYP1A2-mediated metabolism may influence interindividual variability, drug-drug interactions, and the risk of abacavir-associated adverse reactions."

Journal • Addiction (Opioid and Alcohol) • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • ADH1C • CYP1A2

Geospatial analysis reveals similar HIV-1 drug resistance patterns among antiretroviral therapy-experienced children and adolescents (0-17 years) of South Africa. (PubMed, Commun Med (Lond)) - "Routine GRTs demonstrate high HIVDR prevalence among younger children, while ART susceptibility maps show overall uniformity with variations in certain regions, such as northern KwaZulu-Natal localities. GIS-linked real-time monitoring of HIVDR is crucial to assess the impact of the revised HIV-1 treatment guidelines for CALWH in South Africa."

Journal • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Prediction of drug hypersensitivity by comprehensive modeling of HLA-peptidomes. (PubMed, Brief Bioinform) - "We then profiled alterations of the peptide repertoire at key positions in the presence of abacavir and proposed a method that accurately predicts compounds known to trigger T-cell activation. Overall, these results show that comprehensive modeling of the HLA-bound peptidome using advanced structural approaches can enhance the prediction and mechanistic understanding of immune-mediated DHRs."

Journal • Immunology • HLA-B

Human leukocyte antigen pharmacogenetics in infectious diseases: anti-infective drug toxicity and host immune response. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "Within the adverse drug reaction pillar, the clearest preventive paradigm remains HLA-B*57:01-guided abacavir prescribing, with additional high-signal examples including dapsone hypersensitivity and flucloxacillin-induced liver injury that illustrate how large effect sizes do not always justify routine screening. Within the infection and vaccine pillar, HIV, HCV, and hepatitis B vaccine response provide the strongest evidence that HLA shapes clinically relevant host-response heterogeneity. Across both domains, the key pharmacological distinction is between mechanistically persuasive associations and those that are sufficiently robust, transportable, and decision-relevant to change practice."

Biomarker • Journal • Review • Hepatitis B • Hepatology • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Liver Failure • HLA-B

Generation and evaluation of an EcoHIV mouse model to study HIV-1 integration and expression. (PubMed, Virology) - "The immunofluorescence staining indicated EcoHIV can be efficiently transmitted from infected CD4 + T cells to macrophages in vitro and EcoHIV expression was effectively inhibited by Abacavir and Raltegravir. Importantly, BLI data demonstrate that EcoHIV establishes latent reservoirs -like state in mice which can be reactivated by LRA treatment. Altogether, our model provides a valuable platform for the controlled study of HIV entry, integration, transmission, latency within tissue-resident compartments under ART and for the preclinical evaluation of latency-reversing and curative strategies."

Journal • Preclinical • Hematological Malignancies • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • Leukemia • Oncology • CD4

Pharmacogenomics of antibacterial and antiviral therapies: Clinical actionability, evidence gaps, and future directions. (PubMed, Pharmacol Rev) - "The evidence accumulated to date has established a number of mandatory (HLA-B∗57:01-abacavir) and actionable (MT-RNR1-aminoglycosides, CYP2B6-efavirenz, G6PD-nitrofurantoin, G6PD-nalidixic acid, and G6PD-dapsone) gene-drug pairs, whereas most other associations remain informative or exploratory without current guideline-based prescribing recommendations. The evolution of data science, driven by available genomic data, represents an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate pharmacogenomics discovery in infectious diseases. If acquired at a population level and integrated into medical records, pharmacogenomics data can guide the prescription and/or dosing of anti-infective drugs, shifting infectious disease management toward personalized care."

Biomarker • Journal • Review • Hepatitis C • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Respiratory Diseases • Tuberculosis • HLA-B